Perspective—On the Need for Reliability and Safety Studies of Grid-Scale Aqueous Batteries

Wittman, Reed M.; Perry, Mike L.; Lambert, Timothy N.; Chalamala, Babu R.; Preger, Yuliya

doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ab9406

Perspective—On the Need for Reliability and Safety Studies of Grid-Scale Aqueous Batteries

Journal Article · Thu May 28 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab9406· OSTI ID:1671813

Wittman, Reed M. ^[1]; Perry, Mike L. ^[2]; ^[1]; Chalamala, Babu R. ^[1]; ^[1]

Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Vionx Energy Corporation, Woburn, MA (United States)

Li-ion batteries currently dominate electrochemical energy storage for grid-scale applications, but there are promising aqueous battery technologies on the path to commercial adoption. Though aqueous batteries are considered lower risk, they can still undergo problematic degradation processes. This perspective details the degradation that aqueous batteries can experience during normal and abusive operation, and how these processes can even lead to cascading failure. We outline methods for studying these phenomena at the material and single-cell level. Considering reliability and safety studies early in technology development will facilitate translation of emerging aqueous batteries from the lab to the field.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000

OSTI ID:: 1671813

Report Number(s):: SAND2020--5216J; 686170

Journal Information:: Journal of the Electrochemical Society (Online), Journal Name: Journal of the Electrochemical Society (Online) Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 167; ISSN 1945-7111

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (89)

