Characteristic of cryogenic hydrogen flames from high-aspect ratio nozzles

Hecht, Ethan S.; Chowdhury, Bikram Roy

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.08.265

Characteristic of cryogenic hydrogen flames from high-aspect ratio nozzles

Journal Article · Fri Sep 25 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.08.265· OSTI ID:1667418

^[1]; Chowdhury, Bikram Roy ^[2]

Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States). Combustion Research Facility
Air Liquide, Newark, DE (United States)

Unintentional leaks at hydrogen fueling stations have the potential to form hydrogen jet flames, which pose a risk to people and infrastructure. The heat flux from these jet flames are often used to develop separation distances between hydrogen components and buildings, lot-lines, etc. The heat flux and visible flame length is well understood for releases from round nozzles, but real unintended leaks would be expected to be from higher aspect-ratio cracks. Here, we measured the visible flame length and heat-flux characteristics of cryogenic hydrogen flames from high-aspect ratio nozzles. Heat flux measurements from 5 radiometers were used to assess the single-point vs the multi-point methods for interpretation of heat flux sensor data, finding the axial distance of the sensor for a single-point heat flux measurement to be important. We compare the flame length and heat flux data to flames of both cryogenic and compressed hydrogen from round nozzles. The aspect ratio of the release does not affect the flame length or heat flux significantly, for a given mass flow under the range of conditions studied. The engineering correlations presented in this work enable the prediction of flame length and heat flux which can be used to assess risk at hydrogen fueling stations with liquid hydrogen and develop science-based separation distances for these stations.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000; NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 1667418

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1811207

Report Number(s):: SAND--2020-9079J; 690270

Journal Information:: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Journal Name: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Journal Issue: 23 Vol. 46; ISSN 0360-3199

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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08 HYDROGEN
aspect ratio
cryogenic hydrogen
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flame length
heat flux

Characteristic of cryogenic hydrogen flames from high-aspect ratio nozzles

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