Bees as Biosensors: Chemosensory Ability, Honey Bee Monitoring Systems, and Emergent Sensor Technologies Derived from the Pollinator Syndrome

Bromenshenk, Jerry; Henderson, Colin; Seccomb, Robert; Welch, Phillip; Debnam, Scott; Firth, David

doi:10.3390/bios5040678

Bees as Biosensors: Chemosensory Ability, Honey Bee Monitoring Systems, and Emergent Sensor Technologies Derived from the Pollinator Syndrome

Journal Article · Fri Oct 30 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Biosensors

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/bios5040678· OSTI ID:1629674

Bromenshenk, Jerry ^[1]; Henderson, Colin ^[2]; Seccomb, Robert ^[3]; Welch, Phillip ^[3]; Debnam, Scott ^[4]; Firth, David ^[5]

Bee Alert Technology, Inc., Missoula, MT (United States); Univ. of Montana, Missoula, MT (United States). Division of Biological Sciences; DOE/OSTI
Bee Alert Technology, Inc., Missoula, MT (United States); Univ. of Montana, Missoula, MT (United States). Missoula College
Bee Alert Technology, Inc., Missoula, MT (United States)
Bee Alert Technology, Inc., Missoula, MT (United States); Univ. of Montana, Missoula, MT (United States). Division of Biological Sciences
Bee Alert Technology, Inc., Missoula, MT (United States); Univ. of Montana, Missoula, MT (United States). School of Business Administration

This review focuses on critical milestones in the development path for the use of bees, mainly honey bees and bumble bees, as sentinels and biosensors. These keystone species comprise the most abundant pollinators of agro-ecosystems. Pollinating 70%–80% of flowering terrestrial plants, bees and other insects propel the reproduction and survival of plants and themselves, as well as improve the quantity and quality of seeds, nuts, and fruits that feed birds, wildlife, and us. Flowers provide insects with energy, nutrients, and shelter, while pollinators are essential to global ecosystem productivity and stability. A rich and diverse milieu of chemical signals establishes and maintains this intimate partnership. Observations of bee odor search behavior extend back to Aristotle. In the past two decades great strides have been made in methods and instrumentation for the study and exploitation of bee search behavior and for examining intra-organismal chemical communication signals. In particular, bees can be trained to search for and localize sources for a variety of chemicals, which when coupled with emerging tracking and mapping technologies create novel potential for research, as well as bee and crop management.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER). Biological Systems Science Division

Grant/Contract Number:: AC07-05ID14517

OSTI ID:: 1629674

Journal Information:: Biosensors, Journal Name: Biosensors Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 5; ISSN 2079-6374; ISSN BIOSHU

Publisher:: MDPICopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (76)

