Direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter using a superfluid 4He target

Hertel, S.  A.; Biekert, A.; Lin, J.; Velan, V.; McKinsey, D.  N.

doi:10.1103/physrevd.100.092007

Title: Direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter using a superfluid ⁴He target

Journal Article · Mon Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2019 · Physical Review D

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.100.092007· OSTI ID:1737587

Hertel, S. A. ^[1]; Biekert, A. ^[2]; Lin, J. ^[2]; Velan, V. ^[2]; McKinsey, D. N. ^[3]

Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States) ; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

A promising technology concept for sub-GeV dark matter detection is described, in which low-temperature microcalorimeters serve as the sensors and superfluid ⁴He serves as the target material. We name this concept “HeRALD,” helium roton apparatus for light dark matter. A superfluid helium target has several advantageous properties, including a light nuclear mass for better kinematic matching with light dark matter particles, copious production of scintillation light, extreme intrinsic radiopurity, high impedance to external vibration noise, and a unique “quantum evaporation” signal channel enabling the detection of phononlike modes via liberation of ⁴He atoms into a vacuum. In this concept, both scintillation photons and triplet excimers are detected using calorimeters, including calorimeters immersed in the superfluid. Kinetic excitations of the superfluid medium (rotons and phonons) are detected using quantum evaporation and subsequent atomic adsorption onto a calorimeter suspended in vacuum above the target helium. The energy of adsorption amplifies the phonon/roton signal before calorimetric sensing, producing a gain mechanism that can reduce the technology’s recoil energy threshold below the calorimeter energy threshold. We describe signal production and signal sensing probabilities, and estimate the resulting electron recoil discrimination. We simulate radioactive backgrounds from gamma rays and construct an overall background spectrum expectation also including neutrons and solar neutrinos. Finally, we calculate projected sensitivities to dark matter–nucleon elastic scattering, demonstrating that even very small (sub-kg) target masses can probe wide regions of as-yet untested dark matter parameter space.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1737587

Journal Information:: Physical Review D, Vol. 100, Issue 9; ISSN 2470-0010

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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