Passivating contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells

Allen, Thomas G.; Bullock, James; Yang, Xinbo; Javey, Ali; De Wolf, Stefaan

doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0463-6

Passivating contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells

Journal Article · Mon Sep 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Nature Energy

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0463-6· OSTI ID:1638999

Allen, Thomas G. ^[1]; ^[2]; Yang, Xinbo ^[1]; Javey, Ali ^[3]; ^[1]

King Abdullah Univ. of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal (Saudi Arabia). KAUST Solar Center
Univ. of Melbourne (Australia). Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

The global photovoltaic (PV) market is dominated by crystalline silicon (c-Si) based technologies with heavily doped, directly metallized contacts. Recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes at the contact regions is increasingly constraining the power conversion efficiencies of these devices as other performance-limiting energy losses are overcome. To move forward, c-Si PV technologies must implement alternative contacting approaches. Passivating contacts, which incorporate thin films within the contact structure that simultaneously supress recombination and promote charge-carrier selectivity, are a promising next step for the mainstream c-Si PV industry. Here, we review the fundamental physical processes governing contact formation in c-Si. In doing so we identify the role passivating contacts play in increasing c-Si solar cell efficiencies beyond the limitations imposed by heavy doping and direct metallization. Strategies towards the implementation of passivating contacts in industrial environments are discussed.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Office of Sponsored Research; Saudi Aramco; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1638999

Journal Information:: Nature Energy, Journal Name: Nature Energy Journal Issue: 11 Vol. 4; ISSN 2058-7546

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (206)

