Solving the auroral-arc-generator question by using an electron beam to unambiguously connect critical magnetospheric measurements to auroral images

Borovsky, Joseph E.; Delzanno, Gian Luca; Dors, Eric E.; Thomsen, Michelle F.; Sanchez, Ennio R.; Henderson, Michael G.; Marshall, Robert A.; Gilchrist, Brian E.; Miars, Grant; Carlsten, Bruce E.; Storms, Steven A.; Holloway, Michael A.; Nguyen, Dinh

doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105310

Solving the auroral-arc-generator question by using an electron beam to unambiguously connect critical magnetospheric measurements to auroral images

Journal Article · Fri May 15 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105310· OSTI ID:1646790

^[1]; Delzanno, Gian Luca ^[2]; Dors, Eric E. ^[2]; Thomsen, Michelle F. ^[3]; Sanchez, Ennio R. ^[4]; Henderson, Michael G. ^[2]; Marshall, Robert A. ^[5]; Gilchrist, Brian E. ^[6]; ^[6]; Carlsten, Bruce E. ^[2]; Storms, Steven A. ^[2]; Holloway, Michael A. ^[2]; Nguyen, Dinh ^[7]

Space Science Inst., Boulder, CO (United States)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Planetary Science Inst., Tucson, AZ (United States)
SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Here, an active mapping mission is described that unambiguously connects measurements in the Earth's magnetosphere to visible aurora in the atmosphere. The core of the mission is an electron-beam source operated on a spacecraft in the equatorial magnetosphere, with the electron beam traveling along the Earth's magnetic-field lines to the atmosphere, depositing its energy to create an optical beam-spot in the atmosphere at the footpoint of the spacecraft's magnetic-field line. This optical spot can be imaged by ground-based cameras, putting the location of the spacecraft's magnetic footpoint into the context of the optical aurora. Scientific instruments carried on the spacecraft make critical measurements of the properties of the magnetosphere at the locations where the magnetosphere powers the aurora, allowing the determination of the plasma-physics mechanisms by which the magnetosphere drives the aurora, in particular answering the outstanding question of how the magnetosphere drives low-latitude auroral arcs. Long-standing questions in magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling that have not been answered because we could not unambiguously connect locations in the magnetosphere with their image in the ionosphere will finally be addressed. In this paper the properties of a “standard” growth-phase auroral arc are collected, theories of the magnetospheric generation of auroral arcs are reviewed, and critical magnetospheric measurements to discern the mechanisms that drive auroral arcs are determined. Further, the plasma physics of the experiment is investigated, including spacecraft-charging mitigation, beam stability, beam scattering, and electron orbit theory. Tradeoffs (keV versus MeV) concerning the energy of the electron beam are enumerated.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1646790

Journal Information:: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Journal Name: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics Vol. 206; ISSN 1364-6826

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (180)

