Toll Mediated Infection Response Is Altered by Gravity and Spaceflight in Drosophila

Taylor, Katherine; Kleinhesselink, Kurt; George, Michael D.; Morgan, Rachel; Smallwood, Tangi; Hammonds, Ann S.; Fuller, Patrick M.; Saelao, Perot; Alley, Jeff; Gibbs, Allen G.; Hoshizaki, Deborah K.; von Kalm, Laurence; Fuller, Charles A.; Beckingham, Kathleen M.; Kimbrell, Deborah A.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086485

Toll Mediated Infection Response Is Altered by Gravity and Spaceflight in Drosophila

Journal Article · Thu Jan 23 23:00:00 EST 2014 · PLoS ONE

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086485· OSTI ID:1627673

Taylor, Katherine ^[1]; Kleinhesselink, Kurt ^[2]; George, Michael D. ^[2]; Morgan, Rachel ^[3]; Smallwood, Tangi ^[3]; Hammonds, Ann S. ^[4]; Fuller, Patrick M. ^[2]; Saelao, Perot ^[2]; Alley, Jeff ^[5]; Gibbs, Allen G. ^[6]; Hoshizaki, Deborah K. ^[6]; von Kalm, Laurence ^[3]; Fuller, Charles A. ^[2]; Beckingham, Kathleen M. ^[7]; Kimbrell, Deborah A. ^[2]

University of California, Davis, CA (United States); DOE/OSTI
University of California, Davis, CA (United States)
University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Laverlam International, Butte, MT (United States)
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV (United States)
Rice University, Houston, TX (United States)

Space travel presents unlimited opportunities for exploration and discovery, but requires better understanding of the biological consequences of long-term exposure to spaceflight. Immune function in particular is relevant for space travel. Human immune responses are weakened in space, with increased vulnerability to opportunistic infections and immunerelated conditions. In addition, microorganisms can become more virulent in space, causing further challenges to health. To understand these issues better and to contribute to design of effective countermeasures, we used the Drosophila model of innate immunity to study immune responses in both hypergravity and spaceflight. Focusing on infections mediated through the conserved Toll and Imd signaling pathways, we found that hypergravity improves resistance to Toll-mediated fungal infections except in a known gravitaxis mutant of the yuri gagarin gene. These results led to the first spaceflight project on Drosophila immunity, in which flies that developed to adulthood in microgravity were assessed for immune responses by transcription profiling on return to Earth. Spaceflight alone altered transcription, producing activation of the heat shock stress system. Space flies subsequently infected by fungus failed to activate the Toll pathway. In contrast, bacterial infection produced normal activation of the Imd pathway. We speculate on possible linkage between functional Toll signaling and the heat shock chaperone system. Our major findings are that hypergravity and spaceflight have opposing effects, and that spaceflight produces stress-related transcriptional responses and results in a specific inability to mount a Toll-mediated infection response.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1627673

Journal Information:: PLoS ONE, Journal Name: PLoS ONE Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 9; ISSN 1932-6203

Publisher:: Public Library of ScienceCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
apoptosis
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fungal diseases
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gene regulation
heat shock response
immune response
spaceflight

Toll Mediated Infection Response Is Altered by Gravity and Spaceflight in Drosophila

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