Surface, Emitter and Bulk Recombination in Silicon and Development of Silicon Nitride Passivated Solar Cells Kerr, Mark John The Australian National University https://doi.org/10.25911/5d7a29c09cd46	other	January 2002
Recent progress in MIS solar cells Hezel, Rudolf Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(199703/04)5:2<109::AID-PIP160>3.0.CO;2-8	journal	March 1997
24·5% Efficiency silicon PERT cells on MCZ substrates and 24·7% efficiency PERL cells on FZ substrates Zhao, Jianhua; Wang, Aihua; Green, Martin A. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 7, Issue 6, p. 471-474 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(199911/12)7:6<471::AID-PIP298>3.0.CO;2-7	journal	November 1999
Energy Level Alignment and Interfacial Electronic Structures at Organic/Metal and Organic/Organic Interfaces Ishii, Hisao; Sugiyama, Kiyoshi; Ito, Eisuke Advanced Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 8, p. 605-625 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199906)11:8<605::AID-ADMA605>3.0.CO;2-Q	journal	June 1999
Physics of Semiconductor Devices Sze, S. M.; Ng, Kwok K. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470068329	book	January 2007
HIT^TM cells—high-efficiency crystalline Si cells with novel structure Taguchi, Mikio; Kawamoto, Kunihiro; Tsuge, Sadaji Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 8, Issue 5, p. 503-513 https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-159X(200009/10)8:5<503::AID-PIP347>3.0.CO;2-G	journal	January 2000
Transition Metal Oxides for Organic Electronics: Energetics, Device Physics and Applications Meyer, Jens; Hamwi, Sami; Kröger, Michael Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201630	journal	August 2012
13.8% Efficiency Hybrid Si/Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells with MoO ₃ Film as Antireflection and Inversion Induced Layer Liu, Ruiyuan; Lee, Shuit-Tong; Sun, Baoquan Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402076	journal	July 2014
High-Performance TiO ₂ -Based Electron-Selective Contacts for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Yang, Xinbo; Bi, Qunyu; Ali, Haider Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600926	journal	May 2016
Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics Morales-Masis, Monica; De Wolf, Stefaan; Woods-Robinson, Rachel Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201600529	journal	March 2017
Carbon Nanotube-Silicon Solar Cells Tune, Daniel D.; Flavel, Benjamin S.; Krupke, Ralph Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200249	journal	June 2012
Heterojunction with Organic Thin Layers on Silicon for Record Efficiency Hybrid Solar Cells Zhang, Yunfang; Zu, Fengshuo; Lee, Shuit-Tong Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300923	journal	September 2013
Lithium Fluoride Based Electron Contacts for High Efficiency n-Type Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Bullock, James; Zheng, Peiting; Jeangros, Quentin Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600241	journal	May 2016
Conductive and Stable Magnesium Oxide Electron-Selective Contacts for Efficient Silicon Solar Cells Wan, Yimao; Samundsett, Chris; Bullock, James Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601863	journal	November 2016
A Low Resistance Calcium/Reduced Titania Passivated Contact for High Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Allen, Thomas G.; Bullock, James; Jeangros, Quentin Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602606	journal	February 2017
Dual Functional Electron-Selective Contacts Based on Silicon Oxide/Magnesium: Tailoring Heterointerface Band Structures while Maintaining Surface Passivation Tong, Hui; Yang, Zhenhai; Wang, Xixi Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702921	journal	February 2018
Tantalum Nitride Electron-Selective Contact for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Yang, Xinbo; Aydin, Erkan; Xu, Hang Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201800608	journal	April 2018
Temperature and Humidity Stable Alkali/Alkaline-Earth Metal Carbonates as Electron Heterocontacts for Silicon Photovoltaics Wan, Yimao; Bullock, James; Hettick, Mark Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201800743	journal	May 2018
Dopant-Free Partial Rear Contacts Enabling 23% Silicon Solar Cells Bullock, James; Wan, Yimao; Hettick, Mark Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201803367	journal	January 2019
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 44): Solar cell efficiency tables Green, Martin A.; Emery, Keith; Hishikawa, Yoshihiro Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 22, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2525	journal	June 2014
Employing Si solar cell technology to increase efficiency of ultra-thin Cu(In,Ga)Se ₂ solar cells : Employing Si solar cell technology Vermang, Bart; Wätjen, Jörn Timo; Fjällström, Viktor Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 22, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2527	journal	July 2014
Breakdown of the efficiency gap to 29% based on experimental input data and modeling: Breakdown of the efficiency gap to 29% Brendel, Rolf; Dullweber, Thorsten; Peibst, Robby Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 24, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2696	journal	October 2015
Paths to future growth in photovoltaics manufacturing: Paths to future growth in photovoltaics manufacturing Basore, Paul A. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 24, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2761	journal	March 2016
Calcium contacts to n-type crystalline silicon solar cells: Calcium contacts to n-type crystalline silicon solar cells Allen, Thomas G.; Bullock, James; Zheng, Peiting Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 25, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2838	journal	November 2016
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 49): Solar cell efficiency tables (version 49) Green, Martin A.; Emery, Keith; Hishikawa, Yoshihiro Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2855	journal	November 2016
Industrially feasible, dopant-free, carrier-selective contacts for high-efficiency silicon solar cells: Dopant-free, CSCs for high-efficiency silicon solar cells Yang, Xinbo; Weber, Klaus; Hameiri, Ziv Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 25, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2901	journal	May 2017
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 50) Green, Martin A.; Hishikawa, Yoshihiro; Warta, Wilhelm Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 25, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2909	journal	June 2017
26.1%‐efficient POLO‐IBC cells: Quantification of electrical and optical loss mechanisms Hollemann, Christina; Haase, Felix; Schäfer, Sören Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 27, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3098	journal	October 2018
Low-temperature formation of local Al contacts to a-Si:H-passivated Si wafers Plagwitz, H.; Nerding, M.; Ott, N. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.522	journal	January 2004
