SIMS microanalysis of the Strelley Pool Formation cherts and the implications for the secular-temporal oxygen-isotope trend of cherts

Cammack, J. N.; Spicuzza, M. J.; Cavosie, A. J.; Van Kranendonk, M. J.; Hickman, A. H.; Kozdon, R.; Orland, I. J.; Kitajima, K.; Valley, J. W.

doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.11.005

Title: SIMS microanalysis of the Strelley Pool Formation cherts and the implications for the secular-temporal oxygen-isotope trend of cherts

Journal Article · Tue Nov 14 00:00:00 EST 2017 · Precambrian Research

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.11.005· OSTI ID:1661932

Cammack, J. N. ^[1]; Spicuzza, M. J. ^[2]; Cavosie, A. J. ^[3]; Van Kranendonk, M. J. ^[4]; Hickman, A. H. ^[5]; Kozdon, R. ^[6]; Orland, I. J. ^[2]; Kitajima, K. ^[2]; Valley, J. W. ^[2]

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States); Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO (United States)
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States); Curtin Univ. of Technology, Perth, WA (Australia)
Univ. of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW (Australia)
Geological Survey of Western Australia, Perth, WA (Australia)
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States); Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY (United States). Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

The significance of oxygen isotope ratios in Archean chert has long been debated. Cherts from the c. 3.4 Ga Strelley Pool Formation (SPF) (Pilbara Craton, Western Australia) host some of the oldest stromatolite and microfossil evidence for life, but the genesis and timing of silica cements has been unclear. Field relations, petrography and a combination of laser fluorination and in-situ SIMS measurements of δ¹⁸O in quartz show that bedded cherts of the SPF were originally precipitated as carbonates and were later widely replaced by quartz. Three localities were studied and analyzed for δ¹⁸O(Qz) in chert: 1) Camel Creek: foliated, metamorphosed, bedded cherts and meter-scale black chert veins; 2) Unconformity Ridge and ABDP8 drill core: stromatolitic and bedded chert overlying basal detrital quartz sandstone; and 3) the Trendall locality: “bedded” stromatolitic chert replacing original dolomite, low temperature hydrothermal quartz, and mm- to decimeter-scale chert-quartz veins. Laser fluorination (mm-scale) values of δ18O(Qz) range from: 14.2 to 18.2‰ VSMOW at Camel Creek; 9.3 to 18.9‰ at Unconformity Ridge; and 13.7 to 25.7‰ at Trendall. Values of δ¹⁸O(Qz) in cm to decimeter-scale hydrothermal chert veins cutting bedded carbonates at Trendall range from ca. 15 to 16‰, whereas “bedded cherts” are 17 to 26‰. These laser data include the highest δ¹⁸O values reported for cherts in Paleoarchean sediments and are up to 4‰ higher than the upper limit of ~22‰ reported in other studies, in apparent contrast to the long-standing secular-temporal trend which shows such high δ¹⁸O only in younger chert. However, analysis by laser fluorination at the 1-mm scale cannot resolve microtextures seen petrographically. In contrast, in-situ SIMS analyses can resolve petrographic microtextures and show δ¹⁸O(Qz) at 10-μm scale have an even greater range of 7–31‰ in “bedded” cherts at the Trendall locality, up to 9‰ above the secular-temporal trend. Textures observed optically at the Trendall locality were classified as: microquartz, mesoquartz, chalcedony, megaquartz veins, and cavity megaquartz. SEM-CL imaging shows two generations of meso- and megaquartz; bright CL with well-developed growth zoning, and dark CL with massive or mottled texture. Microquartz is the earliest textural generation of quartz and has a maximum δ¹⁸O(Qz) of ~22‰ by SIMS. Dark-CL mesoquartz has similar δ¹⁸O to microquartz and is interpreted to also be early. Bright-zoned-CL mesoquartz, which formed post-Archean, has even higher δ¹⁸O, up to 29‰. Vein megaquartz crosscuts most quartz generations and has a restricted range of δ¹⁸O, mostly from 16 to 19‰. Chalcedony pseudomorphs rhombic cavities and fractures, lines the edges of veins, and has similar δ¹⁸O to veins (16–19‰). Late cavity megaquartz is bright and zoned by CL, grows into late open cavities, and has the highest δ¹⁸O(Qz) values reported from the Pilbara, up to 31.3‰. Thus, the highest-δ¹⁸O quartz cements at the Trendall locality are the youngest and may be related to weathering. Early silicification and the formation of microquartz, chalcedony and low δ¹⁸O mesoquartz occurred during low temperature hydrothermal activity in the Archean. None of the SPF quartz examined is interpreted to have formed as a direct precipitate from Paleoarchean seawater. Thus, values of δ¹⁸O(Qz) do not record either water chemistry or temperature of Archean oceans. In-situ SIMS analysis shows that high-δ¹⁸O(Qz) values above 22‰ are only found in late-forming cavity megaquartz and bright-zoned-CL mesoquartz at the Trendall locality. The SPF results from our sample suite demonstrate the ability to resolve complex history using detailed petrography and SIMS analysis. Similar studies may show equal complexity of δ¹⁸O(Qz) data for other localities that are interpreted to show secular-temporal trends for chert. The apparent increase of δ¹⁸O(Qz) through time may reflect differences in diagenesis, and/or an inherent and previously unrecognized sampling bias that compares fundamentally different populations of quartz, such as Archean hydrothermal chert from volcanic greenstone belts, with unrelated Phanerozoic biogenic quartz.