RCM-E simulation of substorm growth phase arc associated with large-scale adiabatic convection: GROWTH PHASE ARC Yang, Jian; Wolf, Richard A.; Toffoletto, Frank R. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058253	journal	December 2013
Simultaneous ground and satellite observations of discrete auroral arcs, substorm aurora, and Alfvénic aurora with FAST and THEMIS GBO: FAST/THEMIS GBO CONJUNCTIONS Colpitts, Christopher A.; Hakimi, Sahel; Cattell, Cynthia A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA018796	journal	November 2013
The quiet evening auroral arc and the structure of the growth phase near-Earth plasma sheet: Quiet Evening Arc Coroniti, F. V.; Pritchett, P. L. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019435	journal	March 2014
The influence of magnetic flux depletion on the magnetotail and auroral morphology during the substorm growth phase: HSIEH AND OTTO Hsieh, M. -S.; Otto, A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019459	journal	May 2014
A survey of quiet auroral arc orientation and the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field Gillies, D. M.; Knudsen, D. J.; Donovan, E. F. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019469	journal	April 2014
A unified model of auroral arc growth and electron acceleration in the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling Watanabe, T. -H. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061166	journal	September 2014
Modification of the loss cone for energetic particles Porazik, Peter; Johnson, Jay R.; Kaganovich, Igor Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061869	journal	November 2014
Diagnostics of an artificial relativistic electron beam interacting with the atmosphere Marshall, R. A.; Nicolls, M.; Sanchez, E. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020427	journal	October 2014
Future beam experiments in the magnetosphere with plasma contactors: How do we get the charge off the spacecraft?: BEAM EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE Delzanno, G. L.; Borovsky, J. E.; Thomsen, M. F. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020608	journal	May 2015
Future beam experiments in the magnetosphere with plasma contactors: The electron collection and ion emission routes Delzanno, G. L.; Borovsky, J. E.; Thomsen, M. F. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020683	journal	May 2015
Formation process of relativistic electron flux through interaction with chorus emissions in the Earth's inner magnetosphere Omura, Yoshiharu; Miyashita, Yu; Yoshikawa, Masato Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021563	journal	November 2015
On the formation and origin of substorm growth phase/onset auroral arcs inferred from conjugate space-ground observations: FORMATION AND ORIGIN OF AURORAL ARCS Motoba, T.; Ohtani, S.; Anderson, B. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021676	journal	October 2015
High‐spatial‐resolution velocity measurements derived using Local Divergence‐Free Fitting of SuperDARN observations Bristow, W. A.; Hampton, D. L.; Otto, A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021862	journal	February 2016
Observing the magnetosphere through global auroral imaging: 1. Observables: AURORAL IMAGING OBSERVABLES Mende, Stephen B. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022558	journal	October 2016
Can an electron gun solve the outstanding problem of magnetosphere-ionosphere connectivity?: MI CONNECTIONS WITH AN ELECTRON GUN Delzanno, Gian Luca; Borovsky, Joseph E.; Thomsen, Michelle F. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022728	journal	July 2016
Preface: Unsolved problems of magnetospheric physics: UNSOLVED PROBLEMS MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS Denton, M. H.; Borovsky, J. E.; Stepanova, M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023362	journal	November 2016
Swarm Observation of Field‐Aligned Currents Associated With Multiple Auroral Arc Systems Wu, J.; Knudsen, D. J.; Gillies, D. M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 122, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024439	journal	October 2017
A new diffusion matrix for whistler mode chorus waves: CHORUS DIFFUSION MATRIX Horne, Richard B.; Kersten, Tobias; Glauert, Sarah A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50594	journal	October 2013
Comparison of modeled and observed effects of radiation belt electron precipitation on mesospheric hydroxyl and ozone: MESOSPHERIC ELECTRON PRECIPITATION Verronen, Pekka T.; Andersson, Monika E.; Rodger, Craig J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50845	journal	October 2013
Statistical properties of the surface-charging environment at geosynchronous orbit: SURFACE CHARGING AT GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT Thomsen, Michelle F.; Henderson, Michael G.; Jordanova, Vania K. Space Weather, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/swe.20049	journal	May 2013
Primary sources of large-scale Birkeland currents Sato, Tetsuya; Iijima, Takesi Space Science Reviews, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212423	journal	November 1979
Auroral arc formation: Kinetic and MHD effects Goertz, C. K. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 42, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00215001	journal	December 1985
Mechanisms for the discrete aurora ? A review Swift, DanielW. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00215813	journal	June 1978
Ionization, electron-attachment, -detachment, and charge-transfer in oxygen and air Wagner, K. H. Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and nuclei, Vol. 241, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01395333	journal	June 1971
Magnetospheric source region of discrete auroras inferred from their relationship with isotropy boundaries of energetic particles Yahnin, A. G.; Sergeev, V. A.; Gvozdevsky, B. B. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 15, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0943-z	journal	January 1997
Velocity of auroral arcs drifting equatorward from the polar cap Williams, P. J. S.; del Pozo, C. F.; Hiscock, I. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 16, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-1322-0	journal	January 1998
Reply Yahnin, A. G.; Sergeev, V. A.; Gvozdevsky, B. B. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0042-4	journal	January 1999
The Electron Drift Instrument for MMS Torbert, R. B.; Vaith, H.; Granoff, M. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 199, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0182-7	journal	August 2015