Yet Another Job for Busy Bees Bromenshenk, Jerry J. The Sciences, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2326-1951.1978.tb01685.x	journal	July 1978
Public participation in environmental monitoring: A means of attaining network capability Bromenshenk, Jerry J.; Preston, Eric M. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00394286	journal	January 1986
Flying honey bees adsorb airborne viruses Lighthart, Bruce; Prier, Kevin R. S.; Bromenshenk, Jerry J. Aerobiologia, Vol. 21, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-005-4185-9	journal	June 2005
Honeybee tracking with microchips: a new methodology to measure the effects of pesticides Decourtye, Axel; Devillers, James; Aupinel, Pierrick Ecotoxicology, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0594-4	journal	January 2011
Application of continuous monitoring of honeybee colonies Meikle, W. G.; Holst, N. Apidologie, Vol. 46, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-014-0298-x	journal	June 2014
Automated monitoring reveals extreme interindividual variation and plasticity in honeybee foraging activity levels Tenczar, Paul; Lutz, Claudia C.; Rao, Vikyath D. Animal Behaviour, Vol. 95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.06.006	journal	September 2014
Co-vectoring of Beauveria bassiana and Clonostachys rosea by bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) for control of insect pests and suppression of grey mould in greenhouse tomato and sweet pepper Kapongo, J. P.; Shipp, L.; Kevan, P. Biological Control, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.05.008	journal	September 2008
Challenges in the development of Precision Beekeeping Zacepins, Aleksejs; Brusbardis, Valters; Meitalovs, Jurijs Biosystems Engineering, Vol. 130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.12.001	journal	February 2015
Identification of the honey bee swarming process by analysing the time course of hive vibrations Bencsik, Martin; Bencsik, Joseph; Baxter, Michael Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 76, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2011.01.004	journal	March 2011
An imaging system for monitoring the in-and-out activity of honey bees Chen, Chiu; Yang, En-Cheng; Jiang, Joe-Air Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 89 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2012.08.006	journal	November 2012
Effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on associative learning in honeybees under semi-field and laboratory conditions Decourtye, Axel; Devillers, James; Cluzeau, Sophie Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 57, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.08.001	journal	March 2004
Revisiting olfactory classical conditioning of the proboscis extension response in honey bees: A step toward standardized procedures Matsumoto, Yukihisa; Menzel, Randolf; Sandoz, Jean-Christophe Journal of Neuroscience Methods, Vol. 211, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.08.018	journal	October 2012
Honeybees Apis mellifera can detect the scent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Suckling, David M.; Sagar, Rachael L. Tuberculosis, Vol. 91, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tube.2011.04.008	journal	July 2011
A relationship between conditioning and communication in honey bees Johnson, Dennis L.; Wenner, Adrian M. Animal Behaviour, Vol. 14, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(66)80081-7	journal	April 1966
Modelling the flight activity of Apis mellifera at the hive entrance Devillers, J.; Doré, J. C.; Tisseur, M. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 42, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1699(03)00102-9	journal	February 2004
Compensation for wind drift by bumble-bees Riley, J. R.; Reynolds, D. R.; Smith, A. D. Nature, Vol. 400, Issue 6740 https://doi.org/10.1038/22029	journal	July 1999
Do Honey Bees have a Language? Wells, Patrick H.; Wenner, Adrian M. Nature, Vol. 241, Issue 5386 https://doi.org/10.1038/241171a0	journal	January 1973
Ontogeny of orientation flight in the honeybee revealed by harmonic radar Capaldi, Elizabeth A.; Smith, Alan D.; Osborne, Juliet L. Nature, Vol. 403, Issue 6769 https://doi.org/10.1038/35000564	journal	February 2000
Tracking bees with harmonic radar Riley, J. R.; Smith, A. D.; Reynolds, D. R. Nature, Vol. 379, Issue 6560 https://doi.org/10.1038/379029b0	journal	January 1996
The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance Riley, J. R.; Greggers, U.; Smith, A. D. Nature, Vol. 435, Issue 7039 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03526	journal	May 2005
Dialects in the Language of the Bees von Frisch, Karl Scientific American, Vol. 207, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0862-78	journal	August 1962
Detection and Monitoring of Honeybee Drone Congregation Areas by Radar Loper, Gerald M.; Wolf, Wayne W.; TAYLOR Jr., Orley R. Apidologie, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19870206	journal	January 1987
Population dynamics of honey bee nucleus colonies exposed to industrial pollutants Bromenshenk, J. J.; Gudatis, J. L.; Carlson, S. R. Apidologie, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19910401	journal	January 1991
Microprocessor-controlled monitoring of honeybee flight activity at the hive entrance Struye, M. H.; Mortier, H. J.; Arnold, G. Apidologie, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19940405	journal	January 1994
Radionuclides and selected elements in soil and honey from Gorski Kotar, Croatia Barišić, Delko; Vertačnik, Astrea; Bromenshenk, Jerry J. Apidologie, Vol. 30, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19990403	journal	January 1999
Behavioral performance in adult honey bees is influenced by the temperature experienced during their pupal development Tautz, J.; Maier, S.; Groh, C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 100, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1232346100	journal	May 2003
