Keratinophilic fungi: Specialized fungal communities in a desert ecosystem identified using cultured-based and Illumina sequencing approaches

Hamm, Paris S.; Mueller, Rebecca C.; Kuske, Cheryl R.; Porras-Alfaro, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.micres.2020.126530

Keratinophilic fungi: Specialized fungal communities in a desert ecosystem identified using cultured-based and Illumina sequencing approaches

Journal Article · Sat Jun 20 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Microbiological Research

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2020.126530· OSTI ID:1635517

Hamm, Paris S. ^[1]; Mueller, Rebecca C. ^[2]; ^[3]; Porras-Alfaro, Andrea ^[4]

Western Illinois Univ., Macomb, IL (United States); Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Western Illinois Univ., Macomb, IL (United States)

Soil fungi in desert ecosystems are adapted to harsh environmental conditions such as high soil surface temperatures and limited organic matter and water. Given limited carbon inputs from plant material, heterotrophic fungi likely use unconventional sources of carbon in these systems. A baiting method was used to culture keratinophilic fungi from biocrust and rhizosphere soils in an arid grassland in Utah, USA. Fungi were baited using llama and sheep wool, horsehair, and snakeskin on two media, and pure cultures were identified using ITS and LSU rRNA sequences. One hundred-eighteen fungal colonies were grown, representing a total of 32 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) at 97 % similarity. Cultures were dominated by the phylum Ascomycota (88 %) followed by Mucoromycota (8.6 %) and Basidiomycota (3.4 %). The orders Pleosporales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, and Sordariales were commonly isolated, with the dominant taxa Alternaria (27 %), Aspergillus (22 %), Fusarium (11 %), and Chaetomium (8%). Thirty percent of the fungi isolated have the capacity to degrade keratin in vitro using a keratin azure assay, with Penicillium showing the highest degradation followed by Geomyces, Alternaria, and Fusarium. Although keratin degraders can be infectious, dermatophytes associated with skin infections were not isolated in culture or detected in Illumina sequencing. Illumina sequencing was used to determine general patterns in seasonal variation and habitat preference of keratinophiles. Alternaria was the most abundant genus with >70 % of the sequences. The combination of Illumina data with culture-dependent approaches facilitated the characterization of a specialized community and confirmed the low abundance of dermatophytes in this arid site.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC). Biological and Environmental Research (BER) (SC-23)

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

OSTI ID:: 1635517

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1778409

Report Number(s):: LA-UR--20-21714

Journal Information:: Microbiological Research, Journal Name: Microbiological Research Journal Issue: C Vol. 239; ISSN 0944-5013

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (75)