Origins of the Earth’s Diffuse Auroral Precipitation Ni, Binbin; Thorne, Richard M.; Zhang, Xiaojia Space Science Reviews, Vol. 200, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0234-7	journal	February 2016
Quiescent Discrete Auroral Arcs: A Review of Magnetospheric Generator Mechanisms Borovsky, Joseph E.; Birn, Joachim; Echim, Marius M. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 216, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0619-5	journal	December 2019
Diffuse and Pulsating Aurora Nishimura, Yukitoshi; Lessard, Marc R.; Katoh, Yuto Space Science Reviews, Vol. 216, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0629-3	journal	January 2020
Quiet, Discrete Auroral Arcs—Observations Karlsson, T.; Andersson, L.; Gillies, D. M. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 216, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-0641-7	journal	February 2020
Electron density and electron flux in a glow aurora Bryant, D. A.; Courtier, G. M.; Skovli, G. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 32, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(70)90175-3	journal	October 1970
Electric field configuration and plasma parameters in the vicinity of a faint auroral arc Rinnert, K.; Kohl, H.; Schlegel, K. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 48, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(86)90061-9	journal	September 1986
Regions of strongly enhanced perpendicular electric fields adjacent to auroral arcs Opgenoorth, H. J.; Hägström, I.; Williams, P. J. S. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 6-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(90)90044-N	journal	June 1990
An alternative interpretation of auroral precipitation and luminosity observations from the DE, DMSP, AUREOL, and Viking satellites in terms of their mapping to the nightside magnetosphere Feldstein, Ya. I.; Galperin, Yu. I. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 55, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(93)90160-Z	journal	January 1993
Optical and radar observations of the motion of auroral arcs Frey, H. U.; Haerendel, G.; Knudsen, D. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 58, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00019-4	journal	January 1996
Auroral ionization and excitation by incident energetic electrons Rees, Manfred H. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(63)90252-6	journal	October 1963
A study of the dynamics of a discrete auroral arc Marklund, G.; Sandahl, I.; Opgenoorth, H. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(82)90088-5	journal	February 1982
Determination of the magnetospheric current system parameters and development of experimental geomagnetic field models based on data from IMP and HEOS satellites Tsyganenko, N. A.; Usmanov, A. V. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 30, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(82)90148-9	journal	October 1982
Pitch-angle scattering of energetic protons in the magnetotail current sheet as the dominant source of their isotropic precipitation into the nightside ionosphere Sergeev, V. A.; Sazhina, E. M.; Tsyganenko, N. A. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 31, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(83)90103-4	journal	October 1983
Auroral arc classification scheme based on the observed arc-associated electric field pattern Marklund, Göran Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 32, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(84)90154-5	journal	February 1984
Generation of magnetic-field aligned currents, parallel electric fields, and inverted-V structures by plasma pressure inhomogeneities in the magnetosphere Stasiewicz, K. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 33, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(85)90022-4	journal	September 1985
A magnetospheric magnetic field model with a warped tail current sheet Tsyganenko, N. A. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(89)90066-4	journal	January 1989
Energy deposition in the upper atmosphere in the EXCEDE III experiment McNutt, R. L.; Rieder, R. J.; Keneshea, T. J. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(95)00002-V	journal	January 1995
Observation of fundamental magnetoplasma emissions excited in magnetosphere by modulated electron beams Kiraga, A.; Kłos, Z.; Oraevsky, V. N. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(95)00004-X	journal	January 1995
Response of the electron energy distribution to an artificially emitted electron beam: Apex experiment Prech, L.; Nemecek, Z.; Šafránková, J. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(95)00007-2	journal	January 1995
Magnetospheric physics Schindler, K.; Birn, J. Physics Reports, Vol. 47, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(78)90016-9	journal	November 1978
Relativistic electron beam injection from spacecraft: performance and applications Neubert, T.; Gilchrist, B. E. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 34, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.081	journal	January 2004
Energetic proton precipitation related to ion–cyclotron waves Yahnin, A. G.; Yahnina, T. A. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 69, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.02.010	journal	October 2007
Solar wind structure sources and periodicities of auroral electron power over three solar cycles Emery, Barbara A.; Richardson, Ian G.; Evans, David S. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 71, Issue 10-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2008.08.005	journal	July 2009
Electrical conductivity channels in the atmosphere produced by relativistic-electron microbursts from the magnetosphere Borovsky, Joseph E. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 155 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.01.004	journal	March 2017
Outstanding questions in magnetospheric plasma physics: The pollenzo view Borovsky, Joseph E.; Delzanno, Gian Luca; Valdivia, Juan Alejandro Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 208 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2020.105377	journal	October 2020
The dc electrical coupling of flow vortices and flow channels in the magnetosphere to the resistive ionosphere Borovsky, Joseph E.; Bonnell, John Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 106, Issue A12 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA000245	journal	December 2001