Automatic life-long monitoring of individual insect behaviour now possible Streit, Sebastian; Bock, Fiola; Pirk, Christian W. W. Zoology, Vol. 106, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-2006-00113	journal	January 2003
Experiences in Environmental Specimen Banking Wise, Stephen A.; Koster, Barbara J.; Parris, Reenie M. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 37, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/03067318908026889	journal	October 1989
Capacitance-based sensor for monitoring bees passing through a tunnel Campbell, Jennifer M.; Dahn, Douglas C.; Ryan, Daniel A. J. Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 16, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/12/015	journal	November 2005
Photoelectrical Counting of Outgoing and Incoming Honey Bees123 Spangler, Hayward G. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 62, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/62.5.1183	journal	October 1969
The scent perception of the honeybee Ribbands, C. R. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences, Vol. 143, Issue 912, p. 367-379 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1955.0017	journal	March 1955
Honey Bee Recruitment to Food Sources: Olfaction or Language? Wenner, A. M.; Wells, P. H.; Johnson, D. L. Science, Vol. 164, Issue 3875 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3875.84	journal	April 1969
Pollution Monitoring of Puget Sound with Honey Bees Bromenshenk, J. J.; Carlson, S. R.; Simpson, J. C. Science, Vol. 227, Issue 4687 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4687.632	journal	February 1985
Monitoring Circadian Rhythms of Individual Honey Bees in a Social Environment Reveals Social Influences on Postembryonic Ontogeny of Activity Rhythms Meshi, A.; Bloch, G. Journal of Biological Rhythms, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730407301989	journal	August 2007
Honeybees perform optimal scale-free searching flights when attempting to locate a food source Reynolds, A. M.; Smith, A. D.; Reynolds, D. R. Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 210, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.009563	journal	November 2007
Floral scents induce recall of navigational and visual memories in honeybees Reinhard, J. Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 207, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01306	journal	December 2004
Optical detection of honeybees by use of wing-beat modulation of scattered laser light for locating explosives and land mines Repasky, Kevin S.; Shaw, Joseph A.; Scheppele, Ryan Applied Optics, Vol. 45, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.45.001839	journal	January 2006
Range-resolved optical detection of honeybees by use of wing-beat modulation of scattered light for locating land mines Hoffman, David S.; Nehrir, Amin R.; Repasky, Kevin S. Applied Optics, Vol. 46, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.46.003007	journal	January 2007
Long-wave infrared imaging for non-invasive beehive population assessment Shaw, Joseph A.; Nugent, Paul W.; Johnson, Jennifer Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.000399	journal	December 2010
Infrared imaging technology and biological applications Kastberger, Gerald; Stachl, Reinhold Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195520	journal	August 2003
Public participation in environmental monitoring: A means of attaining network capability Bromenshenk, Jerry J.; Preston, Eric M. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00394286	journal	January 1986
Optimal concentration of Beauveria bassiana vectored by bumble bees in relation to pest and bee mortality in greenhouse tomato and sweet pepper Kapongo, Jean Pierre; Shipp, Les; Kevan, Peter BioControl, Vol. 53, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-007-9142-9	journal	December 2007
A relationship between conditioning and communication in honey bees Johnson, Dennis L.; Wenner, Adrian M. Animal Behaviour, Vol. 14, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(66)80081-7	journal	April 1966
Environmental Indicators of Agroecosystems Smith, O. H.; Petersen, G. W.; Needelman, B. A. Advances in Agronomy https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60947-5	book	January 1999
Remote-sensing, telemetric and computer-based technologies for investigating insect movement: a survey of existing and potential techniques Reynolds, D. R.; Riley, J. R. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 35, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1699(02)00023-6	journal	August 2002
Modelling the flight activity of Apis mellifera at the hive entrance Devillers, J.; Doré, J. C.; Tisseur, M. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 42, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1699(03)00102-9	journal	February 2004
Biological control of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) by Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) vectored Beauveria bassiana in greenhouse sweet pepper Al-mazra’awi, Mohammad S.; Shipp, Les; Broadbent, Bruce Biological Control, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.11.014	journal	April 2006
Trophallactic activities in the honeybee brood nest – Heaters get supplied with high performance fuel Basile, Rebecca; Pirk, Christian W. W.; Tautz, Jürgen Zoology, Vol. 111, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2007.11.002	journal	October 2008
Insect pollinators and sustainable agriculture Kevan, Peter G.; Clark, E. Ann; Thomas, Vernon G. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300003179	journal	March 1990
Erratum: Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera Sequencing Consortium, The Honeybee Genome Nature, Vol. 444, Issue 7118 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05400	journal	November 2006
