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Title: The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017

Journal Article · · Earth System Science Data
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  1. Université Paris-Saclay
  2. CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Australia
  3. NASA GSFC
  4. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
  5. Stanford University
  6. Yale University
  7. VISITORS
  8. Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
  9. JAMSTEC Research Institute for Global Change / Chiba University, Japan
  10. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de I'Environment, CE Orme des Merisiers, Gif Sur Yvette
  11. University of Victoria
  12. Linköping University
  13. European Commission Joint Research Centre
  14. University of California, Irvine
  15. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand
  16. NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO
  17. New York University
  18. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
  19. Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Lecce, Italy
  20. Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Japan
  21. Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique
  22. Stockholms Universitet
  23. Skidmore College
  24. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
  25. Jet Propolusion Lab, Cal Tech
  26. Met Office Hadley Centre, Joint Centre for Hydrometeorological Research, UK
  27. University of Reading
  28. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria
  29. National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan
  30. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
  31. ESARDA
  32. City University of New York
  33. University of Bern
  34. Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany
  35. Climate Science Centre, CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere
  36. Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Australia
  37. Université Libre de Bruxelles
  38. Purdue University
  39. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, UK
  40. Lund University
  41. Environment and Climate Change Canada
  42. Universitat Bern
  43. University of Bristol
  44. NOAA
  45. Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Italy
  46. University of Leicester
  47. University of Quebec at Montreal
  48. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement
  49. CNRS Observatoire de Paris
  50. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  51. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  52. Southern Cross University
  53. TNO, Dep. of Climate Air & Sustainability, the Netherlands
  54. Auburn University
  55. BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB)
  56. CSIRO
  57. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  58. Finnish Meteorological Institute
  59. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environment, LSCE Gif sur
  60. Imperial College London
  61. University of Rochester
  62. Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, The Netherlands
  63. University of Amsterdam
  64. University of California, San Diego
  65. Environment Canada
  66. University of Toronto
  67. California Institute of Technology
  68. University of Copenhagen
  69. University of Maryland
  70. Tsinghua University
  71. Northwest A&F University
+ Show Author Affiliations

Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 are continuing to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). Assessing the relative importance of CH4 in comparison to CO2 is complicated by its shorter atmospheric lifetime, stronger warming potential, and atmospheric growth rate variations over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major difficulties in reducing uncertainties arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these difficulties, we have established a consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations).

