Skip to main content
OSTI.GOVU.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
 

Low pressure direct injection strategies effect on a small SI natural gas two-stroke engine’s energy distribution and emissions

Journal Article · · Applied Energy
 [1];  [2];  [2];  [2]
  1. West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV (United States); DOE/OSTI
  2. West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV (United States)
+ Show Author Affiliations
This paper examines methods to simultaneously improve efficiency and reduce emissions from a 34 cc air-cooled two-stroke engine configured to operate on natural gas, using tuned intake plus exhaust resonators designed from Helmholtz resonance theory to promote effective scavenging. The engine was developed for novel application in a small, free piston engine for decentralized power generation. Operation occurred at wide-open-throttle at a speed of 5400 RPM for both port injection (PI) and low-pressure direct injection (LPDI). In both cases, the electronic ignition timing was adjusted for maximum brake torque, while the fuel was adjusted such that both rich and lean combustion were examined. The LPDI engine was then operated over a variety of engine speeds. An energy balance was completed for both PI and LPDI operation, which quantified all energy pathways, as engine operating regimes changed. Results showed that exhaust chemical energy (ECE) for LPDI was reduced significantly when compared to PI, mostly due to less fuel slip. The fuel slip rate ranged from 35 to 40% for PI operation while it was in the range of 6–20% for LPDI operation. However, mixture stratification with LPDI operation increased carbon monoxide emissions. The start-of-injection (SOI) was also examined, targeting a SOI to provide the highest trapping efficiency and most stable combustion. For LPDI operation, trapping efficiency, which is function of engine speed, showed significant effects on overall efficiency and fuel slip. Air volumetric efficiency increased due to the absence of gaseous fuel within the intake manifold. It was shown that, relative to PI, the overall engine indicated efficiency increased by 90% to a maximum indicated efficiency of 30% for LPDI operation with a SOI of 180 CAD BTDC.
Research Organization:
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E)
Grant/Contract Number:
AR0000608
OSTI ID:
1613663
Journal Information:
Applied Energy, Journal Name: Applied Energy Journal Issue: C Vol. 230; ISSN 0306-2619
Publisher:
ElsevierCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (29)

Oil-in-gasoline lubricated one-cylinder four-stroke engine for chainsaws journal June 2005
A comparison of Miller and Otto cycle natural gas engines for small scale CHP applications journal June 2009
Performance evaluation of a constant speed IC engine on CNG, methane enriched biogas and biogas journal November 2011
Guidelines for residential micro-CHP systems design journal September 2012
CO2 emissions from a spark ignition engine operating on natural gas–hydrogen blends (HCNG) journal January 2013
Well-to-wheel analysis of bio-methane via gasification, in heavy duty engines within the transport sector of the European Union journal May 2016
Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of combustion instabilities in a pre-mixed lean-burn natural gas engine journal December 2016
Investigation of natural gas energy fraction and injection timing on the performance and emissions of a dual-fuel engine with pre-combustion chamber under low engine load journal March 2017
A second law-based framework to identify high efficiency pathways in dual fuel low temperature combustion journal September 2017
A multi-scale framework for simultaneous optimization of the design and operating strategy of residential CHP systems journal November 2017
Greenhouse gas emissions and fuel efficiency of in-use high horsepower diesel, dual fuel, and natural gas engines for unconventional well development journal November 2017
An investigation on utilization of biogas and syngas produced from biomass waste in premixed spark ignition engine journal February 2018
Intake air strategy for low HC and CO emissions in dual-fuel (CNG-diesel) premixed charge compression ignition engine journal September 2018
A high efficiency 10 kWe microcogenerator based on an Atkinson cycle internal combustion engine journal October 2014
Scavenging port based injection strategies for an LPG fuelled two-stroke spark-ignition engine journal June 2014
Direct injection of gaseous LPG in a two-stroke SI engine for improved performance journal October 2015
Energetic and exergetic analyses of a variable compression ratio spark ignition gas engine journal December 2014
Influence of exhaust residuals on combustion phases, exhaust toxic emission and fuel consumption from a natural gas fueled spark-ignition engine journal June 2018
Second law analysis of a low temperature combustion diesel engine: Effect of injection timing and exhaust gas recirculation journal February 2012
Comparison Between Direct and Indirect Fuel Injection in an S.I. Two-Stroke Engine conference September 1999
Development of a Direct Injection Two-Stroke Engine for Scooters conference December 2001
Investigations on Combustion Process of Low-pressure CNG Compound Direct Injection Spark-ignited Engines conference September 2010
Development of a Low Pressure Direct Injection System for a Small 2S Engine. Part I - CFD Analysis of the Injection Process journal January 2015
Development of a Low Pressure Direct Injection System for a Small 2S Engine. Part II - Experimental Analysis of the Engine Performance and Pollutant Emissions conference April 2015
Influence of Injection Parameters on the Performance and Emissions of a Direct Injection Two Stroke SI Engine conference April 2016
Investigations and Analysis of Working Processes of Two-Stroke Engines with the Focus on Wall Heat Flux journal April 2016
Measurement of Loss Pathways in Small, Two-Stroke Internal-Combustion Engines journal February 2017
Continuously Varying Exhaust Outlet Diameter to Improve Efficiency and Emissions of a Small SI Natural Gas Two-Stroke Engine by Internal EGR conference April 2018
Quantification of Energy Pathways and Gas Exchange of a Small Port Injection SI Two-Stroke Natural Gas Engine Operating on Different Exhaust Configurations conference April 2018