Going beyond Intercalation Capacity of Aqueous Batteries by Exploiting Conversion Reactions of Mn and Zn electrodes for Energy‐Dense Applications Yadav, Gautam G.; Cho, Jungsang; Turney, Damon Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902270	journal	November 2019
On‐Site Purification of Copper‐Contaminated Vanadium Electrolytes by using a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Reynard, Danick; Vrubel, Heron; Dennison, Christopher R. ChemSusChem, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201802895	journal	February 2019
Thermal runaway of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries Hu, Junmei; Guo, Yonglang; Zhou, Xuechou Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 36, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-006-9170-7	journal	August 2006
Towards the development of safe and commercially viable nickel–iron batteries: improvements to Coulombic efficiency at high iron sulphide electrode formulations Posada, Jorge Omar Gil; Hall, Peter J. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 46, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-015-0911-3	journal	January 2016
Research progresses of cathodic hydrogen evolution in advanced lead–acid batteries Wang, Feng; Hu, Chen; Zhou, Min Science Bulletin, Vol. 61, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1023-0	journal	March 2016
Gas evolution behavior of Zn alloy powder in KOH solution Sato, Yuichi; Takahashi, Makoto; Asakura, Hiroaki Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 38, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(92)80121-Q	journal	May 1992
Technologies for extending zinc–air battery’s cyclelife: A review Pei, Pucheng; Wang, Keliang; Ma, Ze Applied Energy, Vol. 128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.095	journal	September 2014
In-situ investigation of hydrogen evolution behavior in vanadium redox flow batteries Wei, L.; Zhao, T. S.; Xu, Q. Applied Energy, Vol. 190 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.039	journal	March 2017
Towards a uniform distribution of zinc in the negative electrode for zinc bromine flow batteries Jiang, H. R.; Wu, M. C.; Ren, Y. X. Applied Energy, Vol. 213 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.01.061	journal	March 2018
A comprehensive study of electrode compression effects in all vanadium redox flow batteries including locally resolved measurements Ghimire, Purna C.; Bhattarai, Arjun; Schweiss, Rüdiger Applied Energy, Vol. 230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.049	journal	November 2018
Anion exchange membranes for aqueous acid-based redox flow batteries: Current status and challenges Zeng, L.; Zhao, T. S.; Wei, L. Applied Energy, Vol. 233-234 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.063	journal	January 2019
Redox flow batteries for energy storage: their promise, achievements and challenges Arenas, Luis F.; Ponce de León, Carlos; Walsh, Frank C. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2019.05.007	journal	August 2019
Membranes and separators for redox flow batteries Gubler, Lorenz Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2019.08.007	journal	December 2019
Aqueous organic and redox-mediated redox flow batteries: a review Gentil, Solène; Reynard, Danick; Girault, Hubert H. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2019.12.006	journal	June 2020
Transport phenomena in flow battery ion-conducting membranes Kushner, Douglas I.; Crothers, Andrew R.; Kusoglu, Ahmet Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2020.01.010	journal	June 2020
Crossover mitigation strategies for redox-flow batteries Perry, Mike L.; Saraidaridis, James D.; Darling, Robert M. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2020.03.024	journal	June 2020
Review of material research and development for vanadium redox flow battery applications Parasuraman, Aishwarya; Lim, Tuti Mariana; Menictas, Chris Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.067	journal	July 2013
Species transport mechanisms governing capacity loss in vanadium flow batteries: Comparing Nafion® and sulfonated Radel membranes Agar, Ertan; Knehr, K. W.; Chen, D. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.030	journal	May 2013
Numerical analysis of vanadium crossover effects in all-vanadium redox flow batteries Won, Seongyeon; Oh, Kyeongmin; Ju, Hyunchul Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 177 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.166	journal	September 2015
Effect of activated carbon surface functional groups on nano-lead electrodeposition and hydrogen evolution and its applications in lead-carbon batteries Wang, Leying; Zhang, Hao; Cao, Gaoping Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.007	journal	December 2015
Elucidating effects of cell architecture, electrode material, and solution composition on overpotentials in redox flow batteries Pezeshki, Alan M.; Sacci, Robert L.; Delnick, Frank M. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 229 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.056	journal	March 2017
Species Uptake and Mass Transport in Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries Elgammal, Ramez A.; Tang, Zhijiang; Sun, Che-Nan Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 237 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.131	journal	May 2017
Broad temperature adaptability of vanadium redox flow battery-Part 3: The effects of total vanadium concentration and sulfuric acid concentration Wang, Ke; Zhang, Yunong; Liu, Le Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 259 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.148	journal	January 2018
Facile activation of commercial Ni foil as robust cathode for advanced rechargeable Ni-Zn battery Cheng, Xinyu; Zhou, Lijun; Lu, Yongzhuang Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 263 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.078	journal	February 2018
Multivalent rechargeable batteries Ponrouch, A.; Bitenc, J.; Dominko, R. Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.012	journal	July 2019
Recent progress and perspectives on aqueous Zn-based rechargeable batteries with mild aqueous electrolytes Zeng, Xiaohui; Hao, Junnan; Wang, Zhijie Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.022	journal	July 2019
Zinc regeneration in rechargeable zinc-air fuel cells—A review Zhu, Aaron L.; Wilkinson, David P.; Zhang, Xinge Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2016.09.007	journal	November 2016
An overview of progress in electrolytes for secondary zinc-air batteries and other storage systems based on zinc Mainar, Aroa R.; Iruin, Elena; Colmenares, Luis C. Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2017.12.004	journal	February 2018
Vanadium redox flow batteries: A comprehensive review Lourenssen, Kyle; Williams, James; Ahmadpour, Faraz Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.100844	journal	October 2019
In situ long-term membrane performance evaluation of hydrogen-bromine flow batteries Hugo, Yohanes Antonius; Kout, Wiebrand; Sikkema, Friso Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 27 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.101068	journal	February 2020
Progress in aqueous rechargeable batteries Liu, Jilei; Xu, Chaohe; Chen, Zhen Green Energy & Environment, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2017.10.001	journal	January 2018