Behavioural methods to assess the effects of pesticides on honey bees Pham-Del�gue, Minh-H�; Decourtye, Axel; Kaiser, Laure Apidologie, Vol. 33, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2002033	journal	September 2002
Bee Laboratory Gubin, A. F. Bee World, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1945.11094329	journal	April 1945
Bee Training for Pollination of Cucumbers Gubin, A. F. Bee World, Vol. 26, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1945.11094332	journal	May 1945
Tracking bees with radar Carreck, Norman L.; Osborne, Juliet L.; Capaldi, Elizabeth A. Bee World, Vol. 80, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1999.11099441	journal	January 1999
Bee Laboratory Temnov, V. A. Bee World, Vol. 25, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.1944.11094297	journal	November 1944
Communication by Scent in the Honeybee-A Theory Lineburg, Bruce The American Naturalist, Vol. 58, Issue 659 https://doi.org/10.1086/280004	journal	November 1924
A Firsthand Account of the Lysenko Quackery Dunn, L. C. Journal of Heredity, Vol. 60, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107948	journal	May 1969
Characterization of filtered FLIR systems designed for chemical vapor detection and mapping Carr, Lewis W.; Fletcher, Leland; Holland, Peter L. Orlando '90, 16-20 April, SPIE Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1117/12.21788	conference	October 1990
Polarization lidar measurements of honeybees for locating buried landmines Shaw, Joseph A.; Seldomridge, Nathan L.; Dunkle, Dustin L. SPIE Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1117/12.618446	conference	August 2005
A Common Pesticide Decreases Foraging Success and Survival in Honey Bees Henry, M.; Beguin, M.; Requier, F. Science, Vol. 336, Issue 6079 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215039	journal	March 2012
Decoding the Language of the Bee von Frisch, K. Science, Vol. 185, Issue 4152 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4152.663	journal	August 1974
On the Sensitivity of the Chemoreceptors on the Antenna and Fore-Tarsus of the Honey-Bee, Apis Mellifica L Marshall, Joseph Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.12.1.17	journal	January 1935
Optical detection of honeybees by use of wing-beat modulation of scattered laser light for locating explosives and land mines Repasky, Kevin S.; Shaw, Joseph A.; Scheppele, Ryan Applied Optics, Vol. 45, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.001839	journal	January 2006
Range-resolved optical detection of honeybees by use of wing-beat modulation of scattered light for locating land mines Hoffman, David S.; Nehrir, Amin R.; Repasky, Kevin S. Applied Optics, Vol. 46, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.46.003007	journal	January 2007
Field demonstration of a scanning lidar and detection algorithm for spatially mapping honeybees for biological detection of land mines Carlsten, Erik S.; Wicks, Geoffrey R.; Repasky, Kevin S. Applied Optics, Vol. 50, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.002112	journal	January 2011
Long-wave infrared imaging for non-invasive beehive population assessment Shaw, Joseph A.; Nugent, Paul W.; Johnson, Jennifer Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.000399	journal	December 2010
Polarization lidar measurements of honey bees in flight for locating land mines Shaw, Joseph A.; Seldomridge, Nathan L.; Dunkle, Dustin L. Optics Express, Vol. 13, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.005853	journal	January 2005
RFID Tracking of Sublethal Effects of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides on the Foraging Behavior of Apis mellifera Schneider, Christof W.; Tautz, Jürgen; Grünewald, Bernd PLoS ONE, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030023	journal	January 2012
So Near and Yet So Far: Harmonic Radar Reveals Reduced Homing Ability of Nosema Infected Honeybees Wolf, Stephan; McMahon, Dino P.; Lim, Ka S. PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103989	journal	August 2014
Decoding the Language of the Bee Frisch, Karl von Readings in Zoosemiotics https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110253436.141	book	November 2011
Adsorption Model of Aerosolized Bacterial Spores ( Bacillus subtilis Variety niger ) Onto Free-Flying Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and its Validation Prier, K. R. S.; Lighthart, B.; Bromenshenk, J. J. Environmental Entomology, Vol. 30, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-30.6.1188	journal	December 2001
Use of Honeybees as Bio-Indicators of Environmental Pollution in the Kurdistan Province of Iran Sadeghi, Amin; Mozafari, Ali-Akbar; Bahmani, Reza Journal of Apicultural Science, Vol. 56, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2478/v10289-012-0026-6	journal	December 2012
Observation of the Mating Behavior of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Queens Using Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID): Factors Influencing the Duration and Frequency of Nuptial Flights Heidinger, Ina; Meixner, Marina; Berg, Stefan Insects, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/insects5030513	journal	July 2014
Infrared imaging technology and biological applications Kastberger, Gerald; Stachl, Reinhold Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195520	journal	August 2003
Standard methods for behavioural studies of Apis mellifera Scheiner, Ricarda; Abramson, Charles I.; Brodschneider, Robert Journal of Apicultural Research, Vol. 52, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.4.04	journal	January 2013
Long-wave infrared imaging for non-invasive beehive population assessment Shaw, Joseph A.; Nugent, Paul W.; Johnson, Jennifer Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3763082	collection	January 2011