Figures / Tables (45)

Figure 1(p. 7)figure Figure 1
Figure 2(p. 9)figure Figure 2
Figure 3(p. 11)figure Figure 3
Table 1(p. 11)table Table 1
Figure 4(p. 12)figure Figure 4
Figure 5(p. 12)figure Figure 5
Figure 6(p. 13)figure Figure 6
Figure 7(p. 14)figure Figure 7
Table 2(p. 14)table Table 2
Table 3(p. 15)table Table 3
Figure 8(p. 16)figure Figure 8
Figure 9(p. 16)figure Figure 9
Figure 10(p. 17)figure Figure 10
Figure 11(p. 17)figure Figure 11
Figure 12(p. 18)figure Figure 12
Figure 13(p. 18)figure Figure 13
Figure 14(p. 19)figure Figure 14
Figure 15(p. 19)figure Figure 15
Figure 16(p. 20)figure Figure 16
Figure 17(p. 21)figure Figure 17
Figure 18(p. 21)figure Figure 18
Figure 19(p. 22)figure Figure 19
Figure 20(p. 23)figure Figure 20
Figure 21(p. 23)figure Figure 21
Figure 22(p. 24)figure Figure 22
Table 4(p. 24)table Table 4
Table 5(p. 25)table Table 5
Table 6(p. 25)table Table 6
Figure 23(p. 26)figure Figure 23
Table 7(p. 26)table Table 7
Figure 24(p. 27)figure Figure 24
Table 8(p. 27)table Table 8
Table 9(p. 27)table Table 9
Figure 25(p. 28)figure Figure 25
Table 10(p. 28)table Table 10
Figure 26(p. 29)figure Figure 26
Figure 27(p. 29)figure Figure 27
Figure 28(p. 30)figure Figure 28
Figure 29(p. 30)figure Figure 29
Figure 30(p. 31)figure Figure 30
Figure 31(p. 31)figure Figure 31
Figure 32(p. 32)figure Figure 32
Figure 33(p. 33)figure Figure 33
Figure 34(p. 33)figure Figure 34
Figure 35(p. 34)figure Figure 35

Similar Records

Gaseous fuels variation effects on first and second law analyses of a small direct injection engine for micro-CHP systems
Journal Article · Sun Feb 10 19:00:00 EST 2019 · Energy Conversion and Management · OSTI ID:1613665
EFFECTS OF PORT FUEL AND DIRECT INJECTION STRATEGIES AND INTAKE CONDITIONS ON GASOLINE COMPRESSION IGNITION OPERATION
Conference · Sun Nov 04 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · OSTI ID:1501867
Modeling and control of fuel distribution in a dual-fuel internal combustion engine leveraging late intake valve closings
Journal Article · Sun Oct 23 20:00:00 EDT 2016 · International Journal of Engine Research · OSTI ID:1437693

Related Subjects

42 ENGINEERING
Energy & Fuels
Engineering
LPDI
Natural gas
PI
SI
Two-stroke