Recent progress in organic redox flow batteries: Active materials, electrolytes and membranes Chen, Hongning; Cong, Guangtao; Lu, Yi-Chun Journal of Energy Chemistry, Vol. 27, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.02.009	journal	September 2018
A review of electrolyte additives and impurities in vanadium redox flow batteries Cao, Liuyue; Skyllas-Kazacos, Maria; Menictas, Chris Journal of Energy Chemistry, Vol. 27, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.04.007	journal	September 2018
Detrimental role of hydrogen evolution and its temperature-dependent impact on the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries Fetyan, Abdulmonem; El-Nagar, Gumaa A.; Lauermann, Iver Journal of Energy Chemistry, Vol. 32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.06.010	journal	May 2019
Synthesis of microcrystalline ZnO as an anodic material via a solvothermal method, and its electrochemical performance in Ni/Zn redox battery Kwak, Byeong Sub; Jo, Seung Won; Park, Kyoung Soo Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2016.10.021	journal	February 2017
In-situ observation of the degradation of all-vanadium redox flow batteries with dynamic hydrogen reference electrode under real operation conditions Choi, Chanyong; Kim, Soohyun; Kim, Riyul Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.10.036	journal	February 2019
Thermal runaway in valve-regulated lead-acid cells and the effect of separator structure Culpin, B. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 133, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.078	journal	May 2004
Thermal runaway in VRLAB—Phenomena, reaction mechanisms and monitoring Pavlov, D.; Monahov, B.; Kirchev, A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 158, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.09.022	journal	July 2006
Complexity in battery systems: Thermal runaway in VRLA batteries Catherino, Henry A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 158, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.005	journal	August 2006
Thermal behavior of VRLA battery during closed oxygen cycle operation Valkovska, D.; Dimitrov, M.; Todorov, T. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 191, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.10.014	journal	June 2009
Investigations on transfer of water and vanadium ions across Nafion membrane in an operating vanadium redox flow battery Sun, Chenxi; Chen, Jian; Zhang, Huamin Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.041	journal	February 2010
A review on air cathodes for zinc–air fuel cells Neburchilov, Vladimir; Wang, Haijiang; Martin, Jonathan J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.100	journal	March 2010
Gas evolution in a flow-assisted zinc–nickel oxide battery Ito, Yasumasa; Nyce, Michael; Plivelich, Robert Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.03.025	journal	August 2011
Investigation of a method to hinder charge imbalance in the vanadium redox flow battery Whitehead, Adam H.; Harrer, Martin Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.148	journal	May 2013
1 kW/1 kWh advanced vanadium redox flow battery utilizing mixed acid electrolytes Kim, Soowhan; Thomsen, Edwin; Xia, Guanguang Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 237 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.02.045	journal	September 2013
Elucidating the higher stability of vanadium(V) cations in mixed acid based redox flow battery electrolytes Vijayakumar, M.; Wang, Wei; Nie, Zimin Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.072	journal	November 2013
Hydrogen evolution at the negative electrode of the all-vanadium redox flow batteries Sun, Che-Nan; Delnick, Frank M.; Baggetto, Loïc Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.125	journal	February 2014
Thermal runaway risk evaluation of Li-ion cells using a pinch–torsion test Ren, Fei; Cox, Thomas; Wang, Hsin Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 249 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.058	journal	March 2014
Rechargeable Zn-air batteries: Progress in electrolyte development and cell configuration advancement Xu, M.; Ivey, D. G.; Xie, Z. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 283 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.02.114	journal	June 2015
Slurry electrodes for iron plating in an all-iron flow battery Petek, Tyler J.; Hoyt, Nathaniel C.; Savinell, Robert F. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 294 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.050	journal	October 2015
Critical safety features of the vanadium redox flow battery Whitehead, A. H.; Rabbow, T. J.; Trampert, M. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 351 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.03.075	journal	May 2017
A hydrogen-ferric ion rebalance cell operating at low hydrogen concentrations for capacity restoration of iron-chromium redox flow batteries Zeng, Y. K.; Zhao, T. S.; Zhou, X. L. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 352 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.03.125	journal	June 2017
Recent developments in organic redox flow batteries: A critical review Leung, P.; Shah, A. A.; Sanz, L. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 360 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.05.057	journal	August 2017
Real-time monitoring of capacity loss for vanadium redox flow battery Wei, Zhongbao; Bhattarai, Arjun; Zou, Changfu Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 390 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.04.063	journal	June 2018
Local potential measurement through reference electrodes in vanadium redox flow batteries: Evaluation of overpotentials and electrolytes imbalance Cecchetti, M.; Casalegno, A.; Zago, M. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 400 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.08.033	journal	October 2018
Effect of graphite felt properties on the long-term durability of negative electrode in vanadium redox flow battery Mazur, P.; Mrlik, J.; Pocedic, J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 414 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.01.019	journal	February 2019
Improved broad temperature adaptability and energy density of vanadium redox flow battery based on sulfate-chloride mixed acid by optimizing the concentration of electrolyte Yang, Yadong; Zhang, Yimin; Liu, Tao Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 415 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.01.049	journal	March 2019
Elucidating mechanisms of oxide growth and surface passivation on zinc thin film electrodes in alkaline solutions using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance Wittman, Reed M.; Sacci, Robert L.; Zawodzinski, Thomas A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 438 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227034	journal	October 2019
Performance mapping of cation exchange membranes for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries for energy storage Hugo, Yohanes Antonius; Kout, Wiebrand; Sikkema, Friso Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 566 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.006	journal	November 2018
