Phase stability and mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured H13 tool steel at elevated temperatures

Tanvir, Ali Newaz Mohammad; Ahsan, Md Rumman ul; Seo, Gijeong; Bates, Brian; Lee, Chanho; Liaw, Peter K.; Noakes, Mark; Nycz, Andrzej; Ji, Changwook; Kim, Duck Bong

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.085

Phase stability and mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured H13 tool steel at elevated temperatures

Journal Article · Fri Jul 24 04:00:00 EDT 2020 · Journal of Materials Science and Technology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.085· OSTI ID:1651383

Tanvir, Ali Newaz Mohammad ^[1]; Ahsan, Md Rumman ul ^[1]; Seo, Gijeong ^[2]; Bates, Brian ^[3]; Lee, Chanho ^[4]; Liaw, Peter K. ^[4]; ^[5]; ^[5]; Ji, Changwook ^[6]; Kim, Duck Bong ^[2]

Tennessee Technological Univ., Cookeville, TN (United States). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Tennessee Technological Univ., Cookeville, TN (United States). Dept. of Manufacturing and Engineering Technology
Tennessee Technological Univ., Cookeville, TN (United States). Center for Manufacturing Research
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Manufacturing Demonstration Facility (MDF)
Korea Inst. of Industrial Technology, Ulsan (South Korea). Advanced Forming Process R&D Group

Wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is considered an innovative technology that can change the manufacturing landscape in the near future. WAAM offers the benefits of inexpensive initial system setup and a high deposition rate for fabricating medium- and large-sized parts such as die-casting tools. Here, AISI H13 tool steel, a popular die-casting tool metal, is manufactured by cold metal transfer (CMT)-based WAAM and is then comprehensively analyzed for its microstructural and mechanical properties. Location-dependent phase combinations are observed, which could be explained by nonequilibrium thermal cycles that resulted from the layer-by-layer stacking mechanism used in WAAM. In addition, remelting and reheating of the layers reduces welding anomalies (e.g., pores and voids). The metallurgical characteristics of the H13 strongly correlate with the mechanical properties. The combinations of phases at different locations of the additively manufactured part exhibit a periodic microhardness profile. Martensite, Retained Austenite, Ferrite, and Carbide phases are found in combination at different locations of the part based on the part’s temperature distribution during additive deposition. Moreover, the tensile properties at elevated temperatures (23 °C, 300 °C, and 600 °C) are comparable to those from other WAAM and additive manufacturing (AM) processes. The X-ray diffraction results verify that the microstructural stability of the fabricated parts at high temperatures would allow them to be used in high temperatures.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); Korea Inst. of Industrial Technology

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1651383

Journal Information:: Journal of Materials Science and Technology, Journal Name: Journal of Materials Science and Technology Vol. 67; ISSN 1005-0302

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (34)