Solar cell efficiency tables (version 28) Green, Martin A.; Emery, Keith; King, David L. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 14, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.720	journal	January 2006
The path to 25% silicon solar cell efficiency: History of silicon cell evolution Green, Martin A. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.892	journal	May 2009
On the recombination behavior of p ⁺ -type polysilicon on oxide junctions deposited by different methods on textured and planar surfaces: On the recombination behavior of p ⁺ -type polysilicon on oxide junctions Larionova, Yevgeniya; Turcu, Mircea; Reiter, Sina physica status solidi (a), Vol. 214, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201700058	journal	May 2017
Single-Side Heterojunction Solar Cell with Microcrystalline Silicon Oxide Emitter and Diffused Back Surface Field Yang, Xueliang; Chen, Jianhui; Liu, Wei physica status solidi (a), Vol. 214, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201700193	journal	August 2017
Dielectric surface passivation for silicon solar cells: A review Bonilla, Ruy S.; Hoex, Bram; Hamer, Phillip physica status solidi (a), Vol. 214, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201700293	journal	June 2017
Binary copper oxide semiconductors: From materials towards devices Meyer, B. K.; Polity, A.; Reppin, D. physica status solidi (b), Vol. 249, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201248128	journal	June 2012
19.4%-efficient large-area fully screen-printed silicon solar cells Gatz, Sebastian; Hannebauer, Helge; Hesse, Rene physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201105045	journal	March 2011
Contact passivation in silicon solar cells using atomic-layer-deposited aluminum oxide layers: Contact passivation in silicon solar cells using atomic-layer-deposited aluminum oxide layers Zielke, Dimitri; Petermann, Jan Hendrik; Werner, Florian physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201105285	journal	July 2011
Metallisation of Boron-Doped Polysilicon Layers by Screen Printed Silver Pastes Mack, Sebastian; Schube, Joerg; Fellmeth, Tobias physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201700334	journal	October 2017
Large-Area PEDOT:PSS/c-Si Heterojunction Solar Cells With Screen-Printed Metal Contacts Zielke, Dimitri; Gogolin, Ralf; Halbich, Marc-Uwe Solar RRL, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.201700191	journal	February 2018
Specific Contact Resistance Measurement of Screen-Printed Ag Metal Contacts Formed on Heavily Doped Emitter Region in Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Vinod, P. Narayanan Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 42, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-013-2678-9	journal	August 2013
Substitutional doping of amorphous silicon Spear, W. E.; Le Comber, P. G. Solid State Communications, Vol. 17, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(75)90284-7	journal	November 1975
Substitutional doping of amorphous silicon Spear, W. E.; Le Comber, P. G. Solid State Communications, Vol. 88, Issue 11-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(93)90286-V	journal	December 1993
Solar cell fill factors: General graph and empirical expressions Green, Martin A. Solid-State Electronics, Vol. 24, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(81)90062-9	journal	August 1981
N-type SIPOS and poly-silicon emitters Kwark, Y. H.; Swanson, R. M. Solid-State Electronics, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(87)90076-1	journal	November 1987
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide as a window material for high efficiency a-Si solar cells Tawada, Yoshihisa; Kondo, Masataka; Okamoto, Hiroaki Solar Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1633(82)90036-3	journal	March 1982
Compositional and electronic properties of Si(001)2×1 upon diatomic sulfur interaction Lacharme, J. P.; Benazzi, N.; Sébenne, C. A. Surface Science, Vol. 433-435 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6028(99)00450-1	journal	August 1999
A new generation of crystalline silicon solar cells: Simple processing and record efficiencies for industrial-size devices Hezel, R.; Meyer, R.; Metz, A. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 65, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00107-0	journal	January 2001
Oxygen effect on the interfacial electronic structure of C60 film studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy Tanaka, Yusuke; Kanai, Kaname; Ouchi, Yukio Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 441, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2007.04.080	journal	June 2007
Towards industrial n-type PERT silicon solar cells: rear passivation and metallization scheme Richter, Armin; Benick, Jan; Kalio, André Energy Procedia, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.06.169	journal	January 2011
Influence of the dopant on the contact formation to p+-type silicon Riegel, S.; Mutter, F.; Hahn, G. Energy Procedia, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.06.178	journal	January 2011
Printed contact on emitter with low dopant surface concentration Binder, Sebastian; Bartsch, Jonas; Glatthaar, Markus Energy Procedia, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.005	journal	January 2012
Nickel-plated Front Contacts for Front and Rear Emitter Silicon Solar Cells Rauer, Michael; Mondon, Andrew; Schmiga, Christian Energy Procedia, Vol. 38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.303	journal	January 2013
The Recombination Parameter J0 Cuevas, Andres Energy Procedia, Vol. 55 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.08.073	journal	January 2014
Characterization of Ultra-thin μc-Si:H Films for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells Wernerus, Holger; Bivour, Martin; Kroely, Laurent Energy Procedia, Vol. 55 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.08.092	journal	January 2014
Organic-silicon Solar Cells Exceeding 20% Efficiency Zielke, Dimitri; Niehaves, Claudia; Lövenich, Wilfried Energy Procedia, Vol. 77 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.047	journal	August 2015
Recombination Behavior of Photolithography-free Back Junction Back Contact Solar Cells with Carrier-selective Polysilicon on Oxide Junctions for Both Polarities Rienäcker, Michael; Merkle, Agnes; Römer, Udo Energy Procedia, Vol. 92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.07.121	journal	August 2016
Demonstrating the high Voc potential of PEDOT:PSS/c-Si heterojunctions on solar cells Gogolin, Ralf; Zielke, Dimitri; Descoeudres, Antoine Energy Procedia, Vol. 124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.295	journal	September 2017
Material requirements and availability for multi-terawatt deployment of photovoltaics Davidsson, Simon; Höök, Mikael Energy Policy, Vol. 108 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.028	journal	September 2017
Dual-Function Electron-Conductive, Hole-Blocking Titanium Nitride Contacts for Efficient Silicon Solar Cells Yang, Xinbo; Liu, Wenzhu; De Bastiani, Michele Joule, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.03.008	journal	May 2019