Zinc-ion batteries: Materials, mechanisms, and applications Ming, Jun; Guo, Jing; Xia, Chuan Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Vol. 135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2018.10.002	journal	January 2019
Recent advances in the selective membrane for aqueous redox flow batteries Sheng, J.; Mukhopadhyay, A.; Wang, W. Materials Today Nano, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2019.100044	journal	August 2019
Advanced rechargeable zinc-based batteries: Recent progress and future perspectives Li, Hongfei; Ma, Longtao; Han, Cuiping Nano Energy, Vol. 62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.05.059	journal	August 2019
Redox flow batteries for the storage of renewable energy: A review Alotto, Piergiorgio; Guarnieri, Massimo; Moro, Federico Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.001	journal	January 2014
Aqueous batteries as grid scale energy storage solutions Posada, Jorge Omar Gil; Rennie, Anthony J. R.; Villar, Sofia Perez Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.024	journal	February 2017
A review of vanadium electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries Choi, Chanyong; Kim, Soohyun; Kim, Riyul Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.188	journal	March 2017
The characteristics and performance of hybrid redox flow batteries with zinc negative electrodes for energy storage Arenas, Luis F.; Loh, Adeline; Trudgeon, David P. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.016	journal	July 2018
Aqueous Rechargeable Li and Na Ion Batteries Kim, Haegyeom; Hong, Jihyun; Park, Kyu-Young Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500232y	journal	September 2014
Safety modelling and testing of lithium-ion batteries in electrified vehicles Deng, Jie; Bae, Chulheung; Marcicki, James Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0122-3	journal	April 2018
Degradation mechanism of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) ion exchange membranes under vanadium flow battery medium Yuan, Zhizhang; Li, Xianfeng; Hu, Jinbo Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., Vol. 16, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP03329A	journal	January 2014
Renewable hydrogen generation from a dual-circuit redox flow battery Amstutz, Véronique; Toghill, Kathryn E.; Powlesland, Francis Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE00098F	journal	January 2014
A technology review of electrodes and reaction mechanisms in vanadium redox flow batteries Kim, Ki Jae; Park, Min-Sik; Kim, Young-Jun Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA02613J	journal	January 2015
Polybenzimidazole membranes with nanophase-separated structure induced by non-ionic hydrophilic side chains for vanadium flow batteries Peng, Sangshan; Wu, Xuemei; Yan, Xiaoming Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA08790J	journal	January 2018
Voltage issue of aqueous rechargeable metal-ion batteries Liu, Zhuoxin; Huang, Yan; Huang, Yang Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 49, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CS00131J	journal	January 2020
Redox Flow Batteries: An Engineering Perspective Chalamala, Babu R.; Soundappan, Thiagarajan; Fisher, Graham R. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 102, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2014.2320317	journal	June 2014
Dynamics of the Simplest Chlorine Atom Reaction: An Experimental and Theoretical Study Alagia, M.; Balucani, N.; Cartechini, L. Science, Vol. 273, Issue 5281 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5281.1519	journal	September 1996
Investigation of Factors Affecting Performance of the Iron-Redox Battery Hruska, L. W. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 128, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2127366	journal	January 1981
Study of Thermal–Runaway in Batteries I. Theoretical Study and Formulation Torabi, F.; Esfahanian, V. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3592486	journal	January 2011
Concentration Dependence of VO ²⁺ Crossover of Nafion for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries Lawton, Jamie S.; Jones, Amanda; Zawodzinski, Thomas Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.004306jes	journal	January 2013
The Relationship between Shunt Currents and Edge Corrosion in Flow Batteries Darling, Robert M.; Shiau, Huai-Suen; Weber, Adam Z. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0081711jes	journal	January 2017
All-Iron Hybrid Flow Batteries with In-Tank Rebalancing Selverston, S.; Nagelli, E.; Wainright, J. S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0281910jes	journal	January 2019
Study of Thermal-Runaway in Batteries: II. The Main Sources of Heat Generation in Lead-Acid Batteries Torabi, F.; Esfahanian, V. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.030302jes	journal	December 2012
Critical Review—Experimental Diagnostics and Material Characterization Techniques Used on Redox Flow Batteries Gandomi, Y. Ashraf; Aaron, D. S.; Houser, J. R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0601805jes	journal	January 2018
Vanadium(III)/Vanadium(II) and Hydrogen Evolution Thermodynamic Behavior at the Negative of the All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries Chen, Fuyu; Gu, Shiyan; Ma, Qingbang Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0751712jes	journal	January 2017
Elucidating Effects of Faradaic Imbalance on Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Performance: Experimental Characterization Nourani, Mahnaz; Dennison, Christopher R.; Jin, Xinfang Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0851915jes	journal	January 2019
Performance Evaluation of a Regenerative Hydrogen-Bromine Fuel Cell Kreutzer, Haley; Yarlagadda, Venkata; Van Nguyen, Trung Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.086207jes	journal	January 2012
Parasitic Hydrogen Evolution at Different Carbon Fiber Electrodes in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries Schweiss, Ruediger; Pritzl, Alexander; Meiser, Christian Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1281609jes	journal	January 2016
Review—Understanding the Thermal Runaway Behavior of Li-Ion Batteries through Experimental Techniques Jindal, Puneet; Bhattacharya, Jishnu Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1381910jes	journal	January 2019
Safety Issues in Lithium Ion Batteries: Materials and Cell Design Wu, Xiangkun; Song, Kaifang; Zhang, Xiaoyan Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00065	journal	July 2019
Characterisation of a 200 kW/400 kWh Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Bryans, Declan; Amstutz, Véronique; Girault, Hubert Batteries, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040054	journal	November 2018

Figures / Tables (2)

Table 1(p. 10)

Table 2(p. 11)

Similar Records

Perspective—On the Safety of Aged Lithium-Ion Batteries

Journal Article · Thu Mar 03 19:00:00 EST 2022 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society · OSTI ID:1847436

Related Subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE

Perspective—On the Need for Reliability and Safety Studies of Grid-Scale Aqueous Batteries

Citation Formats

References (89)

Figures / Tables (2)

Similar Records

Related Subjects