On the magnetospheric source regions of substorm-related field-aligned currents and auroral precipitation Lu, G.; Brittnacher, M.; Parks, G. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 105, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA000365	journal	August 2000
Flow braking and the substorm current wedge Birn, J.; Hesse, M.; Haerendel, G. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 104, Issue A9 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA900173	journal	September 1999
Width and structure of mesoscale optical auroral arcs Knudsen, D. J.; Donovan, E. F.; Cogger, L. L. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011969	journal	February 2001
Gyroresonant interactions of radiation belt particles with a monochromatic electromagnetic wave Albert, J. M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 105, Issue A9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000008	journal	September 2000
Mapping prenoon auroral structures to the magnetosphere Ober, Daniel M.; Maynard, N. C.; Burke, W. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 105, Issue A12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000009	journal	December 2000
Relativistic electron microbursts during the GEM storms Lorentzen, K. R.; Looper, M. D.; Blake, J. B. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL012926	journal	July 2001
Simulations of diffuse aurora with plasma sheet electrons in pitch angle diffusion less than everywhere strong Chen, Margaret W.; Schulz, Michael Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 106, Issue A12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000138	journal	December 2001
Models of two-dimensional embedded thin current sheets from Vlasov theory: THIN CURRENT SHEETS FROM VLASOV THEORY Schindler, Karl; Birn, Joachim Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 107, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000304	journal	August 2002
D region reflection height modification by whistler-induced electron precipitation Rodger, Craig J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 107, Issue A7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000311	journal	January 2002
Electric fields and currents of stable drifting auroral arcs in the evening sector: ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CURRENTS OF STABLE DRIFTING AURORAL ARCS Aikio, A. T.; Lakkala, T.; Kozlovsky, A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 107, Issue A12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA009172	journal	December 2002
Response of the quiet auroral arc motion to ionospheric convection variations Kozlovsky, A.; Lakkala, T.; Kangas, J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 106, Issue A10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900043	journal	October 2001
Particle simulations of relativistic electron beam injection from spacecraft: TECHNIQUES Neubert, Torsten; Gilchrist, Brian E. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 107, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900102	journal	August 2002
Evidence of near-Earth breakup location: EVIDENCE OF NEAR-EARTH BREAKUP LOCATION Dubyagin, S. V.; Sergeev, V. A.; Carlson, C. W. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016569	journal	March 2003
Controlled precipitation of radiation belt electrons: CONTROLLED PRECIPITATION OF ELECTRONS Inan, U. S.; Bell, T. F.; Bortnik, J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 108, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009580	journal	May 2003
Thin electron current sheets and their relation to auroral potentials: THIN ELECTRON CURRENT SHEETS Birn, Joachim; Schindler, Karl; Hesse, Michael Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 109, Issue A2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010303	journal	February 2004
Magnetospheric electron densities inferred from upper-hybrid band emissions Benson, R. F. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020847	journal	January 2004
Bulk plasma properties at geosynchronous orbit Denton, M. H. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue A7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010861	journal	January 2005
Possible persistent ionization caused by giant blue jets: PERSISTENT IONIZATION BY BLUE JETS Lehtinen, Nikolai G.; Inan, Umran S. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL029051	journal	April 2007
Ground and satellite observations of the evolution of growth phase auroral arcs: GROWTH-PHASE AURORAL ARCS Lessard, M. R.; Lotko, W.; LaBelle, J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 112, Issue A9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011794	journal	September 2007
Magnetic field line curvature induced pitch angle diffusion in the inner magnetosphere: FLC PITCH ANGLE DIFFUSION Young, S. L.; Denton, R. E.; Anderson, B. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 113, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012133	journal	March 2008
Magnetospheric configurations from a high-resolution data-based magnetic field model: MAGNETOSPHERIC HIGH-RESOLUTION MODEL Tsyganenko, N. A.; Sitnov, M. I. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 112, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012260	journal	June 2007
Auroral arcs as sites of magnetic stress release: MAGNETIC STRESS RELEASE Haerendel, Gerhard Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 112, Issue A9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012378	journal	September 2007
Seasonal, Kp, solar wind, and solar flux variations in long-term single-pass satellite estimates of electron and ion auroral hemispheric power: AURORAL ENERGY FLUX VARIATIONS Emery, Barbara A.; Coumans, Valérie; Evans, David S. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 113, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012866	journal	June 2008
Dynamical data-based modeling of the storm-time geomagnetic field with enhanced spatial resolution: EMPIRICAL GEOMAGNETIC FIELD MODEL Sitnov, M. I.; Tsyganenko, N. A.; Ukhorskiy, A. Y. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 113, Issue A7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA013003	journal	July 2008
Nonlinear interaction of energetic electrons with large amplitude chorus Bortnik, J.; Thorne, R. M.; Inan, U. S. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 35, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035500	journal	January 2008
