Distinguishing Electron and Hole Dynamics in Functionalized CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Quantum Dots Using Complementary Ultrafast Spectroscopies and Kinetic Modeling

Taheri, Mohammad M.; Elbert, Katherine C.; Yang, Shengsong; Diroll, Benjamin T.; Park, Jungmi; Murray, Christopher B.; Baxter, Jason B.

doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c07037

Distinguishing Electron and Hole Dynamics in Functionalized CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Quantum Dots Using Complementary Ultrafast Spectroscopies and Kinetic Modeling

Journal Article · Wed Dec 30 23:00:00 EST 2020 · Journal of Physical Chemistry. C

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c07037· OSTI ID:1760171

^[1]; Elbert, Katherine C. ^[2]; Yang, Shengsong ^[2]; ^[3]; Park, Jungmi ^[2]; Murray, Christopher B. ^[2]; ^[1]

Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States). Center for Nanoscale Materials

The evolution of excitation energy and photogenerated charges in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) functionalized with molecular acceptors can be probed on ultrafast time scales using techniques such as transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. However, historical interpretations that the 1S(e)-1S_3/2(h) transition in Cd-chalcogenide QDs is fully attributable to electrons may be misleading, and multiexponential models used to fit TA kinetics do not correspond directly to specific photophysical processes. Here, we present visible-wavelength and mid-IR TA and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements to inform a comprehensive kinetic model of the photoexcited CdSe/CdS core/shell QDs functionalized with passivating oleic acid (OA), hole-accepting ferrocene, or electron-accepting naphthalene bisimide (NBI). We show that ~30% of the 1S signal and 72% of the IR signal can originate from holes in well-passivated core/shell QDs. We also demonstrate evidence of electron trapping in OA-capped core/shell QDs, with additional electron transfer and hole trapping in the QDs functionalized with NBI. Electron (hole) trapping and detrapping occur in 450 ± 100 ps (430 ± 70 ps) and 340 ± 100 ps (1.1 ± 0.4 ns) respectively, while the time constant for electron transfer to NBI is ~1.8 ns. The comprehensive picture of photophysical processes provided by the complementary ultrafast techniques and kinetic modeling can accelerate both the fundamental science and application development of nanostructured and molecular systems.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1760171

Journal Information:: Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Journal Name: Journal of Physical Chemistry. C Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 125; ISSN 1932-7447

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (70)