Survey of keratinophilic fungi inhabiting Passer domesticus in two districts of Orissa, India Sarangi, Sashimani; Ghosh, Gouri Rani Mycopathologia, Vol. 114, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00436430	journal	May 1991
Isolation of fungi from soil using the keratin-baiting technique Simpanya, M. F.; Baxter, M. Mycopathologia, Vol. 136, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437500	journal	November 1996
Keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi of children's sandpits in the city of Turin Filipello Marchisio, V. Mycopathologia, Vol. 94, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00454595	journal	June 1986
Illumina Sequencing of 16S rRNA Tag Revealed Spatial Variations of Bacterial Communities in a Mangrove Wetland Jiang, Xiao-Tao; Peng, Xin; Deng, Guan-Hua Microbial Ecology, Vol. 66, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-013-0238-8	journal	May 2013
Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA Belnap, Jayne Biology and Fertility of Soils, Vol. 35, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0452-x	journal	April 2002
Aeroallergens, Allergic Disease, and Climate Change: Impacts and Adaptation Reid, Colleen E.; Gamble, Janet L. EcoHealth, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-009-0261-x	journal	September 2009
Analyses of dryland biological soil crusts highlight lichens as an important regulator of microbial communities Maier, Stefanie; Schmidt, Thomas S. B.; Zheng, Lingjuan Biodiversity and Conservation, Vol. 23, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0719-1	journal	May 2014
Keratinophilic fungi from selected soils of Bahrain Deshmukh, S. K.; Mandeel, Q. A.; Verekar, S. A. Mycopathologia, Vol. 165, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9067-y	journal	October 2007
Keratinophilic Fungi Isolated from Soils of Long-Term Fold-Grazed, Degraded Pastures in National Parks of Slovakia Javoreková, Soňa; Labuda, Roman; Maková, Jana Mycopathologia, Vol. 174, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-012-9543-x	journal	April 2012
Optimization of protease production by endophytic fungus, Alternaria alternata, isolated from an Australian native plant Zaferanloo, Bita; Quang, Trung D.; Daumoo, Smita World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-014-1598-z	journal	January 2014
Presence and distribution of heavy metal tolerant fungi in surface soils of a temperate pine forest Torres-Cruz, Terry J.; Hesse, Cedar; Kuske, Cheryl R. Applied Soil Ecology, Vol. 131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.08.001	journal	October 2018
Soil crust microfungi along a southward rainfall gradient in desert ecosystems Grishkan, Isabella; Zaady, Eli; Nevo, Eviatar European Journal of Soil Biology, Vol. 42, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2005.09.014	journal	January 2006
Desert dust and human health disorders Goudie, Andrew S. Environment International, Vol. 63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011	journal	February 2014
Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of Phaeosphaeria nodorum and its close relatives indicate cryptic species and an origin in the Fertile Crescent McDonald, Megan C.; Razavi, Mohammad; Friesen, Timothy L. Fungal Genetics and Biology, Vol. 49, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2012.08.001	journal	November 2012
Presence and distribution of insect-associated and entomopathogenic fungi in a temperate pine forest soil: An integrated approach Deaver, Noland R.; Hesse, Cedar; Kuske, Cheryl R. Fungal Biology, Vol. 123, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2019.09.006	journal	December 2019
Phoma and Acremonium invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in congenital acute lymphocytic leukemia and literature review Roehm, Corrie E.; Salazar, Juan C.; Hagstrom, Nathan International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Vol. 76, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.06.026	journal	October 2012
Exposure to Alternaria alternata in US homes is associated with asthma symptoms Salo, P.; Arbesjr, S.; Sever, M. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Vol. 118, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.07.037	journal	October 2006
Epidemic asthma and the role of the fungal mold Alternaria alternata Pulimood, Thomas B.; Corden, Julie M.; Bryden, Clare Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Vol. 120, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.04.045	journal	September 2007
A general suite of fungal endophytes dominate the roots of two dominant grasses in a semiarid grassland Khidir, H. H.; Eudy, D. M.; Porras-Alfaro, A. Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 74, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.07.014	journal	January 2010
Diversity and composition of fungal endophytes in semiarid Northwest Venezuela Loro, M.; Valero-Jiménez, C. A.; Nozawa, S. Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.04.009	journal	October 2012
Desert crust microorganisms, their environment, and human health Powell, James T.; Chatziefthimiou, Aspassia D.; Banack, Sandra Anne Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2013.11.004	journal	January 2015
Common and distinguishing features of the bacterial and fungal communities in biological soil crusts and shrub root zone soils Steven, Blaire; Gallegos-Graves, La Verne; Yeager, Chris Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 69 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.11.008	journal	February 2014
Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust Kellogg, Christina A.; Griffin, Dale W. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 21, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.004	journal	November 2006
Natural exposure to Alternaria spores induces allergic rhinitis symptoms in sensitized children: Alternaria exposure induces rhinitis Andersson, Morgan; Downs, Sara; Mitakakis, Teresa Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3038.2003.00031.x	journal	April 2003
UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads Edgar, Robert C. Nature Methods, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2604	journal	August 2013
QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data Caporaso, J. Gregory; Kuczynski, Justin; Stombaugh, Jesse Nature Methods, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.303	journal	April 2010