Start-to-end global imaging of a sunward propagating, SAPS-associated giant undulation event: SAPS-ASSOCIATED GIANT UNDULATION EVENT Henderson, M. G.; Donovan, E. F.; Foster, J. C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 115, Issue A4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014106	journal	April 2010
Poleward arcs of the auroral oval during substorms and the inner edge of the plasma sheet: POLEWARD ARC AND PLASMA SHEET Haerendel, Gerhard Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 114, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014138	journal	June 2009
Diffuse, monoenergetic, and broadband aurora: The global precipitation budget: GLOBAL PRECIPITATION BUDGET Newell, P. T.; Sotirelis, T.; Wing, S. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 114, Issue A9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014326	journal	September 2009
Equatorward moving arcs and substorm onset: GROWTH PHASE ARC AND SUBSTORM ONSET Haerendel, Gerhard Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 115, Issue A7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015117	journal	July 2010
Estimation of magnetosphere-ionosphere mapping accuracy using isotropy boundary and THEMIS observations: MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE MAPPING ACCURACY Shevchenko, I. G.; Sergeev, V.; Kubyshkina, M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 115, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015354	journal	November 2010
Bursty bulk flows and dipolarization in MHD simulations of magnetotail reconnection: BURSTY FLOWS AND DIPOLARIZATIONS Birn, J.; Nakamura, R.; Panov, E. V. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 116, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016083	journal	January 2011
Six auroral generators: A review: SIX AURORAL GENERATORS Haerendel, Gerhard Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 116, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016425	journal	January 2011
Estimation of magnetic field mapping accuracy using the pulsating aurora-chorus connection: MAGNETIC MAPPING WITH CHORUS AND AURORA Nishimura, Y.; Bortnik, J.; Li, W. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048281	journal	July 2011
EMIC waves observed at geosynchronous orbit during solar minimum: Statistics and excitation: EMIC WAVES AT GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT Clausen, L. B. N.; Baker, J. B. H.; Ruohoniemi, J. M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 116, Issue A10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016823	journal	October 2011
Magnetospheric location of the equatorward prebreakup arc: PREBREAKUP ARC MAGNETOSPHERIC LOCATION Sergeev, V.; Nishimura, Y.; Kubyshkina, M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 117, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017154	journal	January 2012
Bounce-averaged diffusion coefficients due to resonant interaction of the outer radiation belt electrons with oblique chorus waves computed in a realistic magnetic field model: SCATTERING RATES IN A REALISTIC FIELD Orlova, Ksenia G.; Shprits, Yuri Y.; Ni, Binbin Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 117, Issue A7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017591	journal	July 2012
THEMIS observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave occurrence: Dependence on AE, SYMH, and solar wind dynamic pressure: THEMIS EMIC WAVE DISTRIBUTION Usanova, M. E.; Mann, I. R.; Bortnik, J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 117, Issue A10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA018049	journal	October 2012
Birth and life of auroral arcs embedded in the evening auroral oval convection: A critical comparison of observations with theory: BIRTH AND LIFE OF ARCS Haerendel, G.; Frey, H. U.; Chaston, C. C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 117, Issue A12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA018128	journal	December 2012
Spacecraft-Charging Mitigation of a High-Power Electron Beam Emitted by a Magnetospheric Spacecraft: Simple Theoretical Model for the Transient of the Spacecraft Potential: BEAM EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE Lucco Castello, F.; Delzanno, G. L.; Borovsky, J. E. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 123, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA024926	journal	August 2018
A Statistical Survey of the 630.0-nm Optical Signature of Periodic Auroral Arcs Resulting From Magnetospheric Field Line Resonances Gillies, D. Megan; Knudsen, David; Rankin, Robert Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077491	journal	May 2018
Electron Nonlinear Resonant Interaction With Short and Intense Parallel Chorus Wave Packets Mourenas, D.; Zhang, X. -J.; Artemyev, A. V. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 123, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025417	journal	June 2018
Patch Size Evolution During Pulsating Aurora Partamies, Noora; Bolmgren, Karl; Heino, Erkka Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026423	journal	June 2019
High‐Frequency Plasma Waves and Pitch Angle Scattering Induced by Pulsed Electron Beams Delzanno, G. L.; Roytershteyn, V. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027046	journal	September 2019
Mapping of auroral arcs during substorm growth phase Pulkkinen, T. I.; Koskinen, H. E. J.; Pellinen, R. J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 96, Issue A12 https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA01960	journal	January 1991
A statistical study of Pc 1-2 magnetic pulsations in the equatorial magnetosphere: 1. Equatorial occurrence distributions Anderson, B. J.; Erlandson, R. E.; Zanetti, L. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 97, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA02706	journal	March 1992
Pressure gradient structures in the tail neutral sheet as “roots of the arcs” with some effects of stochasticity Galperin, Yu. I.; Volosevich, A. V.; Zelenyi, L. M. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 19, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL02178	journal	November 1992
Relaxation of transient lower ionospheric disturbances caused by lightning-whistler-induced electron precipitation bursts Glukhov, V. S.; Pasko, V. P.; Inan, U. S. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/92JA01596	journal	January 1992
Auroral arc thicknesses as predicted by various theories Borovsky, Joseph E. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 98, Issue A4 https://doi.org/10.1029/92JA02242	journal	April 1993