Solution deposited NiO thin-films as hole transport layers in organic photovoltaics Steirer, K. Xerxes; Chesin, Jordan P.; Widjonarko, N. Edwin Organic Electronics, Vol. 11, Issue 8, p. 1414-1418 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2010.05.008	journal	August 2010
Measuring and interpreting the lifetime of silicon wafers Cuevas, Andrés; Macdonald, Daniel Solar Energy, Vol. 76, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2003.07.033	journal	January 2004
Twenty-two percent efficiency HIT solar cell Tsunomura, Yasufumi; Yoshimine, Yukihiro; Taguchi, Mikio Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 93, Issue 6-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2008.02.037	journal	June 2009
Development status of high-efficiency HIT solar cells Mishima, Takahiro; Taguchi, Mikio; Sakata, Hitoshi Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 95, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.04.030	journal	January 2011
Improving the a-Si:H(p) rear emitter contact of n-type silicon solar cells Bivour, Martin; Reichel, Christian; Hermle, Martin Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2012.06.036	journal	November 2012
Local rear contacts to silicon solar cells by in-line high-rate evaporation of aluminum Mader, Christoph; Müller, Jens; Eidelloth, Stefan Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2012.06.047	journal	December 2012
Metal-oxide-based hole-selective tunneling contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells Smit, S.; Garcia-Alonso, D.; Bordihn, S. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.06.016	journal	January 2014
Industrial high performance crystalline silicon solar cells and modules based on rear surface passivation technology Metz, Axel; Adler, Dennis; Bagus, Stefan Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.06.025	journal	January 2014
Passivated rear contacts for high-efficiency n-type Si solar cells providing high interface passivation quality and excellent transport characteristics Feldmann, Frank; Bivour, Martin; Reichel, Christian Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.09.017	journal	January 2014
Tunnel oxide passivated contacts as an alternative to partial rear contacts Feldmann, Frank; Bivour, Martin; Reichel, Christian Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.06.015	journal	December 2014
Simple silicon solar cells featuring an a-Si:H enhanced rear MIS contact Bullock, James; Cuevas, Andres; Samundsett, Christian Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 138 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.02.030	journal	July 2015
Molybdenum and tungsten oxide: High work function wide band gap contact materials for hole selective contacts of silicon solar cells Bivour, Martin; Temmler, Jan; Steinkemper, Heiko Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.05.031	journal	November 2015
Passivation of c-Si surfaces by ALD tantalum oxide capped with PECVD silicon nitride Wan, Yimao; Bullock, James; Cuevas, Andres Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.05.032	journal	November 2015
Transition metal oxides as hole-selective contacts in silicon heterojunctions solar cells Gerling, Luis G.; Mahato, Somnath; Morales-Vilches, Anna Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 145 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.08.028	journal	February 2016
Working principle of carrier selective poly-Si/c-Si junctions: Is tunnelling the whole story? Peibst, R.; Römer, U.; Larionova, Y. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 158 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.05.045	journal	December 2016
A simple method for pinhole detection in carrier selective POLO-junctions for high efficiency silicon solar cells Tetzlaff, D.; Krügener, J.; Larionova, Y. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 173 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.05.041	journal	December 2017
n-Type Si solar cells with passivating electron contact: Identifying sources for efficiency limitations by wafer thickness and resistivity variation Richter, Armin; Benick, Jan; Feldmann, Frank Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 173 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.05.042	journal	December 2017
Exceeding conversion efficiency of 26% by heterojunction interdigitated back contact solar cell with thin film Si technology Yoshikawa, Kunta; Yoshida, Wataru; Irie, Toru Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 173 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.06.024	journal	December 2017
Interplay of annealing temperature and doping in hole selective rear contacts based on silicon-rich silicon-carbide thin films Nogay, Gizem; Stuckelberger, Josua; Wyss, Philippe Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 173 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.06.039	journal	December 2017
Charge carrier transport mechanisms of passivating contacts studied by temperature-dependent J-V measurements Feldmann, Frank; Nogay, Gizem; Löper, Philipp Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 178 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.01.008	journal	May 2018
SiO2 surface passivation layers – a key technology for silicon solar cells Glunz, Stefan W.; Feldmann, Frank Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.04.029	journal	October 2018
Atomic-layer deposited Nb2O5 as transparent passivating electron contact for c-Si solar cells Macco, Bart; Black, Lachlan E.; Melskens, Jimmy Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 184 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.04.037	journal	September 2018
Theoretical evaluation of contact stack for high efficiency IBC-SHJ solar cells Procel, Paul; Yang, Guangtao; Isabella, Olindo Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.06.021	journal	November 2018
Surface passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells: Present and future Schmidt, Jan; Peibst, Robby; Brendel, Rolf Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.06.047	journal	December 2018
Dopant-Free All-Back-Contact Si Nanohole Solar Cells Using MoO x and LiF Films Um, Han-Don; Kim, Namwoo; Lee, Kangmin Nano Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03955	journal	January 2016
Chemical Bath Deposition of p-Type Transparent, Highly Conducting (CuS) _x :(ZnS) _{1– x} Nanocomposite Thin Films and Fabrication of Si Heterojunction Solar Cells Xu, Xiaojie; Bullock, James; Schelhas, Laura T. Nano Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05124	journal	February 2016
Room-Temperature Processed Nb ₂ O ₅ as the Electron-Transporting Layer for Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Ling, Xufeng; Yuan, Jianyu; Liu, Dongyang ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b05113	journal	June 2017
Tantalum Oxide Electron-Selective Heterocontacts for Silicon Photovoltaics and Photoelectrochemical Water Reduction Wan, Yimao; Karuturi, Siva Krishna; Samundsett, Christian ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01153	journal	November 2017
Stable Dopant-Free Asymmetric Heterocontact Silicon Solar Cells with Efficiencies above 20% Bullock, James; Wan, Yimao; Xu, Zhaoran ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01279	journal	January 2018