Research Organization:
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
Contributing Organization:
Global Carbon Project
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-76RL01830
OSTI ID:
1673308
Report Number(s):
PNNL-SA-149722
Journal Information:
Earth System Science Data, Vol. 12, Issue 3; ISSN 1866-3508
Publisher:
CopernicusCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Consumption of atmospheric methane by soils: A process-based model journal March 1999
An experiment demonstrating that marine slumping is a mechanism to transfer methane from seafloor gas-hydrate deposits into the upper ocean and atmosphere journal November 2002
The ecology of methane in streams and rivers: patterns, controls, and global significance journal May 2016
Methane emission from natural wetlands: Global distribution, area, and environmental characteristics of sources journal March 1987
Atmospheric constraints on the methane emissions from the East Siberian Shelf journal January 2016
Impact of changes in diffuse radiation on the global land carbon sink journal April 2009
Atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide from SCIAMACHY satellite data: initial comparison with chemistry and transport models journal January 2005
Methane emissions from natural gas infrastructure and use in the urban region of Boston, Massachusetts journal January 2015
Retrieval of tropospheric column-averaged CH 4 mole fraction by solar absorption FTIR-spectrometry using N 2 O as a proxy journal January 2014
A UAV-based active AirCore system for measurements of greenhouse gases journal January 2018
Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992 journal December 1999
Rising atmospheric methane: 2007-2014 growth and isotopic shift: RISING METHANE 2007-2014 journal September 2016
Greenhouse trace gases in deadwood journal October 2016
Regional methane emission from West Siberia mire landscapes journal October 2011
Inverse modeling of European CH 4 emissions 2001–2006 journal January 2010
Large contribution to inland water CO2 and CH4 emissions from very small ponds journal February 2016
Double-counting challenges the accuracy of high-latitude methane inventories: DOUBLE-COUNTING ARCTIC METHANE journal December 2016
Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model journal January 2009
Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of global croplands journal November 2016
Seasonality of methane emissions from five lakes and associated wetlands of the Colorado Rockies journal December 1992
Methane Emission Estimates by the Global High-Resolution Inverse Model Using National Inventories journal October 2019
Small Interannual Variability of Global Atmospheric Hydroxyl journal January 2011
Inverse modeling of pan-Arctic methane emissions at high spatial resolution: what can we learn from assimilating satellite retrievals and using different process-based wetland and lake biogeochemical models? journal January 2016
Molecular and stable isotope compositions of natural gas hydrates: A revised global dataset and basic interpretations in the context of geological settings journal May 2005
A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0) – Part 1: Offline forward and adjoint transport models journal January 2017
Preindustrial to present-day changes in tropospheric hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) journal January 2013
Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security journal January 2012
Inter-model comparison of global hydroxyl radical (OH) distributions and their impact on atmospheric methane over the 2000–2016 period journal January 2019
AirCore-HR: a high-resolution column sampling to enhance the vertical description of CH 4 and CO 2 journal January 2017
Global Distribution of Methane Hydrate in Ocean Sediment journal March 2005
A reevaluation of the open ocean source of methane to the atmosphere journal March 1996
The isotopic composition of methane in the stratosphere: high-altitude balloon sample measurements journal January 2011
Competition between plant functional types in the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v. 2.0 journal January 2016
Methane in the southern North Sea: Low-salinity inputs, estuarine removal, and atmospheric flux journal December 2000
Global Methane Budget 2000-2012 dataset January 2016
Modeling impacts of farming management alternatives on CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions: A case study for water management of rice agriculture of China : WATER MANAGEMENT AND CHINA PADDY GREENHOUSE GAS FLUXES journal August 2005
Characteristics of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 at the Shangdianzi regional background station in China journal April 2016
Modeling the soil consumption of atmospheric methane at the global scale: SOIL CONSUMPTION OF ATMOSPHERIC METHANE journal November 2007
Estimating global natural wetland methane emissions using process modelling: spatio-temporal patterns and contributions to atmospheric methane fluctuations: Global natural wetland methane emissions journal April 2015
Estimated stocks of circumpolar permafrost carbon with quantified uncertainty ranges and identified data gaps journal January 2014
Global methane emissions from coal mining to continue growing even with declining coal production journal May 2020
New Insights on the Chemical Composition of the Siberian Air Shed From The Yak-Aerosib Aircraft Campaigns journal May 2010
Methane fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at northern high latitudes during the past century: A retrospective analysis with a process-based biogeochemistry model: METHANE EMISSIONS FROM NORTHERN HIGH LATITUDES journal August 2004
A synthesis of methane emissions from 71 northern, temperate, and subtropical wetlands journal April 2014
No evidence for substantial aerobic methane emission by terrestrial plants: a 13 C-labelling approach journal July 2007
Methane emissions from lakes: Dependence of lake characteristics, two regional assessments, and a global estimate: LAKE METHANE EMISSIONS journal October 2004
Termites and global methane?another assessment journal September 1986
Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: Magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty journal December 2018
A global model of tropospheric chlorine chemistry: Organic versus inorganic sources and impact on methane oxidation: Model of Tropospheric Cl Chemistry journal December 2016
Development and Evaluation of a Multi-Year Fractional Surface Water Data Set Derived from Active/Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Data journal December 2015
Very Strong Atmospheric Methane Growth in the 4 Years 2014–2017: Implications for the Paris Agreement journal March 2019
Palm oil wastewater methane emissions and bioenergy potential journal February 2014
