Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan

Bzdak, Adam; Esumi, ShinIchi; Koch, Volker; Liao, Jinfeng; Stephanov, Mikhail; Xu, Nu

doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2020.01.005

Mapping the phases of quantum chromodynamics with beam energy scan

Journal Article · Mon Feb 10 00:00:00 EST 2020 · Physics Reports

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2020.01.005· OSTI ID:1616978

Bzdak, Adam ^[1]; Esumi, ShinIchi ^[2]; Koch, Volker ^[3]; Liao, Jinfeng ^[4]; Stephanov, Mikhail ^[5]; Xu, Nu ^[6]

AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow (Poland)
Univ. of Tsukuba (Japan). Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States)
Univ. of Illinois, Chicago, IL (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Central China Normal University, Wuhan (China). Institute of Particle Physics and Key Laboratory of Quark & Lepton Physics (MOE)

We review the present status of the search for a phase transition and critical point as well as anomalous transport phenomena in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), with an emphasis on the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. We present the conceptual framework and discuss the observables deemed most sensitive to a phase transition, QCD critical point, and anomalous transport, focusing on fluctuation and correlation measurements. Selected experimental results for these observables together with those characterizing the global properties of the systems created in heavy ion collisions are presented. We then discuss what can be already learned from the currently available data about the QCD critical point and anomalous transport as well as what additional measurements and theoretical developments are needed in order to discover these phenomena.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: Ito Science Foundation, Japan; JSPS; MOST of China; NSFC; National Science Foundation (NSF); Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC03-76SF00098; FG02-01ER41195

OSTI ID:: 1616978

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1615057

Journal Information:: Physics Reports, Journal Name: Physics Reports Vol. 853; ISSN 0370-1573