High-Efficiency Silicon/Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells with Improved Junction Quality and Interface Passivation He, Jian; Gao, Pingqi; Ling, Zhaoheng ACS Nano, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b07511	journal	November 2016
Hole Selective MoO _x Contact for Silicon Solar Cells Battaglia, Corsin; Yin, Xingtian; Zheng, Maxwell Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl404389u	journal	January 2014
Monolayer MoS₂ Heterojunction Solar Cells Tsai, Meng-Lin; Su, Sheng-Han; Chang, Jan-Kai ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 8, p. 8317-8322 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn502776h	journal	July 2014
Efficient silicon solar cells with dopant-free asymmetric heterocontacts Bullock, James; Hettick, Mark; Geissbühler, Jonas Nature Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2015.31	journal	January 2016
Enhanced electron extraction using SnO2 for high-efficiency planar-structure HC(NH2)2PbI3-based perovskite solar cells Jiang, Qi; Zhang, Liuqi; Wang, Haolin Nature Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.177	journal	November 2016
Monocrystalline CdTe solar cells with open-circuit voltage over 1 V and efficiency of 17% Zhao, Yuan; Boccard, Mathieu; Liu, Shi Nature Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.67	journal	May 2016
Raising the one-sun conversion efficiency of III–V/Si solar cells to 32.8% for two junctions and 35.9% for three junctions Essig, Stephanie; Allebé, Christophe; Remo, Timothy Nature Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.144	journal	August 2017
Silicon heterojunction solar cell with interdigitated back contacts for a photoconversion efficiency over 26% Yoshikawa, Kunta; Kawasaki, Hayato; Yoshida, Wataru Nature Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.32	journal	March 2017
Simple processing of back-contacted silicon heterojunction solar cells using selective-area crystalline growth Tomasi, Andrea; Paviet-Salomon, Bertrand; Jeangros, Quentin Nature Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.62	journal	April 2017
23.6%-efficient monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with improved stability Bush, Kevin A.; Palmstrom, Axel F.; Yu, Zhengshan J. Nature Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.9	journal	February 2017
III–V-on-silicon solar cells reaching 33% photoconversion efficiency in two-terminal configuration Cariou, Romain; Benick, Jan; Feldmann, Frank Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0125-0	journal	April 2018
A passivating contact for silicon solar cells formed during a single firing thermal annealing Ingenito, Andrea; Nogay, Gizem; Jeangros, Quentin Nature Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0239-4	journal	September 2018
Fully textured monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 25.2% power conversion efficiency Sahli, Florent; Werner, Jérémie; Kamino, Brett A. Nature Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0115-4	journal	June 2018
High efficiency hybrid PEDOT:PSS/nanostructured silicon Schottky junction solar cells by doping-free rear contact Zhang, Yunfang; Cui, Wei; Zhu, Yawen Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE02282C	journal	January 2015
Origin of the enhanced photovoltaic characteristics of PbS thin film solar cells processed at near room temperature Yeon, Deuk Ho; Lee, Seung Min; Jo, Yeon Hwa J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA03433C	journal	January 2014
Metal production requirements for rapid photovoltaics deployment Kavlak, Goksin; McNerney, James; Jaffe, Robert L. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE00585J	journal	January 2015
Solution-processed inorganic copper( i ) thiocyanate (CuSCN) hole transporting layers for efficient p–i–n perovskite solar cells Zhao, K.; Munir, R.; Yan, B. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA04028K	journal	January 2015
Economically sustainable scaling of photovoltaics to meet climate targets Needleman, David Berney; Poindexter, Jeremy R.; Kurchin, Rachel C. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE00484A	journal	January 2016
The impact of silicon solar cell architecture and cell interconnection on energy yield in hot & sunny climates Haschke, Jan; Seif, Johannes P.; Riesen, Yannick Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE00286F	journal	January 2017
Interface passivation using ultrathin polymer–fullerene films for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells with negligible hysteresis Peng, Jun; Wu, Yiliang; Ye, Wang Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE01096F	journal	January 2017
V ₂ O _x -based hole-selective contacts for c-Si interdigitated back-contacted solar cells Masmitjà, Gerard; Gerling, Luís G.; Ortega, Pablo Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA01959A	journal	January 2017
Copper thiocyanate/copper iodide based hole transport composites with balanced properties for efficient polymer light-emitting diodes Luo, Wei; Zeng, Chao; Du, Xiaoqing Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC04842D	journal	January 2018
High-efficiency graphene/Si nanoarray Schottky junction solar cells via surface modification and graphene doping Zhang, Xiaozhen; Xie, Chao; Jie, Jiansheng Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta10203c	journal	January 2013
22.8% efficient silicon solar cell Blakers, Andrew W.; Wang, Aihua; Milne, Adele M. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 55, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.101596	journal	September 1989
Effective passivation of the low resistivity silicon surface by a rapid thermal oxide/plasma silicon nitride stack Narasimha, S.; Rohatgi, A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 72, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.121211	journal	April 1998
Determination of the mobility gap of microcrystalline silicon and of the band discontinuities at the amorphous/microcrystalline silicon interface using in situ Kelvin probe technique Hamma, S.; i. Cabarrocas, P. Roca Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 74, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.124110	journal	May 1999
Physics of Semiconductor Devices Shur, Michael; Singh, Jasprit Physics Today, Vol. 43, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2810727	journal	October 1990
Physics of Semiconductor Devices Sze, S. M.; Mattis, Daniel C. Physics Today, Vol. 23, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3022205	journal	June 1970
Open‐circuit voltage of MIS silicon solar cells Ponpon, J. P.; Siffert, P. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 47, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.323122	journal	July 1976
SnO ₂ /Si solar cells—heterostructure or Schottky‐barrier or MIS‐type device Ghosh, A. K.; Fishman, C.; Feng, T. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.325260	journal	June 1978
Near band edge Schottky barrier height modulation using high-κ dielectric dipole tuning mechanism Coss, B. E.; Loh, W. -Y.; Wallace, R. M. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3263719	journal	November 2009
Electrical transport mechanisms in a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction solar cells Schulze, T. F.; Korte, L.; Conrad, E. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 107, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3267316	journal	January 2010