On the proper motion of auroral arcs Haerendel, G.; Buchert, S.; La Hoz, C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 98, Issue A4 https://doi.org/10.1029/92JA02701	journal	April 1993
Theoretical structure of a magnetospheric plasma boundary: Application to the formation of discrete auroral arcs Roth, M.; Evans, D. S.; Lemaire, J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 98, Issue A7 https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA00156	journal	January 1993
Remote X ray measurements of the electron beam from the EXCEDE III Experiment Rappaport, S. A.; Rieder, R. J.; Reidy, W. P. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 98, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA01154	journal	November 1993
Auroral ionospheric signatures of the plasma sheet boundary layer in the evening sector Burke, W. J.; Machuzak, J. S.; Maynard, N. C. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 99, Issue A2 https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA02363	journal	January 1994
Relativistic electron beam propagation in the Earth's atmosphere: Modeling results Neubert, T.; Gilchrist, B.; Wilderman, S. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 23, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL00247	journal	May 1996
Spatial modulation of electron energy and density by nonlinear stationary inertial Alfvén waves Knudsen, David J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 101, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA00429	journal	May 1996
Observations of field line resonances, auroral arcs, and auroral vortex structures Samson, J. C.; Cogger, L. L.; Pao, Q. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 101, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA01086	journal	August 1996
An observational test of the Tsyganenko (T89a) model of the magnetospheric field Thomsen, M. F.; McComas, D. J.; Reeves, G. D. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 101, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA02318	journal	November 1996
An examination of the Tsyganenko (T89a) field model using a database of two-satellite magnetic conjunctions Weiss, L. A.; Thomsen, M. F.; Reeves, G. D. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 102, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA02876	journal	March 1997
High-resolution television observations of black aurora Trondsen, T. S.; Cogger, L. L. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 102, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA03106	journal	January 1997
Braking of high-speed flows in the near-Earth tail Shiokawa, K.; Baumjohann, W.; Haerendel, G. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 24, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL01062	journal	May 1997
Onset of nonadiabatic particle motion in the near-Earth magnetotail Anderson, B. J.; Decker, R. B.; Paschalidis, N. P. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 102, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA00798	journal	August 1997
The transport of plasma sheet material from the distant tail to geosynchronous orbit Borovsky, Joseph E.; Thomsen, Michelle F.; Elphic, Richard C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 103, Issue A9 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA03144	journal	September 1998
Cerenkov emissions of ion acoustic-like waves generated by electron beams emitted during TSS 1R Huang, C. Y.; Burke, W. J.; Hardy, D. A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 25, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00333	journal	March 1998
Aircraft observations conjugate to FAST: Auroral are thicknesses Stenbaek-Nielsen, H. C.; Hallinan, T. J.; Osborne, D. L. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 25, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL01058	journal	June 1998
Are north-south aligned auroral structures an ionospheric manifestation of bursty bulk flows? Henderson, M. G.; Reeves, G. D.; Murphree, J. S. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 25, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL02692	journal	October 1998
The relationship between field-aligned current, carried by suprathermal electrons, and the auroral arc Arnoldy, R. L. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL004i010p00407	journal	October 1977
Latitude and time variations in precipitated electron energy inferred from measurements of auroral heights Boyd, J. S.; Belon, A. E.; Romick, G. J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 76, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA076i031p07694	journal	November 1971
Echo 2: A study of electron beams injected into the high-latitude ionosphere from a large sounding rocket Winckler, J. R.; Arnoldy, R. L.; Hendrickson, R. A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 80, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA080i016p02083	journal	June 1975
Insolubility of trapped particle motion in a magnetic dipole field Dragt, Alex J.; Finn, John M. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 81, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA081i013p02327	journal	May 1976
A theory of quiet auroral arcs Sato, Tetsuya Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 83, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA083iA03p01042	journal	January 1978
Excede 2 Test, an artificial auroral experiment: Ground-based optical measurements O'Neil, R. R.; Shepherd, O.; Reidy, W. P. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 83, Issue A7 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA083iA07p03281	journal	July 1978
Electron precipitation of evening diffuse aurora and its conjugate electron fluxes near the magnetospheric equator Meng, C. -I.; Mauk, B.; McIlwain, C. E. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 84, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA084iA06p02545	journal	January 1979
Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling Goertz, C. K.; Boswell, R. W. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 84, Issue A12 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA084iA12p07239	journal	January 1979
Artificial aurora conjugate to a rocket-borne electron accelerator Davis, T. N.; Hess, W. N.; Trichel, M. C. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 85, Issue A4 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA085iA04p01722	journal	January 1980