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Collective flow in p -Pb and d -Pb collisions at TeV energies Bożek, Piotr Physical Review C, Vol. 85, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.014911	journal	January 2012
Revealing baryon number fluctuations from proton number fluctuations in relativistic heavy ion collisions Kitazawa, Masakiyo; Asakawa, Masayuki Physical Review C, Vol. 85, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.021901	journal	February 2012
Event-by-event generation of electromagnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions Deng, Wei-Tian; Huang, Xu-Guang Physical Review C, Vol. 85, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.044907	journal	April 2012
Suppression of elliptic-flow-induced correlations in an observable of possible local parity violation Bzdak, Adam Physical Review C, Vol. 85, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.044919	journal	April 2012
Relativistic theory of hydrodynamic fluctuations with applications to heavy-ion collisions Kapusta, J. I.; Müller, B.; Stephanov, M. Physical Review C, Vol. 85, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.054906	journal	May 2012
Description of 158 Er at ultrahigh spin in nuclear density functional theory Afanasjev, A. V.; Shi, Yue; Nazarewicz, W. Physical Review C, Vol. 86, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.86.031304	journal	September 2012
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Baryon number conservation and the cumulants of the net proton distribution Bzdak, A.; Koch, V.; Skokov, V. Physical Review C, Vol. 87, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.014901	journal	January 2013
Measurement of the elliptic anisotropy of charged particles produced in PbPb collisions at s N N = 2.76 TeV Chatrchyan, S.; Khachatryan, V.; Sirunyan, A. M. Physical Review C, Vol. 87, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.014902	journal	January 2013
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Flow vorticity in peripheral high-energy heavy-ion collisions Csernai, L. P.; Magas, V. K.; Wang, D. J. Physical Review C, Vol. 87, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.034906	journal	March 2013
Time and space dependence of the electromagnetic field in relativistic heavy-ion collisions Tuchin, Kirill Physical Review C, Vol. 88, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.024911	journal	August 2013
Λ polarization in peripheral heavy ion collisions Becattini, F.; Csernai, L. P.; Wang, D. J. Physical Review C, Vol. 88, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.034905	journal	September 2013
Volume fluctuations and higher-order cumulants of the net baryon number Skokov, V.; Friman, B.; Redlich, K. Physical Review C, Vol. 88, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.034911	journal	September 2013
Realistic implementation of chiral magnetic wave in heavy ion collisions Yee, Ho-Ung; Yin, Yi Physical Review C, Vol. 89, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.89.044909	journal	April 2014
Magnetohydrodynamics, charged currents, and directed flow in heavy ion collisions Gürsoy, Umut; Kharzeev, Dmitri; Rajagopal, Krishna Physical Review C, Vol. 89, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.89.054905	journal	May 2014
Examination of directed flow as a signal for a phase transition in relativistic nuclear collisions Steinheimer, J.; Auvinen, J.; Petersen, H. Physical Review C, Vol. 89, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.89.054913	journal	May 2014
Charge separation with fluctuating domains in relativistic heavy-ion collisions Shou, Qi-Ye; Ma, Guo-Liang; Ma, Yu-Gang Physical Review C, Vol. 90, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.047901	journal	October 2014
Local efficiency corrections to higher order cumulants Bzdak, A.; Koch, V. Physical Review C, Vol. 91, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.91.027901	journal	February 2015
Unified description of efficiency correction and error estimation for moments of conserved quantities in heavy-ion collisions Luo, Xiaofeng Physical Review C, Vol. 91, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.91.034907	journal	March 2015
Separation of flow from the chiral magnetic effect in U + U collisions using spectator asymmetry Chatterjee, Sandeep; Tribedy, Prithwish Physical Review C, Vol. 92, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.011902	journal	July 2015
Real-time evolution of non-Gaussian cumulants in the QCD critical regime Mukherjee, Swagato; Venugopalan, Raju; Yin, Yi Physical Review C, Vol. 92, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.034912	journal	September 2015
Systematic study of azimuthal anisotropy in Cu + Cu and Au + Au collisions at s NN = 62.4 and 200 GeV Adare, A.; Afanasiev, S.; Aidala, C. Physical Review C, Vol. 92, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.034913	journal	September 2015
Measurement of event-by-event transverse momentum and multiplicity fluctuations using strongly intensive measures Δ [ P T , N ] and Σ [ P T , N ] in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron Anticic, T.; Baatar, B.; Bartke, J. Physical Review C, Vol. 92, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.044905	journal	October 2015
Measurement of higher cumulants of net-charge multiplicity distributions in Au + Au collisions at s N N = 7.7 – 200 GeV Adare, A.; Afanasiev, S.; Aidala, C. Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.011901	journal	January 2016
Chiral symmetry restoration versus deconfinement in heavy-ion collisions at high baryon density Cassing, W.; Palmese, A.; Moreau, P. Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.014902	journal	January 2016
Centrality dependence of identified particle elliptic flow in relativistic heavy ion collisions at s N N = 7.7 – 62.4 GeV Adamczyk, L.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G. Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.014907	journal	January 2016
Dynamical net-proton fluctuations near a QCD critical point Herold, Christoph; Nahrgang, Marlene; Yan, Yupeng Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.021902	journal	February 2016
Multiparticle long-range rapidity correlations from fluctuation of the fireball longitudinal shape Bzdak, Adam; Bożek, Piotr Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.024903	journal	February 2016
Acceptance dependence of fluctuation measures near the QCD critical point Ling, Bo; Stephanov, Mikhail A. Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.034915	journal	March 2016
Charge-dependent flow and the search for the chiral magnetic wave in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 TeV Adam, J.; Adamová, D.; Aggarwal, M. M. Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.044903	journal	April 2016
Efficient formulas for efficiency correction of cumulants Kitazawa, Masakiyo Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.044911	journal	April 2016
Measurement of the higher-order anisotropic flow coefficients for identified hadrons in Au + Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV Adare, A.; Afanasiev, S.; Aidala, C. Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.051902	journal	May 2016
Vorticity in heavy-ion collisions Deng, Wei-Tian; Huang, Xu-Guang Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.064907	journal	June 2016
Examination of directed flow as a signature of the softest point of the equation of state in QCD matter Nara, Yasushi; Niemi, Harri; Ohnishi, Akira Physical Review C, Vol. 94, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.034906	journal	September 2016
