Extracting nuclear symmetry energies at high densities from observations of neutron stars and gravitational waves

Zhang, Nai-Bo; Li, Bao-An

doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12700-0

Extracting nuclear symmetry energies at high densities from observations of neutron stars and gravitational waves

Journal Article · Wed Mar 20 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · European Physical Journal. A

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2019-12700-0· OSTI ID:1658236

Zhang, Nai-Bo ^[1]; Li, Bao-An ^[2]

Shandong Univ., Weihai (China); Texas A & M Univ., Commerce, TX (United States); Texas A&M University-Commerce
Texas A & M Univ., Commerce, TX (United States)

By numerically inverting the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov (TOV) equation using an explicitly isospin-dependent parametric Equation of State (EOS) of dense neutron-rich nucleonic matter, a restricted EOS parameter space is established using observational constraints on the radius, maximum mass, tidal deformability and causality condition of neutron stars (NSs). The constraining band obtained for the pressure as a function of energy (baryon) density is in good agreement with that extracted recently by the LIGO+Virgo Collaborations from their improved analyses of the NS tidal deformability in GW170817. Rather robust upper and lower boundaries on nuclear symmetry energies are extracted from the observational constraints up to about twice the saturation density ρ₀ of nuclear matter. More quantitatively, the symmetry energy at 2ρ₀ is constrained to E_sym(2ρ₀)=46.9±10.1 E_sym(2ρ₀) = 46.9 ± 10.1 MeV excluding many existing theoretical predictions scattered between E_sym(2ρ₀)=15 and 100 MeV. Moreover, by studying variations of the causality surface where the speed of sound equals that of light at central densities of the most massive neutron stars within the restricted EOS parameter space, the absolutely maximum mass of neutron stars is found to be 2.40 M_⊙ approximately independent of the EOSs used. Finally, this limiting mass is consistent with findings of several recent analyses and numerical general relativity simulations about the maximum mass of the possible super-massive remanent produced in the immediate aftermath of GW170817. deformability.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Texas A & M Univ., Commerce, TX (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Natural Science Foundation (NNSFC); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0009971; SC0013702

OSTI ID:: 1658236

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1611285
OSTI ID: 22817342

Journal Information:: European Physical Journal. A, Journal Name: European Physical Journal. A Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 55; ISSN 1434-6001