Plasma Si nitride—A promising dielectric to achieve high‐quality silicon MIS/IL solar cells Hezel, R.; Schörner, R. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.329058	journal	April 1981
The characteristics of amorphous silicon carbide hydrogen alloy Tsai, Hsiung‐Kuang; Lin, Wei‐Liang; Sah, Wen Jyh Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 64, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.342501	journal	August 1988
Al–Si alloy formation in narrow p-type Si contact areas for rear passivated solar cells Urrejola, Elias; Peter, Kristian; Plagwitz, Heiko Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 107, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3437070	journal	June 2010
Surface recombination velocity of highly doped n ‐type silicon Cuevas, Andrés; Basore, Paul A.; Giroult‐Matlakowski, Gaëlle Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 80, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.363250	journal	September 1996
Window layer with p doped silicon oxide for high V _oc thin-film silicon n-i-p solar cells Biron, Rémi; Pahud, Celine; Haug, Franz-Josef Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 110, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3669389	journal	December 2011
Micro-textured conductive polymer/silicon heterojunction photovoltaic devices with high efficiency Chen, Ting-Gang; Huang, Bo-Yu; Chen, En-Chen Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 101, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4734240	journal	July 2012
Empirical determination of the energy band gap narrowing in highly doped n ⁺ silicon Yan, Di; Cuevas, Andres Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 114, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4816694	journal	July 2013
The physics and chemistry of the Schottky barrier height Tung, Raymond T. Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4858400	journal	January 2014
Amorphous silicon oxide window layers for high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells Peter Seif, Johannes; Descoeudres, Antoine; Filipič, Miha Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 115, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4861404	journal	January 2014
Silicon heterojunction solar cell with passivated hole selective MoO _x contact Battaglia, Corsin; de Nicolás, Silvia Martín; De Wolf, Stefaan Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4868880	journal	March 2014
Electronic passivation of silicon surfaces by thin films of atomic layer deposited gallium oxide Allen, T. G.; Cuevas, A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4890737	journal	July 2014
Near-infrared free carrier absorption in heavily doped silicon Baker-Finch, Simeon C.; McIntosh, Keith R.; Yan, Di Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 116, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4893176	journal	August 2014
Amorphous silicon enhanced metal-insulator-semiconductor contacts for silicon solar cells Bullock, J.; Cuevas, A.; Yan, D. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 116, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4900539	journal	October 2014
Empirical determination of the energy band gap narrowing in p ⁺ silicon heavily doped with boron Yan, Di; Cuevas, Andres Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 116, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4902066	journal	November 2014
Molybdenum oxide MoO _x : A versatile hole contact for silicon solar cells Bullock, James; Cuevas, Andres; Allen, Thomas Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4903467	journal	December 2014
p-type microcrystalline silicon oxide emitter for silicon heterojunction solar cells allowing current densities above 40 mA/cm ² Mazzarella, L.; Kirner, S.; Stannowski, B. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4905906	journal	January 2015
Titanium dioxide/silicon hole-blocking selective contact to enable double-heterojunction crystalline silicon-based solar cell Nagamatsu, Ken A.; Avasthi, Sushobhan; Sahasrabudhe, Girija Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4916540	journal	March 2015
Amorphous silicon carbide passivating layers for crystalline-silicon-based heterojunction solar cells Boccard, Mathieu; Holman, Zachary C. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4928203	journal	August 2015
Impact of carrier recombination on fill factor for large area heterojunction crystalline silicon solar cell with 25.1% efficiency Adachi, Daisuke; Hernández, José Luis; Yamamoto, Kenji Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4937224	journal	December 2015
Suppress carrier recombination by introducing defects: The case of Si solar cell Liu, Yuanyue; Stradins, Paul; Deng, Huixiong Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4939628	journal	January 2016
Tuning back contact property via artificial interface dipoles in Si/organic hybrid solar cells Wang, Dan; Sheng, Jiang; Wu, Sudong Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959839	journal	July 2016
Low resistance Ohmic contact to p-type crystalline silicon via nitrogen-doped copper oxide films Zhang, Xinyu; Wan, Yimao; Bullock, James Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4960529	journal	August 2016
Electron-selective contacts via ultra-thin organic interface dipoles for silicon organic heterojunction solar cells Reichel, Christian; Würfel, Uli; Winkler, Kristina Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 123, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5010937	journal	January 2018
Work function variation of monolayer MoS ₂ by nitrogen-doping Hu, Ce; Yuan, Cailei; Hong, Aijun Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5038602	journal	July 2018
22% efficient dopant-free interdigitated back contact silicon solar cells Wu, Weiliang; Lin, Wenjie; Zhong, Sihua SILICONPV 2018, THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CRYSTALLINE SILICON PHOTOVOLTAICS, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5049288	conference	January 2018
Modeling of surface gap state passivation and Fermi level de-pinning in solar cells Lu, Haichang; Guo, Yuzheng; Li, Hongfei Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5100599	journal	June 2019
655 mV open‐circuit voltage, 17.6% efficient silicon MIS solar cells Godfrey, R. B.; Green, M. A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.90646	journal	June 1979
Amorphous silicon as a passivant for crystalline silicon Pankove, J. I.; Tarng, M. L. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.90711	journal	January 1979
Induced back‐surface field solar cells on p ‐type silicon substrates Tarr, N. G.; Pulfrey, D. L.; Iles, P. A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.92525	journal	July 1981
678‐mV open‐circuit voltage silicon solar cells Blakers, A. W.; Green, M. A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.92767	journal	September 1981
High‐efficiency Si solar cells by beam processing Young, R. T.; van der Leeden, G. A.; Sandstrom, R. L. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.94439	journal	October 1983