Microbial colonization and controls in dryland systems Pointing, Stephen B.; Belnap, Jayne Nature Reviews Microbiology, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2831	journal	July 2012
Microbial immigration across the Mediterranean via airborne dust Rosselli, Riccardo; Fiamma, Maura; Deligios, Massimo Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16306	journal	November 2015
Effect of pesticides on microbial communities in container aquatic habitats Muturi, Ephantus J.; Donthu, Ravi Kiran; Fields, Christopher J. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44565	journal	March 2017
Screening fungi for synthesis of keratinolytic enzymes Friedrich, J.; Gradišar, H.; Mandin, D. Letters in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 28, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00485.x	journal	February 1999
Contribution à la connaissance de la flore fongique kératinophile isolée des petits Mammifères sauvages et du lapin de garenne en France: Discussion sur les espèces fongiques rencontrées Chabasse, D.; Guiguen, C.; Couatarmanac’h, A. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée, Vol. 62, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1987624357	journal	January 1987
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Primers for Amplifying and Sequencing Nuclear 18S rDNA from Lichenized Fungi Gargas, Andrea; Taylor, John W. Mycologia, Vol. 84, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1992.12026182	journal	July 1992
Fungi associated with biological soil crusts in desert grasslands of Utah and Wyoming States, Jack S.; Christensen, Martha Mycologia, Vol. 93, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2001.12063175	journal	May 2001
Survey of keratinophilic fungi in alpine marmot ( Marmota marmota ) burrow soil and in adjoining soils Battelli, G.; Bianchedi, M.; Frigo, W. Medical Mycology, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/00362177885380121	journal	January 1978
Determination of keratin degradation by fungi using keratin azure Scott, J. A.; Untereiner, W. A. Medical Mycology, Vol. 42, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780310001644680	journal	January 2004
A Preliminary Survey of Non-Lichenized Fungi Cultured from the Hyperarid Atacama Desert of Chile Conley, Catharine A.; Ishkhanova, Galina; Mckay, Christopher P. Astrobiology, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2006.6.521	journal	August 2006
PEAR: a fast and accurate Illumina Paired-End reAd mergeR Zhang, J.; Kobert, K.; Flouri, T. Bioinformatics, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt593	journal	October 2013
MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0 Tamura, Koichiro; Stecher, Glen; Peterson, Daniel Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol. 30, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197	journal	October 2013
MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput Edgar, R. C. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 32, Issue 5, p. 1792-1797 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340	journal	March 2004
Ribosomal Database Project: data and tools for high throughput rRNA analysis Cole, James R.; Wang, Qiong; Fish, Jordan A. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 42, Issue D1 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1244	journal	November 2013
An Empirical Test of Bootstrapping as a Method for Assessing Confidence in Phylogenetic Analysis Hillis, D. M.; Bull, J. J. Systematic Biology, Vol. 42, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/42.2.182	journal	June 1993
Dryland soil microbial communities display spatial biogeographic patterns associated with soil depth and soil parent material Steven, Blaire; Gallegos-Graves, La Verne; Belnap, Jayne FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Vol. 86, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12143	journal	May 2013
Adaptive spatiotemporal distribution of soil microfungi in ‘Evolution Canyon’ III, Nahal Shaharut, extreme southern Negev Desert, Israel: SOIL MICROFUNGI OF ‘EVOLUTION CANYON’ III, NEGEV DESERT, ISRAEL Grishkan, Isabella; Beharav, Alex; Kirzhner, Valery Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol. 90, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00722.x	journal	January 2007
Pulse dynamics and microbial processes in aridland ecosystems: Pulse dynamics in aridland soils Collins, Scott L.; Sinsabaugh, Robert L.; Crenshaw, Chelsea Journal of Ecology, Vol. 96, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01362.x	journal	March 2008
Translocation of nitrogen and carbon integrates biotic crust and grass production in desert grassland: Translocation between crust and grass Green, Laura E.; Porras-Alfaro, Andrea; Sinsabaugh, Robert L. Journal of Ecology, Vol. 96, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01388.x	journal	May 2008
ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts Gardes, M.; Bruns, T. D. Molecular Ecology, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x	journal	April 1993
Phaeohyphomycosis due to Alternaria species in transplant recipients: Alternariosis after transplant Boyce, R. D.; Deziel, P. J.; Otley, C. C. Transplant Infectious Disease, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00482.x	journal	December 2009
Dermatophytes and other Keratinophilic Fungi Recovered from Small Mammals in India*** Gugnani, H. C.; Wattal, B. L.; Sandhu, R. S. Mycoses, Vol. 18, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1975.tb03545.x	journal	December 1975
Dermatophytes and other Keratinophilic Fungi Associated with Hairs of Rodents in Nigeria Okafor, Josephine I.; Gugnani, H. C. Mycoses, Vol. 24, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1981.tb01809.x	journal	October 1981
Keratin degradation by Scytalidium species and Fusarium solani Oyeka, C. A.; Gugnani, H. C. Mycoses, Vol. 41, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1998.tb00381.x	journal	January 1998
Keratinophilic fungi on feathers of common clinically healthy birds in Bahrain: Feather keratinophilic fungi of Bahrain Mandeel, Qaher; Nardoni, Simona; Mancianti, Francesca Mycoses, Vol. 54, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01755.x	journal	December 2010