Energy deposition by precipitating particles and Joule dissipation in the auroral ionosphere Vickrey, James F.; Vondrak, Richard R.; Matthews, Stephen J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 87, Issue A7 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA087iA07p05184	journal	July 1982
Dynamics of a discrete auroral arc Brüning, K.; Goertz, C. K. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA091iA06p07057	journal	January 1986
Waves generated during electron beam emissions from the space shuttle Neubert, T.; Taylor, W. W. L.; Storey, L. R. O. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91, Issue A10 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA091iA10p11321	journal	January 1986
MSIS-86 Thermospheric Model Hedin, Alan E. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA05p04649	journal	January 1987
Field-aligned beams of energetic electrons (16 keV ≤ E ≤ 80 keV) observed at geosynchronous orbit at substorm onsets Kremser, G.; Korth, A.; Ullaland, S. L. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, Issue A12 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA12p14453	journal	January 1988
Electron collection enhancement arising from neutral gas jets on a charged vehicle in the ionosphere Gilchrist, Brian E.; Banks, Peter M.; Neubert, Torsten Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA03p02469	journal	January 1990
VLF wave emissions by pulsed and DC electron beams in space: 2. Analysis of Spacelab 2 results Reeves, G. D.; Banks, P. M.; Neubert, T. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA05p06505	journal	January 1990
Conjugate echoes of artificially injected electron beams detected optically by means of new image processing Hallinan, Thomas J.; Winckler, John; Malcolm, Perry Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA05p06519	journal	January 1990
Mapping and distortions of auroral structures in the quiet magnetosphere Kaufmann, Richard L.; Larson, Douglas J.; Lu, Chen Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA06p07973	journal	January 1990
Electron auroral excitation efficiencies and intensity ratios Steele, D. P.; McEwen, D. J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A7 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA07p10321	journal	January 1990
The interaction of an artificial electron beam with the Earth's upper atmosphere: Effects on spacecraft charging and the near-plasma environment Neubert, T.; Banks, P. M.; Gilchrist, B. E. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA08p12209	journal	January 1990
The dynamical morphology of the aurora polaris Akasofu, Syun-ichi Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 68, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ068i006p01667	journal	March 1963
Proton trajectories in the radiation belts Mozer, F. S. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 71, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ071i011p02701	journal	June 1966
Problems related to macroscopic electric fields in the magnetosphere Fälthammar, Carl-Gunne Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/RG015i004p00457	journal	January 1977
Scattering by chorus waves as the dominant cause of diffuse auroral precipitation Thorne, Richard M.; Ni, Binbin; Tao, Xin Nature, Vol. 467, Issue 7318 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09467	journal	October 2010
Missing driver in the Sun–Earth connection from energetic electron precipitation impacts mesospheric ozone Andersson, M. E.; Verronen, P. T.; Rodger, C. J. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6197	journal	October 2014
Magnetospheric plasma analyzer for spacecraft with constrained resources Bame, S. J.; McComas, D. J.; Thomsen, M. F. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 64, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1144173	journal	April 1993
Some New Variational Properties of Hydromagnetic Equilibria Grad, Harold Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1711373	journal	January 1964
Optical Radiation from Nitrogen and Air at High Pressure Excited by Energetic Electrons Davidson, G.; O'Neil, R. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 41, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1725841	journal	December 1964
Magnetic Moment to Second Order for Axisymmetric Static Field Gardner, C. S. Physics of Fluids, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1761557	journal	January 1966
The electrostatic two-stream instability driven by slab-shaped and cylindrical beams injected into plasmas Galvez, Miguel; Borovsky, Joseph E. Physics of Fluids, Vol. 31, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.866767	journal	January 1988
Fine structure of aurora Sandahl, Ingrid; Brändström, Urban; Sergienko, Tima International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.541507	journal	June 2011
Two- and three-body electron attachment in air Schneider, B. I.; Brau, C. A. Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3700/15/10/019	journal	May 1982
Some remaining mysteries in the aurora Lanchester, Betty Astronomy & Geophysics, Vol. 58, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/atx098	journal	June 2017
Currents Limited by Space Charge between Concentric Spheres Langmuir, Irving; Blodgett, Katharine B. Physical Review, Vol. 24, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.24.49	journal	July 1924
The Theory of Collectors in Gaseous Discharges Mott-Smith, H. M.; Langmuir, Irving Physical Review, Vol. 28, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.28.727	journal	October 1926
Controlled experiments in the earth's magnetosphere with artifical electron beams Winckler, John R. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 64, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.64.859	journal	July 1992
Radiation-Belt Remediation Using Space-Based Antennas and Electron Beams Carlsten, Bruce E.; Colestock, Patrick L.; Cunningham, Gregory S. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 47, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2019.2910829	journal	May 2019
Space Plasma Physics: Phenomena Induced by Charged Particle Beams Beghin, C.; Lebreton, J. P.; Maehlum, B. N. Science, Vol. 225, Issue 4658 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.225.4658.188	journal	July 1984
Tables of the Refractive Index for Standard Air and the Rayleigh Scattering Coefficient for the Spectral Region between 02 and 200 μ and Their Application to Atmospheric Optics Penndorf, Rudolf Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 47, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.47.000176	journal	January 1957