High-Sensitivity p-n Junction Photodiodes Based on PbS Nanocrystal Quantum Dots Pal, Bhola N.; Robel, Istvan; Mohite, Aditya Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201102532	journal	February 2012
Polarized-Light-Emitting Quantum-Rod Diodes Hikmet, R. A. M.; Chin, P. T. K.; Talapin, D. V. Advanced Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200401763	journal	June 2005
Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy: principles and application to photosynthetic systems Berera, Rudi; van Grondelle, Rienk; Kennis, John T. M. Photosynthesis Research, Vol. 101, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-009-9454-y	journal	July 2009
Impact of one step alloying on the carrier relaxation and charge separation dynamics of CdxZn1-xSe graded nanocrystals Maity, Partha; Ghorai, Nandan; Dana, Jayanta Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, Vol. 388 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112131	journal	February 2020
Direct Synthesis of CdSe Nanocrystals with Electroactive Ligands Hassan, Yasser; Janes, Trevor; Pensack, Ryan D. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01212	journal	July 2016
Anthracene Diphosphate Ligands for CdSe Quantum Dots; Molecular Design for Efficient Upconversion De Roo, Jonathan; Huang, Zhiyuan; Schuster, Nathaniel J. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b04294	journal	January 2020
What Does the Transient Absorption Spectrum of CdSe Quantum Dots Measure? Morgan, David P.; Kelley, David F. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 124, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02566	journal	March 2020
Ultrafast Charge Carrier Delocalization in CdSe/CdS Quasi-Type II and CdS/CdSe Inverted Type I Core–Shell: A Structural Analysis through Carrier-Quenching Study Maity, Partha; Debnath, Tushar; Ghosh, Hirendra N. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b08913	journal	November 2015
Charge Delocalization in the Cascade Band Structure CdS/CdSe and CdS/CdTe Core–Shell Sensitized with Re(I)–Polypyridyl Complex Maity, Partha; Debnath, Tushar; Banerjee, Tanmay The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b01654	journal	May 2016
Directional Carrier Transfer in Strongly Coupled Binary Nanocrystal Superlattice Films Formed by Assembly and in Situ Ligand Exchange at a Liquid–Air Interface Wu, Yaoting; Li, Siming; Gogotsi, Natalie The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 121, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b12327	journal	February 2017
Shell-Thickness-Dependent Biexciton Lifetime in Type I and Quasi-Type II CdSe@CdS Core/Shell Quantum Dots Kong, Degui; Jia, Yanyan; Ren, Yueping The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 122, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01234	journal	December 2017
Mechanism of Efficient Viologen Radical Generation by Ultrafast Electron Transfer from CdS Quantum Dots Zhao, Fengjiao; Li, Qiuyang; Han, Keli The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 122, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b06551	journal	March 2018
Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of CdSe Nanoplatelets Morgan, David P.; Maddux, Cassandra J. A.; Kelley, David F. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 122, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b07733	journal	June 2018
Oxidation of a Molecule by the Biexcitonic State of a CdS Quantum Dot Lian, Shichen; Christensen, Joseph A.; Kodaimati, Mohamad S. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 123, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b00210	journal	February 2019
Ultrafast Carrier Trapping in Thick-Shell Colloidal Quantum Dots Jain, Ankit; Voznyy, Oleksandr; Korkusinski, Marek The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01503	journal	June 2017
Ultrafast Charge Separation in Two-Dimensional CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Nanoplatelets Li, Qiuyang; Lian, Tianquan The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03610	journal	January 2019
How Exciton and Single Carriers Block the Excitonic Transition in Two-Dimensional Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanoplatelets Li, Qiuyang; He, Sheng; Lian, Tianquan Nano Letters, Vol. 20, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02461	journal	July 2020
Spectroscopic Evidence for the Contribution of Holes to the Bleach of Cd-Chalcogenide Quantum Dots Grimaldi, Gianluca; Geuchies, Jaco J.; van der Stam, Ward Nano Letters, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00164	journal	March 2019
Temperature-Dependent Hole Transfer from Photoexcited Quantum Dots to Molecular Species: Evidence for Trap-Mediated Transfer Olshansky, Jacob H.; Balan, Arunima D.; Ding, Tina X. ACS Nano, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b03580	journal	August 2017
Small Is Different: Shape-, Size-, and Composition-Dependent Properties of Some Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals El-Sayed, Mostafa A. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 37, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar020204f	journal	May 2004
Unraveling the Structure and Dynamics of Excitons in Semiconductor Quantum Dots Kambhampati, Patanjali Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 44, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar1000428	journal	January 2011
Chemistry and Properties of Nanocrystals of Different Shapes Burda, Clemens; Chen, Xiaobo; Narayanan, Radha Chemical Reviews, Vol. 105, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030063a	journal	April 2005
Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Harvesting Light Energy with CdSe Nanocrystals Molecularly Linked to Mesoscopic TiO ₂ Films Robel, István; Subramanian, Vaidyanathan; Kuno, Masaru Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 128, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja056494n	journal	February 2006
