Host population diversity as a driver of viral infection cycle in wild populations of green sulfur bacteria with long standing virus-host interactions

Berg, Maureen; Goudeau, Danielle; Olmsted, Charles; McMahon, Katherine D.; Yitbarek, Senay; Thweatt, Jennifer L.; Bryant, Donald A.; Eloe-Fadrosh, Emiley A.; Malmstrom, Rex R.; Roux, Simon

doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00870-1

Host population diversity as a driver of viral infection cycle in wild populations of green sulfur bacteria with long standing virus-host interactions

Journal Article · Fri Jan 15 00:00:00 EST 2021 · The ISME Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-00870-1· OSTI ID:1760045

; Goudeau, Danielle; ; McMahon, Katherine D.; Yitbarek, Senay; Thweatt, Jennifer L.; ; ; Malmstrom, Rex R.;

Abstract

Temperate phages are viruses of bacteria that can establish two types of infection: a lysogenic infection in which the virus replicates with the host cell without producing virions, and a lytic infection where the host cell is eventually destroyed, and new virions are released. While both lytic and lysogenic infections are routinely observed in the environment, the ecological and evolutionary processes regulating these viral dynamics are still not well understood, especially for uncultivated virus-host pairs. Here, we characterized the long-term dynamics of uncultivated viruses infecting green sulfur bacteria (GSB) in a model freshwater lake (Trout Bog Lake, TBL). As no GSB virus has been formally described yet, we first used two complementary approaches to identify new GSB viruses from TBL; one in vitro based on flow cytometry cell sorting, the other in silico based on CRISPR spacer sequences. We then took advantage of existing TBL metagenomes covering the 2005–2018 period to examine the interactions between GSB and their viruses across years and seasons. From our data, GSB populations in TBL were constantly associated with at least 2-8 viruses each, including both lytic and temperate phages. The dominant GSB population in particular was consistently associated with two prophages with a nearly 100% infection rate for >10 years. We illustrate with a theoretical model that such an interaction can be stable given a low, but persistent, level of prophage induction in low-diversity host populations. Overall, our data suggest that lytic and lysogenic viruses can readily co-infect the same host population, and that host strain-level diversity might be an important factor controlling virus-host dynamics including lytic/lysogeny switch.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; FG02-94ER20137

OSTI ID:: 1760045

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1762247

Journal Information:: The ISME Journal, Journal Name: The ISME Journal; ISSN 1751-7362

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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