A 720 mV open circuit voltage SiO _x : c ‐Si:SiO _x double heterostructure solar cell Yablonovitch, E.; Gmitter, T.; Swanson, R. M. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 47, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.96331	journal	December 1985
20% efficiency silicon solar cells Blakers, A. W.; Green, M. A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 48, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.96799	journal	January 1986
Improved quantitative description of Auger recombination in crystalline silicon Richter, Armin; Glunz, Stefan W.; Werner, Florian Physical Review B, Vol. 86, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.165202	journal	October 2012
Polysilicon emitters for bipolar transistors: a review and re-evaluation of theory and experiment Post, I. R. C.; Ashburn, P.; Wolstenholme, G. R. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 39, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/16.141239	journal	July 1992
Characterization of 23-percent efficient silicon solar cells Green, M. A.; Blakers, A. W.; Zhao, J. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 37, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/16.46361	journal	January 1990
18-percent efficient terrestrial silicon solar cells Blakers, A. W.; Green, M. A.; Jiqun, S. IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/EDL.1984.25813	journal	January 1984
A polysilicon emitter solar cell Tarr, N. G. IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1109/EDL.1985.26264	journal	December 1985
SIPOS Heterojunction contacts to silicon Kwark, Y. H.; Sinton, R.; Swanson, R. M. 1984 International Electron Devices Meeting https://doi.org/10.1109/IEDM.1984.190832	conference	January 1984
Evaluation of Series Resistance Losses in Screen-Printed Solar Cells With Local Rear Contacts Gatz, Sebastian; Dullweber, Thorsten; Brendel, Rolf IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2011.2163925	journal	July 2011
Current Losses at the Front of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells Holman, Zachary C.; Descoeudres, Antoine; Barraud, Loris IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2011.2174967	journal	January 2012
Reassessment of the Limiting Efficiency for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Richter, Armin; Hermle, Martin; Glunz, Stefan W. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2270351	journal	October 2013
Record Infrared Internal Quantum Efficiency in Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells With Dielectric/Metal Rear Reflectors Holman, Zachary C.; Descoeudres, Antoine; De Wolf, Stefaan IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2276484	journal	October 2013
24.7% Record Efficiency HIT Solar Cell on Thin Silicon Wafer Taguchi, Mikio; Yano, Ayumu; Tohoda, Satoshi IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2013.2282737	journal	January 2014
Toward the Practical Limits of Silicon Solar Cells Smith, David D.; Cousins, Peter; Westerberg, Staffan IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2350695	journal	November 2014
Achievement of More Than 25% Conversion Efficiency With Crystalline Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell Masuko, Keiichiro; Shigematsu, Masato; Hashiguchi, Taiki IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2352151	journal	November 2014
Charge Carrier Separation in Solar Cells Wurfel, Uli; Cuevas, Andres; Wurfel, Peter IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2363550	journal	January 2015
Proof-of-Concept p-Type Silicon Solar Cells With Molybdenum Oxide Local Rear Contacts Bullock, James; Samundsett, Christian; Cuevas, Andres IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2478026	journal	November 2015
Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells With Nanocrystalline Silicon Oxide Emitter: Insights Into Charge Carrier Transport Kirner, Simon; Mazzarella, Luana; Korte, Lars IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2479461	journal	November 2015
Transparent Electrodes in Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: Influence on Contact Passivation Tomasi, Andrea; Sahli, Florent; Seif, Johannes Peter IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2484962	journal	January 2016
335-W World-Record p-Type Monocrystalline Module With 20.6% Efficient PERC Solar Cells Zhang, Shu; Pan, Xiujuan; Jiao, Haijun IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2498039	journal	January 2016
Industrial Silicon Solar Cells Applying the Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) Concept—A Review Dullweber, Thorsten; Schmidt, Jan IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2571627	journal	September 2016
Contact Selectivity and Efficiency in Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics Brendel, Rolf; Peibst, Robby IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2598267	journal	November 2016
Nanocrystalline Silicon Carrier Collectors for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells and Impact on Low-Temperature Device Characteristics Nogay, Gizem; Seif, Johannes Peter; Riesen, Yannick IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2604574	journal	November 2016
MOVPE Grown Gallium Phosphide–Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells Feifel, Markus; Ohlmann, Jens; Benick, Jan IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2642645	journal	March 2017
A Roadmap Toward 24% Efficient PERC Solar Cells in Industrial Mass Production Min, Byungsul; Muller, Matthias; Wagner, Hannes IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2749007	journal	November 2017
Numerical Simulation of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells Featuring Metal Oxides as Carrier-Selective Contacts Messmer, Christoph; Bivour, Martin; Schon, Jonas IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2793762	journal	March 2018
Passivating Contacts for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: From Concepts and Materials to Prospects Melskens, Jimmy; van de Loo, Bas W. H.; Macco, Bart IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2797106	journal	March 2018
A Study on the Charge Carrier Transport of Passivating Contacts Feldmann, Frank; Nogay, Gizem; Polzin, Jana-Isabelle IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2870735	journal	November 2018
ITO-Free Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells With ZnO:Al/SiO ₂ Front Electrodes Reaching a Conversion Efficiency of 23% Morales-Vilches, Anna B.; Cruz, Alexandros; Pingel, Sebastian IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2873307	journal	January 2019
Chemical Stability and Performance of Doped Silicon Oxide Layers for Use in Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells de Vrijer, Thierry; Si, Fai Tong; Tan, Hairen IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2882650	journal	January 2019
Generation 3: Improved performance at lower cost Cousins, Peter J.; Smith, David D.; Luan, Hsin-Chiao 2010 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2010.5615850	conference	June 2010
A freeware 1D emitter model for silicon solar cells McIntosh, Keith R.; Altermatt, Pietro P. 2010 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2010.5616124	conference	June 2010