Measurement of elliptic flow of light nuclei at s N N = 200 , 62.4, 39, 27, 19.6, 11.5, and 7.7 GeV at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Adamczyk, L.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G. Physical Review C, Vol. 94, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.034908	journal	September 2016
Testing the chiral magnetic effect with isobaric collisions Deng, Wei-Tian; Huang, Xu-Guang; Ma, Guo-Liang Physical Review C, Vol. 94, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.041901	journal	October 2016
Rotating quark-gluon plasma in relativistic heavy-ion collisions Jiang, Yin; Lin, Zi-Wei; Liao, Jinfeng Physical Review C, Vol. 94, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.044910	journal	October 2016
Event simulation based on three-fluid hydrodynamics for collisions at energies available at the Dubna Nuclotron-based Ion Collider Facility and at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Darmstadt Batyuk, P.; Blaschke, D.; Bleicher, M. Physical Review C, Vol. 94, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.044917	journal	October 2016
Anomalous transport model study of chiral magnetic effects in heavy ion collisions Sun, Yifeng; Ko, Che Ming; Li, Feng Physical Review C, Vol. 94, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.045204	journal	October 2016
Multiplicity-dependent and nonbinomial efficiency corrections for particle number cumulants Bzdak, Adam; Holzmann, Romain; Koch, Volker Physical Review C, Vol. 94, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.94.064907	journal	December 2016
Kinetic regime of hydrodynamic fluctuations and long time tails for a Bjorken expansion Akamatsu, Yukinao; Mazeliauskas, Aleksas; Teaney, Derek Physical Review C, Vol. 95, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.014909	journal	January 2017
Chiral vortical and magnetic effects in the anomalous transport model Sun, Yifeng; Ko, Che Ming Physical Review C, Vol. 95, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.034909	journal	March 2017
Global hyperon polarization at local thermodynamic equilibrium with vorticity, magnetic field, and feed-down Becattini, Francesco; Karpenko, Iurii; Lisa, Michael Annan Physical Review C, Vol. 95, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.054902	journal	May 2017
Cumulants and correlation functions versus the QCD phase diagram Bzdak, Adam; Koch, Volker; Strodthoff, Nils Physical Review C, Vol. 95, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.054906	journal	May 2017
Dynamical evolution of critical fluctuations and its observation in heavy ion collisions Sakaida, Miki; Asakawa, Masayuki; Fujii, Hirotsugu Physical Review C, Vol. 95, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.064905	journal	June 2017
More efficient formulas for efficiency correction of cumulants and effect of using averaged efficiency Nonaka, Toshihiro; Kitazawa, Masakiyo; Esumi, ShinIchi Physical Review C, Vol. 95, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.064912	journal	June 2017
Properties and uses of factorial cumulants in relativistic heavy-ion collisions Kitazawa, Masakiyo; Luo, Xiaofeng Physical Review C, Vol. 96, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.96.024910	journal	August 2017
Bulk properties of the medium produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions from the beam energy scan program Adamczyk, L.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G. Physical Review C, Vol. 96, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.96.044904	journal	October 2017
Rapidity dependence of proton cumulants and correlation functions Bzdak, Adam; Koch, Volker Physical Review C, Vol. 96, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.96.054905	journal	November 2017
Global Λ polarization in heavy-ion collisions from a transport model Li, Hui; Pang, Long-Gang; Wang, Qun Physical Review C, Vol. 96, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.96.054908	journal	November 2017
Measurements of azimuthal anisotropy and charged-particle multiplicity in d + Au collisions at s NN = 200 , 62.4, 39, and 19.6 GeV Aidala, C.; Akiba, Y.; Alfred, M. Physical Review C, Vol. 96, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.96.064905	journal	December 2017
Dynamical initial-state model for relativistic heavy-ion collisions Shen, Chun; Schenke, Björn Physical Review C, Vol. 97, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.024907	journal	February 2018
Azimuthal angle dependence of the charge imbalance from charge conservation effects Bożek, Piotr Physical Review C, Vol. 97, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.034907	journal	March 2018
Predictions for isobaric collisions at s N N = 200 GeV from a multiphase transport model Deng, Wei-Tian; Huang, Xu-Guang; Ma, Guo-Liang Physical Review C, Vol. 97, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.044901	journal	April 2018
Constraints on the chiral magnetic effect using charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in p Pb and PbPb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider Sirunyan, A. M.; Tumasyan, A.; Adam, W. Physical Review C, Vol. 97, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.044912	journal	April 2018
New correlator to detect and characterize the chiral magnetic effect Magdy, Niseem; Shi, Shuzhe; Liao, Jinfeng Physical Review C, Vol. 97, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.061901	journal	June 2018
Axial charge fluctuation and chiral magnetic effect from stochastic hydrodynamics Lin, Shu; Yan, Li; Liang, Gui-Rong Physical Review C, Vol. 98, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.014903	journal	July 2018
Chiral kinetic approach to the chiral magnetic effect in isobaric collisions Sun, Yifeng; Ko, Che Ming Physical Review C, Vol. 98, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.014911	journal	July 2018
Net-baryon diffusion in fluid-dynamic simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions Denicol, Gabriel S.; Gale, Charles; Jeon, Sangyong Physical Review C, Vol. 98, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.034916	journal	September 2018
Large proton cumulants from the superposition of ordinary multiplicity distributions Bzdak, Adam; Koch, Volker; Oliinychenko, Dmytro Physical Review C, Vol. 98, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.054901	journal	November 2018
Charge-dependent flow induced by magnetic and electric fields in heavy ion collisions Gürsoy, Umut; Kharzeev, Dmitri; Marcus, Eric Physical Review C, Vol. 98, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.055201	journal	November 2018
Searching for the QCD critical point via the rapidity dependence of cumulants Brewer, Jasmine; Mukherjee, Swagato; Rajagopal, Krishna Physical Review C, Vol. 98, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.061901	journal	December 2018
Examination of the observability of a chiral magnetically driven charge-separation difference in collisions of the Ru 44 96 + Ru 44 96 and Zr 40 96 + Zr 40 96 isobars at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Magdy, Niseem; Shi, Shuzhe; Liao, Jinfeng Physical Review C, Vol. 98, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.061902	journal	December 2018
Large baryon densities achievable in high-energy heavy-ion collisions outside the central rapidity region Li, Ming; Kapusta, Joseph I. Physical Review C, Vol. 99, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.99.014906	journal	January 2019
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Impact of magnetic-field fluctuations on measurements of the chiral magnetic effect in collisions of isobaric nuclei Zhao, Xin-Li; Ma, Guo-Liang; Ma, Yu-Gang Physical Review C, Vol. 99, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.99.034903	journal	March 2019
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