Cited By (9)

Automated monitoring of bee behaviour using connected hives: Towards a computational apidology Marchal, Paul; Buatois, Alexis; Kraus, Stéphane Apidologie, Vol. 51, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-019-00714-8	journal	December 2019
Comparative identification of microRNAs in Apis cerana cerana workers’ midguts responding to Nosema ceranae invasion Chen, Dafu; Du, Yu; Chen, Huazhi bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/528166	journal	January 2019
Dynamic transcriptome landscape of Asian domestic honeybee (Apis cerana) embryonic development revealed by high-quality RNA sequencing Hu, Xiaofen; Ke, Li; Wang, Zilong BMC Developmental Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12861-018-0169-1	journal	April 2018
Honey Bee Colonies Remote Monitoring System Gil-Lebrero, Sergio; Quiles-Latorre, Francisco; Ortiz-López, Manuel Sensors, Vol. 17, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010055	journal	December 2016
Automated Surveillance of Fruit Flies Potamitis, Ilyas; Rigakis, Iraklis; Tatlas, Nicolaos-Alexandros Sensors, Vol. 17, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010110	journal	January 2017
Chemical ecology of Halyomorpha halys: discoveries and applications Weber, Donald C.; Morrison, William R.; Khrimian, Ashot Journal of Pest Science, Vol. 90, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-017-0876-6	journal	May 2017
Electronic biosensing with flexible organic transistor devices Kotlowski, Caroline; Aspermair, Patrik; Khan, Hadayat Ullah Flexible and Printed Electronics, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/aad433	journal	September 2018
Honey bee-assisted surveillance for early plant virus detection Roberts, John M. K.; Ireland, Kylie B.; Tay, Wee T. Annals of Applied Biology, Vol. 173, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12461	journal	October 2018
Genome-Wide Identification of Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Regulatory Networks Involved in Apis mellifera ligustica Response to Nosema ceranae Infection Chen, Dafu; Chen, Huazhi; Du, Yu Insects, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10080245	journal	August 2019

Similar Records

Hanford Site Pollinator Study

Technical Report · Sat Sep 01 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · OSTI ID:2588779

Differential ability of three bee species to move genes via pollen

Journal Article · Thu Apr 13 00:00:00 EDT 2023 · PLoS ONE · OSTI ID:2471333

Foraging behavior of honey bees (hymenoptera: Apidae) on Brassica nigra and B. rapa grown under simulated ambient and enhanced UV-B radiation

Journal Article · Tue Dec 31 23:00:00 EST 1996 · Annals of the Entomological Society of America · OSTI ID:525877

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
LIDAR
RFID
bee counters
biosensors
honey bees
infra-red imaging
proboscis extension reflex
scale hives
scent

Bees as Biosensors: Chemosensory Ability, Honey Bee Monitoring Systems, and Emergent Sensor Technologies Derived from the Pollinator Syndrome

Citation Formats

References (76)

Cited By (9)

Similar Records

Related Subjects