Publisher:: SpringerCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Symmetry Parameter Constraints from a Lower Bound on Neutron-matter Energy Tews, Ingo; Lattimer, James M.; Ohnishi, Akira The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8db9	journal	October 2017
Peering into the Dark Side: Magnesium Lines Establish a Massive Neutron Star in PSR J2215+5135 Linares, M.; Shahbaz, T.; Casares, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aabde6	journal	May 2018
Combined Constraints on the Equation of State of Dense Neutron-rich Matter from Terrestrial Nuclear Experiments and Observations of Neutron Stars Zhang, Nai-Bo; Li, Bao-An; Xu, Jun The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac027	journal	May 2018
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Tidal Love numbers of neutron stars Hinderer, Tanja arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0711.2420	text	January 2007
Recent Progress and New Challenges in Isospin Physics with Heavy-Ion Reactions Li, Bao-An; Chen, Lie-Wen; Ko, Che Ming arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0804.3580	text	January 2008
Nuclear limits on gravitational waves from elliptically deformed pulsars Krastev, Plamen G.; Li, Bao-An; Worley, Aaron arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0805.1973	text	January 2008
Nuclear constraints on properties of neutron star crusts Xu, Jun; Chen, Lie-Wen; Li, Bao-An arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0901.2309	text	January 2009
Imprints of the nuclear symmetry energy on gravitational waves from the axial w-modes of neutron stars Wen, De-Hua; Li, Bao-An; Krastev, Plamen G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0902.4702	text	January 2009
Density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy: a microscopic perspective Vidana, Isaac; Providencia, Constanca; Polls, Artur arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0907.1165	text	January 2009
Super-soft symmetry energy encountering non-Newtonian gravity in neutron stars Wen, De-Hua; Li, Bao-An; Chen, Lie-Wen arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0908.1922	text	January 2009
Do we understand the incompressibility of neutron-rich matter? Piekarewicz, J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0912.5103	text	January 2009
The Microscopic Approach to Nuclear Matter and Neutron Star Matter Sammarruca, Francesca arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1002.0146	text	January 2010
Constraints on neutron star radii based on chiral effective field theory interactions Hebeler, K.; Lattimer, J. M.; Pethick, C. J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1007.1746	text	January 2010
Symmetry energy from elliptic flow in 197Au + 197Au Russotto, P.; Wu, P. Z.; Zoric, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1101.2361	text	January 2011
A survey of the parameter space of the compressible liquid drop model as applied to the neutron star inner crust Newton, W. G.; Gearheart, M.; Li, Bao-An arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1110.4043	text	January 2011
Skyrme Interaction and Nuclear Matter Constraints Dutra, M.; Lourenço, O.; Martins, J. S. Sá arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1202.3902	text	January 2012
Constraining the neutron-proton effective mass splitting using empirical constraints on the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy around normal density Li, Bao-An; Han, Xiao arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1304.3368	text	January 2013
A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary Antoniadis, John; Freire, Paulo C. C.; Wex, Norbert arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1304.6875	text	January 2013
A way forward in the study of the symmetry energy: experiment, theory, and observation Horowitz, C. J.; Brown, E. F.; Kim, Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1401.5839	text	January 2014
Relativistic Mean-Field Hadronic Models under Nuclear Matter Constraints Dutra, M.; Lourenço, O.; Avancini, S. S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1405.3633	text	January 2014
Short-range correlations in isospin symmetric and asymmetric nuclear matter: a microscopic perspective Sammarruca, Francesca arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1409.3999	text	January 2014
Neutron Matter from Low to High Density Gandolfi, Stefano; Gezerlis, Alexandros; Carlson, J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1501.05675	text	January 2015
Constraints on the symmetry energy from observational probes of the neutron star crust Newton, William G.; Hooker, Joshua; Gearheart, Michael arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1506.02207	text	January 2015
The Equation of State of Hot, Dense Matter and Neutron Stars Lattimer, James M.; Prakash, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1512.07820	text	January 2015
Masses, Radii, and Equation of State of Neutron Stars Ozel, Feryal; Freire, Paulo arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1603.02698	text	January 2016
From Neutron Star Observables to the Equation of State. II. Bayesian Inference of Equation of State Pressures Raithel, Carolyn A.; Özel, Feryal; Psaltis, Dimitrios arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1704.00737	text	January 2017
GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral Collaboration, The LIGO Scientific; Collaboration, The Virgo arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1710.05832	text	January 2017
Constraining the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars From Multi-Messenger Observations of GW170817 Margalit, Ben; Metzger, Brian arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1710.05938	text	January 2017
Modeling GW170817 based on numerical relativity and its implications Shibata, Masaru; Fujibayashi, Sho; Hotokezaka, Kenta arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1710.07579	text	January 2017
Using gravitational-wave observations and quasi-universal relations to constrain the maximum mass of neutron stars Rezzolla, Luciano; Most, Elias R.; Weih, Lukas R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.00314	text	January 2017
Comparison of heavy-ion transport simulations: Collision integral in a box Zhang, Ying-Xun; Wang, Yong-Jia; Colonna, Maria arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.05950	text	January 2017
Neutron skins and neutron stars in the multi-messenger era Fattoyev, F. J.; Piekarewicz, J.; Horowitz, C. J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.06615	text	January 2017
Rapid neutrino cooling in the neutron star MXB 1659-29 Brown, Edward F.; Cumming, Andrew; Fattoyev, Farrukh J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.00041	text	January 2018
Nucleon Effective Masses in Neutron-Rich Matter Li, Bao-An; Cai, Bao-Jun; Chen, Lie-Wen arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.01213	text	January 2018
New constraints on radii and tidal deformabilities of neutron stars from GW170817 Most, Elias R.; Weih, Lukas R.; Rezzolla, Luciano arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.00549	text	January 2018
Delineating Effects of Nuclear Symmetry Energy on the Radii and Tidal Polarizabilities of Neutron Stars Zhang, Nai-Bo; Li, Bao-An arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.07955	text	January 2018
Neutron Star Structure and the Equation of State Lattimer, J. M.; Prakash, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0002232	text	January 2000
A Radio Pulsar Spinning at 716 Hz Hessels, Jason W. T.; Ransom, Scott M.; Stairs, Ingrid H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0601337	text	January 2006
Neutron Star Observations: Prognosis for Equation of State Constraints Lattimer, James M.; Prakash, Maddapa arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0612440	text	January 2006
Determination of the stiffness of the nuclear symmetry energy from isospin diffusion Chen, Lie-Wen; Ko, Che Ming; Li, Bao-An arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0407032	text	January 2004
Isospin Asymmetry in Nuclei and Neutron Stars Steiner, Andrew W.; Prakash, Madappa; Lattimer, James M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0410066	text	January 2004
Hybrid stars that masquerade as neutron stars Alford, Mark; Braby, Matt; Paris, Mark arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0411016	text	January 2004
Nucleon-nucleon cross sections in neutron-rich matter and isospin transport in heavy-ion reactions at intermediate energies Li, Bao-An; Chen, Lie-Wen arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0508024	text	January 2005
Constraints on the high-density nuclear equation of state from the phenomenology of compact stars and heavy-ion collisions Klahn, T.; Blaschke, D.; Typel, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.nucl-th/0602038	text	January 2006
Equations of state for supernovae and compact stars Micaela, Oertel,; Matthias, Hempel,; Thomas, Klähn, American Physical Society https://doi.org/10.5451/unibas-ep58112	text	January 2017