Spacecraft Potential Control by the Plasma Source Instrument on the POLAR Satellite Comfort, R. H.; Moore, T. E.; Craven, P. D. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 35, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2514/2.7586	journal	November 1998
Experiments in charge control at geosynchronous orbit - ATS-5 and ATS-6 Olsen, R. C. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 22, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2514/3.25742	journal	May 1985
Interactions between the space experiments with particle plasma contactor and the ionosphere Katz, I.; Barfield, J. N.; Burch, J. L. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 31, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.2514/3.26562	journal	November 1994
VLF Wave Experiments in Space Using a Modulated Electron Beam Raitt, W. John; Ernstmeyer, James; Myers, Neil B. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 32, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2514/3.55687	journal	July 1995
History of Los Alamos Participation in Active Experiments in Space Pongratz, Morris B. Frontiers in Physics, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2018.00144	journal	December 2018
Overview of APEX Project Results Prech, Lubomir; Ruzhin, Yuri Y.; Dokukin, Vladimir S. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2018.00046	journal	December 2018
Atmospheric Effects of a Relativistic Electron Beam Injected From Above: Chemistry, Electrodynamics, and Radio Scattering Marshall, Robert A.; Xu, Wei; Kero, Antti Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2019.00006	journal	February 2019
Active Experiments in Space: The Future Borovsky, Joseph E.; Delzanno, Gian Luca Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2019.00031	journal	May 2019
Space-Borne Electron Accelerator Design Lewellen, John W.; Buechler, Cynthia E.; Carlsten, Bruce E. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2019.00035	journal	May 2019
Effect of Field-Line Curvature on the Ionospheric Accessibility of Relativistic Electron Beam Experiments Willard, Jake M.; Johnson, Jay R.; Snelling, Jesse M. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2019.00056	journal	August 2019
Method for Approximating Field-Line Curves Using Ionospheric Observations of Energy-Variable Electron Beams Launched From Satellites Willard, Jake M.; Johnson, Jay R.; Snelling, Jesse M. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2019.00059	journal	September 2019
Relativistic Particle Beams as a Resource to Solve Outstanding Problems in Space Physics Sanchez, Ennio R.; Powis, Andrew T.; Kaganovich, Igor D. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2019.00071	journal	November 2019
Azimuthal expansion of high-latitude auroral arcs Safargaleev, V. V.; Kozlovsky, A. E.; Osipenko, S. V. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 21, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1793-2003	journal	January 2003
Investigating radiation belt losses though numerical modelling of precipitating fluxes Rodger, C. J.; Nunn, D.; Clilverd, M. A. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 22, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3657-2004	journal	January 2004
Energy-dispersed ions in the plasma sheet boundary layer and associated phenomena: Ion heating, electron acceleration, Alfvén waves, broadband waves, perpendicular electric field spikes, and auroral emissions Keiling, A.; Parks, G. K.; Rème, H. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 24, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-2685-2006	journal	January 2006
Lightning-driven inner radiation belt energy deposition into the atmosphere: implications for ionisation-levels and neutral chemistry Rodger, C. J.; Enell, C. -F.; Turunen, E. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1745-2007	journal	January 2007
Sheared magnetospheric plasma flows and discrete auroral arcs: a quasi-static coupling model Echim, M. M.; Roth, M.; De Keyser, J. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-317-2007	journal	January 2007
Morphology and dynamics of aurora at fine scale: first results from the ASK instrument Dahlgren, H.; Ivchenko, N.; Sullivan, J. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 26, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-1041-2008	journal	January 2008
Observations of the auroral width spectrum at kilometre-scale size Partamies, N.; Syrjäsuo, M.; Donovan, E. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-711-2010	journal	January 2010
Electric potential differences across auroral generator interfaces De Keyser, J.; Echim, M. Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 31, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-251-2013	journal	January 2013
Variations in energy, flux, and brightness of pulsating aurora measured at high time resolution Dahlgren, Hanna; Lanchester, Betty S.; Ivchenko, Nickolay Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-493-2017	journal	January 2017
Review of auroral currents and auroral arcs. Atkinson, G. Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity, Vol. 30, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.30.435	journal	January 1978
A case study of an active aurora observed by monochromatic auroral TV on the ground and particle analyzers on board the EXOS-C satellite. Ono, Takayuki; Ejiri, Masaki; Hirasawa, Takeo Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity, Vol. 39, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.39.119	journal	January 1987

Similar Records

Can an electron gun solve the outstanding problem of magnetosphere-ionosphere connectivity?

Journal Article · Wed Jun 29 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics · OSTI ID:1481126

Mapping using the Tsyganenko long magnetospheric model and its relationship to Viking auroral images

Journal Article · Thu Jan 31 23:00:00 EST 1991 · Journal of Geophysical Research; (United States) · OSTI ID:5188506

Model of Birkeland currents associated with an auroral arc

Journal Article · Wed Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 1975 · J. Geophys. Res., v. 80, no. 28, pp. 4011-4014 · OSTI ID:4085440

Related Subjects

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY
active experiments
aurora
auroral arcs
electron beams
magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling
plasma physics

Solving the auroral-arc-generator question by using an electron beam to unambiguously connect critical magnetospheric measurements to auroral images

Citation Formats

References (180)

Similar Records

Related Subjects