A culture-independent study of free-living fungi in biological soil crusts of the Colorado Plateau: their diversity and relative contribution to microbial biomass Bates, Scott T.; Garcia-Pichel, Ferran Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01738.x	journal	January 2009
Novel Root Fungal Consortium Associated with a Dominant Desert Grass Porras-Alfaro, A.; Herrera, J.; Sinsabaugh, R. L. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 74, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02769-07	journal	March 2008
Molecular Phylogenetic Diversity, Multilocus Haplotype Nomenclature, and In Vitro Antifungal Resistance within the Fusarium solani Species Complex O'Donnell, K.; Sutton, D. A.; Fothergill, A. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 46, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02371-07	journal	June 2008
Genetic Diversity of Human Pathogenic Members of the Fusarium oxysporum Complex Inferred from Multilocus DNA Sequence Data and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analyses: Evidence for the Recent Dispersion of a Geographically Widespread Clonal Lineage and Nosocomial Origin O'Donnell, K.; Sutton, D. A.; Rinaldi, M. G. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 42, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.11.5109-5120.2004	journal	November 2004
Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Infections Caused by Fusarium Species: a Collaborative Study from Israel Nir-Paz, R.; Strahilevitz, J.; Shapiro, M. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 42, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.8.3456-3461.2004	journal	August 2004
Endophytic fungal symbionts associated with gypsophilous plants Porras-Alfaro, Andrea; Raghavan, Srivathsan; Garcia, Margaret Botany, Vol. 92, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2013-0178	journal	April 2014
Hidden Fungi, Emergent Properties: Endophytes and Microbiomes Porras-Alfaro, Andrea; Bayman, Paul Annual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 49, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081831	journal	September 2011
Alternaria as a major allergen for asthma in children raised in a desert environment. Halonen, M.; Stern, D. A.; Wright, A. L. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 155, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.4.9105079	journal	April 1997
The metagenomics RAST server – a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes Meyer, F.; Paarmann, D.; D'Souza, M. BMC Bioinformatics, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-9-386	journal	September 2008
Molecular profiling of fungal communities in moisture damaged buildings before and after remediation - a comparison of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods Pitkäranta, Miia; Meklin, Teija; Hyvärinen, Anne BMC Microbiology, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-235	journal	January 2011
Preferential utilization and colonization of keratin baits by different myco-keratinophiles Kotwal, Sandeep; Sumbali, Geeta SpringerPlus, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2874-1	journal	July 2016
The Dark Side Is Not Fastidious – Dark Septate Endophytic Fungi of Native and Invasive Plants of Semiarid Sandy Areas Knapp, Dániel G.; Pintye, Alexandra; Kovács, Gábor M. PLoS ONE, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032570	journal	February 2012
The world at your feet: desert biological soil crusts Belnap, Jayne Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 1, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0181:TWAYFD]2.0.CO;2	journal	May 2003
Natural History of the Desert Woodrat, Neotoma lepida Stones, Robert C.; Hayward, C. Lynn American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 80, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/2423539	journal	October 1968
Aspergillus species identification in the clinical setting Balajee, S. A.; Houbraken, J.; Verweij, P. E. Studies in Mycology, Vol. 59 https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2007.59.05	journal	January 2007
Alternaria redefined Woudenberg, J. H. C.; Groenewald, J. Z.; Binder, M. Studies in Mycology, Vol. 75 https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0015	journal	June 2013
Interactions of Microhabitat and Time Control Grassland Bacterial and Fungal Composition Albright, Michaeline B. N.; Mueller, Rebecca C.; Gallegos-Graves, La Verne Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00367	journal	October 2019
Soil bacterial and fungal community responses to nitrogen addition across soil depth and microhabitat in an arid shrubland Mueller, Rebecca C.; Belnap, Jayne; Kuske, Cheryl R. Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00891	journal	September 2015
Dark septate endophytic pleosporalean genera from semiarid areas Knapp, D. G.; Kovács, G. M.; Zajta, E. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3767/003158515X687669	journal	December 2015
Diversity and distribution of soil fungal communities in a semiarid grassland Porras-Alfaro, Andrea; Herrera, Jose; Natvig, Donald O. Mycologia, Vol. 103, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3852/09-297	journal	January 2011
Prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in usar soils of Uttar Pradesh, India Deshmukh, Sunil Kumar; Verekar, Shilpa Amit Microbiology Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.4081/mr.2011.e15	journal	June 2011
Prevalence of Non-Keratinophilic Fungi in the Soil Rao, Ps; Kumari, Gr; Mahrora, S. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, Vol. 23, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.16063	journal	January 2005
A clinico-epidemiological study of dermatophytoses in Northeast India Sarma, Smita; Borthakur, Ak Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Vol. 73, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.37068	journal	January 2007
Isolation of Keratinophilic Fungi and Aerobic Actinomycetes From Park Soils in Gorgan, North of Iran Malek, Esmat; Moosazadeh, Mahnaz; Hanafi, Parastoo Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.11250	journal	December 2013

Similar Records

Related Subjects

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Keratinophilic fungi: Specialized fungal communities in a desert ecosystem identified using cultured-based and Illumina sequencing approaches

Citation Formats

References (75)

Similar Records

Related Subjects