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Role of the symmetry energy and the neutron-matter stiffness on the tidal deformability of a neutron star with unified equations of state Perot, L.; Chamel, N.; Sourie, A. Physical Review C, Vol. 100, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.100.035801	journal	September 2019
Effects of the equation of state on the bulk properties of maximally rotating neutron stars Koliogiannis, P. S.; Moustakidis, Ch. C. Physical Review C, Vol. 101, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.101.015805	journal	January 2020
Equation of state of dense matter in the multimessenger era Zhou, Ying; Chen, Lie-Wen; Zhang, Zhen Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.99.121301	journal	June 2019
Towards understanding astrophysical effects of nuclear symmetry energy Li, Bao-An; Krastev, Plamen G.; Wen, De-Hua The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 55, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2019-12780-8	journal	July 2019
Implications of the Mass $M={2.17}_{-0.10}^{+0.11}$ M _⊙ of PSR J0740+6620 on the Equation of State of Super-dense Neutron-rich Nuclear Matter Zhang, Nai-Bo; Li, Bao-An The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab24cb	journal	July 2019
Bayesian Inference of High-density Nuclear Symmetry Energy from Radii of Canonical Neutron Stars Xie, Wen-Jie; Li, Bao-An The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3f37	journal	October 2019
Relativistic self-energy decomposition of nuclear symmetry energy and equation of state of neutron matter within QCD sum rules Cai, Bao-Jun; Chen, Lie-Wen arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.10430	text	January 2019
Effects of the equation of state on the bulk properties of maximally-rotating neutron stars Koliogiannis, P. S.; Moustakidis, Ch. C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.13375	text	January 2019
Role of the symmetry energy and the neutron-matter stiffness on the tidal deformability of a neutron star with unified equations of state Perot, Loic; Chamel, Nicolas; Sourie, Aurélien arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.13202	text	January 2019

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