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Research Organization:: Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); Australian Research Council (ARC)

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-93ER14389

OSTI ID:: 1661932

Journal Information:: Precambrian Research, Vol. 304; ISSN 0301-9268

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 13 works

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Raman spectroscopy reveals thermal palaeoenvironments of c.3.5 billion-year-old organic matter Allwood, Abigail C.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Marshall, Craig P. Vibrational Spectroscopy, Vol. 41, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2006.02.006	journal	August 2006
Geological and trace element evidence for a marine sedimentary environment of deposition and biogenicity of 3.45 Ga stromatolitic carbonates in the Pilbara Craton, and support for a reducing Archaean ocean Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Webb, Gregory E.; Kamber, Balz S. Geobiology, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4669.2003.00014.x	journal	October 2003
Early Archean fossil bacteria and biofilms in hydrothermally-influenced sediments from the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa Westall, Frances; de Wit, Maarten J.; Dann, Jesse Precambrian Research, Vol. 106, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00127-3	journal	February 2001
Diamondiferous eclogites from Siberia: Remnants of Archean oceanic crust Jacob, D.; Jagoutz, E.; Lowry, D. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 58, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90304-2	journal	December 1994
Diagenesis of siliceous oozes—I. Chemical controls on the rate of opal-A to opal-CT transformation—an experimental study Kastner, M.; Keene, J. B.; Gieskes, J. M. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 41, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90099-0	journal	August 1977
Trace elements in hydrothermal quartz: Relationships to cathodoluminescent textures and insights into vein formation Rusk, Brian G.; Lowers, Heather A.; Reed, Mark H. Geology, Vol. 36, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1130/G24580A.1	journal	January 2008
87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater Veizer, Ján; Ala, Davin; Azmy, Karem Chemical Geology, Vol. 161, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00081-9	journal	September 1999
Origin of 3.45 Ga coniform stromatolites in Warrawoona Group, Western Australia Hofmann, H. J.; Grey, K.; Hickman, A. H. Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 111, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1256:OOGCSI>2.3.CO;2	journal	August 1999
Silicon isotope and trace element constraints on the origin of ∼3.5Ga cherts: Implications for Early Archaean marine environments van den Boorn, S. H. J. M.; van Bergen, M. J.; Vroon, P. Z. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 74, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.009	journal	February 2010
High Archean climatic temperature inferred from oxygen isotope geochemistry of cherts in the 3.5 Ga Swaziland Supergroup, South Africa Knauth, L. Paul; Lowe, Donald R. Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 115 https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0566:HACTIF>2.0.CO;2	journal	May 2003
Earliest microbially mediated pyrite oxidation in ~3.4 billion-year-old sediments Wacey, David; Saunders, Martin; Brasier, Martin D. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 301, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.025	journal	January 2011
Origin and mechanisms of K–Si-metasomatism of ca. 3.4–3.3Ga volcaniclastic deposits and implications for Archean seawater evolution: Examples from cherts of Kittys Gap (Pilbara craton, Australia) and Msauli (Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa) Rouchon, Virgile; Orberger, Beate Precambrian Research, Vol. 165, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2008.06.003	journal	September 2008

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The Archean atmosphere Catling, David C.; Zahnle, Kevin J. Science Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax1420	journal	February 2020

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