Precipitation Behavior of Large Primary Carbides in Cast H13 Steel Huang, Yu; Cheng, Guoguang; Li, Shijian steel research international, Vol. 90, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201900035	journal	March 2019
Direct additive laser manufacturing using gas- and water-atomised H13 tool steel powders Pinkerton, Andrew J.; Li, Lin The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 25, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-003-1844-2	journal	June 2004
Economics of additive manufacturing for end-usable metal parts Atzeni, Eleonora; Salmi, Alessandro The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 62, Issue 9-12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3878-1	journal	February 2012
Heat treatment effects on Inconel 625 components fabricated by wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)—part 1: microstructural characterization Tanvir, A. N. M.; Ahsan, Md. R. U.; Ji, Changwook The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 103, Issue 9-12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03828-6	journal	May 2019
Selective laser melting of H13: microstructure and residual stress Yan, J. J.; Zheng, D. L.; Li, H. X. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 52, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1380-3	journal	July 2017
The effect of microstructural banding on failure initiation of HY-100 steel Chae, D.; Koss, D. A.; Wilson, A. L. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 31, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-000-1017-y	journal	March 2000
Effects of martensite morphology and tempering on dynamic deformation behavior of dual-phase steels Lee, Han Sang; Hwang, Byoungchul; Lee, Sunghak Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 35, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-0217-5	journal	August 2004
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Clad and Post-cladding Tempered AISI H13 Tool Steel Telasang, Gururaj; Dutta Majumdar, Jyotsna; Wasekar, Nitin Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 46, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2757-z	journal	February 2015
Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Performance of Hot Work Tool Steel Processed by Selective Laser Melting Holzweissig, Martin Joachim; Taube, Alexander; Brenne, Florian Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 46, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-014-0267-9	journal	January 2015
High-Temperature Properties and Microstructural Stability of the AISI H13 Hot-Work Tool Steel Processed by Selective Laser Melting Wang, Mei; Li, Wei; Wu, Yan Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 50, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1442-1	journal	November 2018
Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review Frazier, William E. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 23, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-0958-z	journal	April 2014
In situ high temperature XRD studies of ZnO nanopowder prepared via cost effective ultrasonic mist chemical vapour deposition Singh, Preetam; Kumar, Ashvani; Kaushal, Ajay Bulletin of Materials Science, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-008-0089-y	journal	June 2008
Effect of cold metal transfer and gas tungsten arc welding processes on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of Inconel® 625 weldings Ruiz-Vela, J. I.; Montes-Rodríguez, J. J.; Rodríguez-Morales, E. Welding in the World, Vol. 63, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-0661-z	journal	October 2018
On the mechanism of pore formation during diffusion Brinkman, J. A. Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(55)90122-X	journal	November 1955
Manufacturing of Dies and Molds Altan, Taylan; Lilly, Blaine; Yen, Y. C. CIRP Annals, Vol. 50, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62988-6	journal	January 2001
Wire-arc additive manufacturing H13 part: 3D pore distribution, microstructural evolution, and mechanical performances Ge, Jinguo; Ma, Tiejun; Chen, Yan Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 783 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.274	journal	April 2019
A review of the wire arc additive manufacturing of metals: properties, defects and quality improvement Wu, Bintao; Pan, Zengxi; Ding, Donghong Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.08.001	journal	October 2018
A comparative study of additive manufacturing techniques: Residual stress and microstructural analysis of CLAD and WAAM printed Ti–6Al–4V components Szost, Blanka A.; Terzi, Sofiane; Martina, Filomeno Materials & Design, Vol. 89 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.115	journal	January 2016
Fracture behaviour of additively manufactured MS1-H13 hybrid hard steels Cyr, E.; Asgari, H.; Shamsdini, S. Materials Letters, Vol. 212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.10.097	journal	February 2018
The arc characteristics and metal transfer behaviour of cold metal transfer and its use in joining aluminium to zinc-coated steel Zhang, H. T.; Feng, J. C.; He, P. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 499, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.11.124	journal	January 2009
Effects of deposition strategies on macro/microstructure and mechanical properties of wire and arc additive manufactured Ti 6Al 4V Wang, Jian; Lin, Xin; Li, Jiaqiang Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 754 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.03.001	journal	April 2019
Influence of Powder Bed Preheating on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of H13 Tool Steel SLM Parts Mertens, R.; Vrancken, B.; Holmstock, N. Physics Procedia, Vol. 83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.092	journal	January 2016
Study on Arc Welding Processes for High Deposition Rate Additive Manufacturing No authors listed Procedia CIRP, Vol. 68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.12.095	journal	January 2018
TIG-dressing of High Strength Steel Butt Welded Connections – Part 1: Weld Toe Geometry and Local Hardness van Es, S. H. J.; Kolstein, M. H.; Pijpers, R. J. M. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 66 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.12.076	journal	January 2013
Microstructure and properties of die steel fabricated by WAAM using H13 wire Wang, Tingting; Zhang, Yuanbin; Wu, Zhihong Vacuum, Vol. 149 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.12.034	journal	March 2018
Fabrication of bimetallic additively manufactured structure (BAMS) of low carbon steel and 316L austenitic stainless steel with wire + arc additive manufacturing Ahsan, Md. Rumman Ul; Tanvir, Ali Newaz Mohammad; Ross, Taylor Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 26, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-09-2018-0235	journal	December 2019
Effect of hardness of martensite and ferrite on void formation in dual phase steel Azuma, M.; Goutianos, S.; Hansen, N. Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 28, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284712Y.0000000006	journal	October 2012
Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing Williams, S. W.; Martina, F.; Addison, A. C. Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 32, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000073	journal	May 2015
Mechanically assisted droplet transfer process in gas metal arc welding Wu, Y.; Kovacevic, R. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, Vol. 216, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1243/0954405021520247	journal	April 2002
Characterization of microstructure and residual stress in a 3D H13 tool steel component produced by additive manufacturing Cottam, Ryan; Wang, James; Luzin, Vladimir Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 29, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.190	journal	August 2014
Preparation and mechanical properties of selective laser melted H13 steel Ren, Bo; Lu, Dehong; Zhou, Rong Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 34, Issue 08 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.10	journal	February 2019
High Frequency Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process for Dressing of Weldment J., Cibi Anthony; Thilagham, K. T. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.4.3.37	journal	January 2017
TIG Dressing Effects on Weld Pores and Pore Cracking of Titanium Weldments Yi, Hui-Jun; Lee, Yong-Jun; Lee, Kwang-O Metals, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/met6100243	journal	October 2016
Precipitation Behavior of Carbides in H13 Hot Work Die Steel and Its Strengthening during Tempering Ning, Angang; Mao, Wenwen; Chen, Xichun Metals, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/met7030070	journal	February 2017

Similar Records

Investment cast AISI H13 tooling for automotive applications

Conference · Sat Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 1995 · OSTI ID:91941

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Lightweight High Pressure Die Casting Tooling

Technical Report · Tue Apr 01 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · OSTI ID:2573293

High temperature tensile properties of H13 tool steel fabricated via binder jet additive manufacturing

Journal Article · Mon Jun 23 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Journal of Materials Research and Technology · OSTI ID:2575360

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
high temperature XRD
high temperature tensile test
martensitic steel
tool steel
wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)

Phase stability and mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured H13 tool steel at elevated temperatures

Citation Formats

References (34)

Similar Records

Related Subjects