From Cd-Rich to Se-Rich − the Manipulation of CdSe Nanocrystal Surface Stoichiometry Jasieniak, Jacek; Mulvaney, Paul Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 129, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja066205a	journal	March 2007
Controlling Charge Separation and Recombination Rates in CdSe/ZnS Type I Core−Shell Quantum Dots by Shell Thicknesses Zhu, Haiming; Song, Nianhui; Lian, Tianquan Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja106710m	journal	October 2010
Wave Function Engineering for Efficient Extraction of up to Nineteen Electrons from One CdSe/CdS Quasi-Type II Quantum Dot Zhu, Haiming; Song, Nianhui; Rodríguez-Córdoba, William Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja210312s	journal	February 2012
Photodriven Charge Separation Dynamics in CdSe/ZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dot/Cobaloxime Hybrid for Efficient Hydrogen Production Huang, Jier; Mulfort, Karen L.; Du, Pingwu Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3062584	journal	September 2012
Hole Transfer Dynamics from a CdSe/CdS Quantum Rod to a Tethered Ferrocene Derivative Tarafder, Kartick; Surendranath, Yogesh; Olshansky, Jacob H. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja500936n	journal	March 2014
Efficiency of Hole Transfer from Photoexcited Quantum Dots to Covalently Linked Molecular Species Ding, Tina X.; Olshansky, Jacob H.; Leone, Stephen R. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja512278a	journal	January 2015
Hole Transfer from Photoexcited Quantum Dots: The Relationship between Driving Force and Rate Olshansky, Jacob H.; Ding, Tina X.; Lee, Youjin V. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10856	journal	December 2015
Designing Transmitter Ligands That Mediate Energy Transfer between Semiconductor Nanocrystals and Molecules Huang, Zhiyuan; Tang, Ming L. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b08783	journal	June 2017
Two-Dimensional Morphology Enhances Light-Driven H ₂ Generation Efficiency in CdS Nanoplatelet-Pt Heterostructures Li, Qiuyang; Zhao, Fengjiao; Qu, Chen Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b06100	journal	August 2018
Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in CdSe Nanocrystals Determined by Femtosecond Fluorescence Upconversion Spectroscopy Underwood, David F.; Kippeny, Tadd; Rosenthal, Sandra J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 105, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp003088b	journal	January 2001
Photoinduced Charge Transfer between CdSe Quantum Dots and p -Phenylenediamine Sharma, Shailesh N.; Pillai, Zeena S.; Kamat, Prashant V. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 107, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp034109f	journal	September 2003
Femtosecond Spectroscopic Investigation of the Carrier Lifetimes in Digenite Quantum Dots and Discrimination of the Electron and Hole Dynamics via Ultrafast Interfacial Electron Transfer ^† Lou, Yongbing; Chen, Xiaobo; Samia, Anna C. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 107, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp035618k	journal	November 2003
Ultra Long-Lived Radiative Trap States in CdSe Quantum Dots Abdellah, Mohamed; Karki, Khadga J.; Lenngren, Nils The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp506536h	journal	September 2014
Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Light Harvesters Kamat, Prashant V. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 112, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp806791s	journal	October 2008
Ultrafast Charge Carrier Relaxation and Charge Transfer Dynamics of CdTe/CdS Core−Shell Quantum Dots as Studied by Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy Rawalekar, Sachin; Kaniyankandy, Sreejith; Verma, Sandeep The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 114, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp909118c	journal	December 2009
Optical Nonlinearities and Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductor Nanocrystals Klimov, Victor I. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 104, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9944132	journal	July 2000
Synthesis and Micrometer-Scale Assembly of Colloidal CdSe/CdS Nanorods Prepared by a Seeded Growth Approach Carbone, Luigi; Nobile, Concetta; De Giorgi, Milena Nano Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0717661	journal	October 2007
Thiocyanate-Capped PbS Nanocubes: Ambipolar Transport Enables Quantum Dot Based Circuits on a Flexible Substrate Koh, Weon-kyu; Saudari, Sangameshwar R.; Fafarman, Aaron T. Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl202578g	journal	November 2011
Low Voltage, Hysteresis Free, and High Mobility Transistors from All-Inorganic Colloidal Nanocrystals Chung, Dae Sung; Lee, Jong-Soo; Huang, Jing Nano Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203949n	journal	January 2012
Tuning Electron Transfer Rates through Molecular Bridges in Quantum Dot Sensitized Oxides Wang, Hai; McNellis, Erik R.; Kinge, Sachin Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl402820v	journal	October 2013
Auger-Assisted Electron Transfer from Photoexcited Semiconductor Quantum Dots Zhu, Haiming; Yang, Ye; Hyeon-Deuk, Kim Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl4041687	journal	February 2014
Nature and Decay Pathways of Photoexcited States in CdSe and CdSe/CdS Nanoplatelets Kunneman, Lucas T.; Schins, Juleon M.; Pedetti, Silvia Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl503406a	journal	November 2014
Size-Dependent Valence and Conduction Band-Edge Energies of Semiconductor Nanocrystals Jasieniak, Jacek; Califano, Marco; Watkins, Scott E. ACS Nano, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn201681s	journal	June 2011
Ultrasensitive solution-cast quantum dot photodetectors Konstantatos, Gerasimos; Howard, Ian; Fischer, Armin Nature, Vol. 442, Issue 7099 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04855	journal	July 2006
Colloidal nanoplatelets with two-dimensional electronic structure Ithurria, S.; Tessier, M. D.; Mahler, B. Nature Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3145	journal	October 2011