Skin care for healthy silicon solar cells Cuevas, Andres; Allen, Thomas; Bullock, James 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC) https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2015.7356379	conference	June 2015
Silicon solar cells with total area efficiency above 25 % Smith, David D.; Reich, Gerly; Baldrias, Maristel 2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2016.7750287	conference	June 2016
22.13% Efficient industrial p-type mono PERC solar cell Ye, Feng; Deng, Weiwei; Guo, Wangwu 2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC.2016.7750289	conference	June 2016
MIS and SIS solar cells Shewchun, J.; Burk, D.; Spitzer, M. B. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 27, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/T-ED.1980.19926	journal	April 1980
High-efficiency silicon minMIS solar cells—Design and experimental results Godfrey, R. B.; Green, M. A. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 27, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/T-ED.1980.19930	journal	April 1980
Solar cell contact resistance—A review Schroder, D. K.; Meier, D. L. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 31, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/T-ED.1984.21583	journal	May 1984
Optical stability of silicon nitride MIS inversion layer solar cells Jager, K.; Hezel, R. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 32, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/T-ED.1985.22204	journal	September 1985
Evaluating the Aluminum-Alloyed $\hbox{p}^{+}$-Layer of Silicon Solar Cells by Emitter Saturation Current Density and Optical Microspectroscopy Measurements Woehl, Robert; Gundel, Paul; Krause, Jonas IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 58, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2010.2093145	journal	February 2011
A Free and Fast Three-Dimensional/Two-Dimensional Solar Cell Simulator Featuring Conductive Boundary and Quasi-Neutrality Approximations Fell, Andreas IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 60, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2012.2231415	journal	February 2013
Silicon heterojunction solar cells with nanocrystalline Silicon Oxide emitter: Insights into charge carrier transport Kirner, Simon; Mazzarella, Luana; Korte, Lars 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2015 IEEE 42nd Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC) https://doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2015.7356164	conference	June 2015
Economically sustainable scaling of photovoltaics to meet climate targets Needleman, David Berney; Poindexter, Jeremy R.; Kurchin, Rachel C. 2017 IEEE 44th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), 2017 IEEE 44th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC) https://doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2017.8366820	conference	June 2017
Efficient and stable solution-processed planar perovskite solar cells via contact passivation Tan, Hairen; Jain, Ankit; Voznyy, Oleksandr Science, Vol. 355, Issue 6326 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai9081	journal	February 2017
Amorphous Si/Polycrystalline Si Stacked Solar Cell Having More Than 12% Conversion Efficiency Okuda, Koji; Okamoto, Hiroaki; Hamakawa, Yoshihiro Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 22, Issue Part 2, No. 9 https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.22.L605	journal	September 1983
Development of New a-Si/c-Si Heterojunction Solar Cells: ACJ-HIT (Artificially Constructed Junction-Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-Layer) Tanaka, Makoto; Taguchi, Mikio; Matsuyama, Takao Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 31, Issue Part 1, No. 11 https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.31.3518	journal	November 1992
High Efficiency Silver-Free Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cell Hernández, José Luis; Yoshikawa, Kunta; Feltrin, Andrea Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51 https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.51.10NA04	journal	October 2012
High Efficiency Silver-Free Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cell Hernández, José Luis; Yoshikawa, Kunta; Feltrin, Andrea Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51 https://doi.org/10.1143/jjap.51.10na04	journal	October 2012
High-efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Review De Wolf, Stefaan; Descoeudres, Antoine; Holman, Zachary C. green, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/green-2011-0018	journal	January 2012
High-efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Review Wolf, Stefaan De; Descoeudres, Antoine; Holman, Zachary C. green, Vol. 0, Issue 0 https://doi.org/10.1515/green-2011-0039	journal	January 2012
Demonstrating the high Voc potential of PEDOT:PSS/c-Si heterojunctions on solar cells Gogolin, Ralf; Zielke, D.; Descoeudres, A. London : Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.15488/2219	other	January 2017
High Efficiency Silver-Free Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cell Hernández, José Luis; Yoshikawa, Kunta; Feltrin, Andrea Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 10S https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.51.10NA04	journal	October 2012
High-efficiency heterojunction crystalline Si solar cell and optical splitting structure fabricated by applying thin-film Si technology Yamamoto, Kenji; Adachi, Daisuke; Uzu, Hisashi Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 54, Issue 8S1 https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.54.08KD15	journal	July 2015
Interdigitated back contact solar cells with polycrystalline silicon on oxide passivating contacts for both polarities Haase, Felix; Kiefer, Fabian; Schäfer, Sören Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 56, Issue 8S2 https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.56.08MB15	journal	July 2017
MIS Silicon Solar Cells Green, M. A.; Godfrey, R. B. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 17, Issue S1 https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAPS.17S1.295	journal	January 1978

Cited By (1)

Eco‐Friendly Spray Deposition of Perovskite Films on Macroscale Textured Surfaces Sansoni, Simone; De Bastiani, Michele; Aydin, Erkan Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201901009	journal	December 2019

Similar Records

Enabling Efficiencies > 22.5% with Metal Oxide Passivating Contacts using Low-Cost Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (Final Technical Report)

Technical Report · Sun Dec 27 23:00:00 EST 2020 · OSTI ID:1754992

High-Performance Passivating Contacts for Si PV Based on Engineered, Doped Nanopinholes through Dielectric Layers

Conference · Sun Aug 27 20:00:00 EDT 2023 · OSTI ID:1998628

Characterization of Performance Degradation Mechanisms in Low-Cost High Throughput DI-O3 Layer for Passivated Contact Silicon Solar Cells

Technical Report · Wed Feb 26 23:00:00 EST 2025 · OSTI ID:2523954

Related Subjects

14 SOLAR ENERGY
electronic devices
solar cells
solar energy and photovoltaic technology

Passivating contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells

Citation Formats

References (206)

Cited By (1)

Similar Records

Related Subjects