Quantifying the causes of differences in tropospheric OH within global models journal February 2017
Global multi-scale segmentation of continental and coastal waters from the watersheds to the continental margins journal January 2013
Inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions during 2006–2012 using different inverse models and reassessed atmospheric observations journal January 2018
Nitrous oxide emissions from inland waters: Are IPCC estimates too high? journal December 2018
Measurements of methane emissions at natural gas production sites in the United States journal September 2013
Reduced biomass burning emissions reconcile conflicting estimates of the post-2006 atmospheric methane budget journal December 2017
Satellite‐Derived Global Surface Water Extent and Dynamics Over the Last 25 Years (GIEMS‐2) journal February 2020
Methane concentrations in various marine environments journal August 1973
Chemical Feedback From Decreasing Carbon Monoxide Emissions journal October 2017
An assessment of natural methane fluxes simulated by the CLASS-CTEM model journal January 2018
Role of zooplankton dynamics for Southern Ocean phytoplankton biomass and global biogeochemical cycles journal January 2016
Derivation of tropospheric methane from TCCON CH 4 and HF total column observations journal January 2014
On the Role of the Flaming to Smoldering Transition in the Seasonal Cycle of African Fire Emissions journal November 2018
Estimating regional methane surface fluxes: the relative importance of surface and GOSAT mole fraction measurements journal January 2013
Spatial and temporal patterns of CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes in China’s croplands in response to multifactor environmental changes journal January 2011
Patterns in CH 4 and CO 2 concentrations across boreal rivers: Major drivers and implications for fluvial greenhouse emissions under climate change scenarios journal February 2014
An expert system model for mapping tropical wetlands and peatlands reveals South America as the largest contributor journal May 2017
Emission of methane from plants journal January 2009
Transcom 3 inversion intercomparison: Model mean results for the estimation of seasonal carbon sources and sinks: T3 SEASONAL RESULTS journal January 2004
Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions journal January 2006
Response of global soil consumption of atmospheric methane to changes in atmospheric climate and nitrogen deposition: GLOBAL SOIL CONSUMPTION OF METHANE journal August 2013
Changing concentration, lifetime and climate forcing of atmospheric methane journal April 1998
Historic global biomass burning emissions for CMIP6 (BB4CMIP) based on merging satellite observations with proxies and fire models (1750–2015) journal January 2017
Modulation of hydroxyl variability by ENSO in the absence of external forcing journal August 2018
Emissions of methane in Europe inferred by total column measurements journal January 2019
Error Budget of the MEthane Remote LIdar missioN and Its Impact on the Uncertainties of the Global Methane Budget journal October 2018
Use of a process-based model for assessing the methane budgets of global terrestrial ecosystems and evaluation of uncertainty journal January 2012
Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands journal August 2004
The FAOSTAT database of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture audiovisual January 2013
Reappraisal of the fossil methane budget and related emission from geologic sources journal January 2008
Low methane leakage from gas pipelines journal April 2005
Reduced carbon emission estimates from fossil fuel combustion and cement production in China journal August 2015
Greenhouse gas measurements from a UK network of tall towers: technical description and first results journal January 2018
Global methane emission estimates from ultraviolet irradiation of terrestrial plant foliage journal April 2010
Globally significant greenhouse-gas emissions from African inland waters journal July 2015
Barriers to predicting changes in global terrestrial methane fluxes: analyses using CLM4Me, a methane biogeochemistry model integrated in CESM journal January 2011
Carbon isotopic characterization for the origin of excess methane in subsurface seawater journal January 2008
Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf journal November 2013
Changes in the world rivers’ discharge projected from an updated high resolution dataset of current and future climate zones journal December 2015
Development of a global dataset of Wetland Area and Dynamics for Methane Modeling (WAD2M) dataset January 2021
Centennial evolution of the atmospheric methane budget: what do the carbon isotopes tell us? journal January 2007
Atmospheric CH 4 in the first decade of the 21st century: Inverse modeling analysis using SCIAMACHY satellite retrievals and NOAA surface measurements : CH journal July 2013
Interannual variability of tropospheric trace gases and aerosols: The role of biomass burning emissions: FIRES AND ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY journal July 2015
Present state of global wetland extent and wetland methane modelling: methodology of a model inter-comparison project (WETCHIMP) journal January 2013
EDGAR v4.3.2 Global Atlas of the three major greenhouse gas emissions for the period 1970–2012 journal January 2019
DYNAMICO-1.0, an icosahedral hydrostatic dynamical core designed for consistency and versatility journal January 2015
The importance of small artificial water bodies as sources of methane emissions in Queensland, Australia journal January 2018
Regional trends and drivers of the global methane budget journal October 2021

Cited By (5)

Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources journal July 2020
Investigation of the global methane budget over 1980–2017 using GFDL-AM4.1 journal January 2020
Country-Scale Analysis of Methane Emissions with a High-Resolution Inverse Model Using GOSAT and Surface Observations journal January 2020
Carbon Accumulation in Freshwater Marsh Soils: a Synthesis for Temperate North America journal January 2020
Significant methane ebullition from alpine permafrost rivers on the East Qinghai–Tibet Plateau journal May 2020

Figures / Tables (15)

Figure 1(p. 5)figure Figure 1
Table 1(p. 9)table Table 1
Figure 2(p. 11)figure Figure 2
Figure 3(p. 13)figure Figure 3
Table 2(p. 19)table Table 2
Table 3(p. 20)table Table 3
Figure 4(p. 22)figure Figure 4
Table 4(p. 32)table Table 4
Figure 5(p. 33)figure Figure 5
Figure 6(p. 34)figure Figure 6
Table 5(p. 36)table Table 5
Figure 7(p. 37)figure Figure 7
Table 6(p. 37)table Table 6
Table A1(p. 42)table Table A1
Table A1 (Continued)(p. 43)table Table A1 (Continued)

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