Compact high-quality CdSe–CdS core–shell nanocrystals with narrow emission linewidths and suppressed blinking Chen, Ou; Zhao, Jing; Chauhan, Vikash P. Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3539	journal	February 2013
Photoinduced hole trapping in single semiconductor quantum dots at specific sites at silicon oxide interfaces Krasselt, Cornelius; Schuster, Jörg; von Borczyskowski, Christian Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CP22040C	journal	January 2011
Origin of surface trap states in CdS quantum dots: relationship between size dependent photoluminescence and sulfur vacancy trap states Veamatahau, Aisea; Jiang, Bo; Seifert, Tom Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP04761C	journal	January 2015
Electron accepting naphthalene bisimide ligand architectures for modulation of π–π stacking in nanocrystal hybrid materials Elbert, Katherine C.; Taheri, Mohammad M.; Gogotsi, Natalie Nanoscale Horizons, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NH00359J	journal	January 2020
Quantum confined colloidal nanorod heterostructures for solar-to-fuel conversion Wu, Kaifeng; Lian, Tianquan Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 45, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00472a	journal	January 2016
Ultrafast exciton dynamics in 2D in-plane hetero-nanostructures: delocalization and charge transfer Cassette, E.; Pedetti, S.; Mahler, B. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08689f	journal	January 2017
Strategies for extending charge separation in colloidal nanostructured quantum dot materials Maity, Partha; Ghosh, Hirendra N. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp03551f	journal	January 2019
Intraband relaxation in CdSe nanocrystals and the strong influence of the surface ligands Guyot-Sionnest, Philippe; Wehrenberg, Brian; Yu, Dong The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 123, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2004818	journal	August 2005
State-resolved studies of biexcitons and surface trapping dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots Sewall, Samuel L.; Cooney, Ryan R.; Anderson, Kevin E. H. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 129, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2971181	journal	August 2008
Experimental tests of effective mass and atomistic approaches to quantum dot electronic structure: Ordering of electronic states Sewall, Samuel L.; Cooney, Ryan R.; Kambhampati, Patanjali Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 94, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3157269	journal	June 2009
Quantitative modeling of the role of surface traps in CdSe/CdS/ZnS nanocrystal photoluminescence decay dynamics Jones, M.; Lo, S. S.; Scholes, G. D. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809316106	journal	February 2009
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots Klimov, V.; Bolivar, P. Haring; Kurz, H. Physical Review B, Vol. 53, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.53.1463	journal	January 1996
Measurement and assignment of the size-dependent optical spectrum in CdSe quantum dots Norris, D. J.; Bawendi, M. G. Physical Review B, Vol. 53, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.53.16338	journal	June 1996
Band-edge exciton in quantum dots of semiconductors with a degenerate valence band: Dark and bright exciton states Efros, Al. L.; Rosen, M.; Kuno, M. Physical Review B, Vol. 54, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.54.4843	journal	August 1996
Electron and hole relaxation pathways in semiconductor quantum dots Klimov, V. I.; McBranch, D. W.; Leatherdale, C. A. Physical Review B, Vol. 60, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.60.13740	journal	November 1999
Ultrafast dynamics of inter- and intraband transitions in semiconductor nanocrystals: Implications for quantum-dot lasers Klimov, V. I.; Schwarz, Ch. J.; McBranch, D. W. Physical Review B, Vol. 60, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.60.R2177	journal	July 1999
Mechanisms for intraband energy relaxation in semiconductor quantum dots: The role of electron-hole interactions Klimov, V. I.; Mikhailovsky, A. A.; McBranch, D. W. Physical Review B, Vol. 61, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.61.R13349	journal	May 2000
State-to-state exciton dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots Sewall, Samuel L.; Cooney, Ryan R.; Anderson, Kevin E. H. Physical Review B, Vol. 74, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.74.235328	journal	December 2006
Breaking the Phonon Bottleneck for Holes in Semiconductor Quantum Dots Cooney, Ryan R.; Sewall, Samuel L.; Anderson, Kevin E. H. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 98, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.177403	journal	April 2007
Slow Electron Cooling in Colloidal Quantum Dots Pandey, A.; Guyot-Sionnest, P. Science, Vol. 322, Issue 5903 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159832	journal	November 2008
Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots Alivisatos, A. P. Science, Vol. 271, Issue 5251, p. 933-937 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5251.933	journal	February 1996
Charge Transfer Dynamics from Photoexcited Semiconductor Quantum Dots Zhu, Haiming; Yang, Ye; Wu, Kaifeng Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 67, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-040215-112128	journal	May 2016

Similar Records

Ultrafast carrier dynamics in CuInS{sub 2} quantum dots

Journal Article · Sun Jan 12 23:00:00 EST 2014 · Applied Physics Letters · OSTI ID:22275732

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Charge transfer
Kinetic modeling
Kinetics
Probes
Quantum dots

Distinguishing Electron and Hole Dynamics in Functionalized CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Quantum Dots Using Complementary Ultrafast Spectroscopies and Kinetic Modeling

Citation Formats

References (70)

Similar Records

Related Subjects