Layer dependence of graphene-diamene phase transition in epitaxial and exfoliated few-layer graphene using machine learning

Cellini, Filippo; Lavini, Francesco; Berger, Claire; de Heer, Walt; Riedo, Elisa

doi:10.1088/2053-1583/ab1b9f

Layer dependence of graphene-diamene phase transition in epitaxial and exfoliated few-layer graphene using machine learning

Journal Article · Thu Jun 13 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · 2D Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab1b9f· OSTI ID:1613028

^[1]; ^[2]; Berger, Claire ^[3]; de Heer, Walt ^[4]; ^[2]

New York University (NYU), NY (United States); DOE/OSTI
New York University (NYU), NY (United States)
University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble (France); Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States)
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States); Tianjin University (China)

The study of the nanomechanics of graphene—and other 2D materials—has led to the discovery of exciting new properties in 2D crystals, such as their remarkable in-plane stiffness and out of plane flexibility, as well as their unique frictional and wear properties at the nanoscale. Recently, nanomechanics of graphene has generated renovated interest for new findings on the pressure-induced chemical transformation of a few-layer thick epitaxial graphene into a new ultra-hard carbon phase, named diamene. Here in this work, by means of a machine learning technique, we provide a fast and efficient tool for identification of graphene domains (areas with a defined number of layers) in epitaxial and exfoliated films, by combining data from atomic force microscopy (AFM) topography and friction force microscopy (FFM). Through the analysis of the number of graphene layers and detailed Å-indentation experiments, we demonstrate that the formation of ultra-stiff diamene is exclusively found in 1-layer plus buffer layer epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide (SiC) and that an ultra-stiff phase is not observed in neither thicker epitaxial graphene (2-layer or more) nor exfoliated graphene films of any thickness on silicon oxide (SiO₂).

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: New York University (NYU), NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0018924

OSTI ID:: 1613028

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 22907569

Journal Information:: 2D Materials, Journal Name: 2D Materials Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 6; ISSN 2053-1583

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (63)

Room-Temperature Compression-Induced Diamondization of Few-Layer Graphene Barboza, Ana P. M.; Guimaraes, Marcos H. D.; Massote, Daniel V. P. Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201101061	journal	May 2011
ZO phonon of a buffer layer and Raman mapping of hydrogenated buffer on SiC(0001) Rejhon, Martin; Kunc, Jan Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, Vol. 50, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5533	journal	December 2018
A tutorial on spectral clustering von Luxburg, Ulrike Statistics and Computing, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-007-9033-z	journal	August 2007
Diamond-like amorphous carbon Robertson, J. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Vol. 37, Issue 4-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00005-0	journal	May 2002
Growth of large area monolayer graphene on 3C-SiC and a comparison with other SiC polytypes Yazdi, G. Reza; Vasiliauskas, Remigijus; Iakimov, Tihomir Carbon, Vol. 57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.02.022	journal	June 2013
A review on mechanics and mechanical properties of 2D materials—Graphene and beyond Akinwande, Deji; Brennan, Christopher J.; Bunch, J. Scott Extreme Mechanics Letters, Vol. 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2017.01.008	journal	May 2017
Epitaxial two-layer graphene under pressure: Diamene stiffer than Diamond Cellini, Filippo; Lavini, Francesco; Cao, Tengfei FlatChem, Vol. 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2018.08.001	journal	July 2018
Data clustering: 50 years beyond K-means Jain, Anil K. Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2009.09.011	journal	June 2010
Atomic structure of the 6H–SiC(0001) nanomesh Chen, Wei; Xu, Hai; Liu, Lei Surface Science, Vol. 596, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2005.09.013	journal	December 2005
Thickness-Dependent Hydrophobicity of Epitaxial Graphene Munz, Martin; Giusca, Cristina E.; Myers-Ward, Rachael L. ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b03220	journal	July 2015
Reliable Exfoliation of Large-Area High-Quality Flakes of Graphene and Other Two-Dimensional Materials Huang, Yuan; Sutter, Eli; Shi, Norman N. ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b04258	journal	September 2015
Deep Learning of Atomically Resolved Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Images: Chemical Identification and Tracking Local Transformations Ziatdinov, Maxim; Dyck, Ondrej; Maksov, Artem ACS Nano, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b07504	journal	October 2016
Compression-Induced Modification of Boron Nitride Layers: A Conductive Two-Dimensional BN Compound Barboza, Ana P. M.; Matos, Matheus J. S.; Chacham, Helio ACS Nano, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b01911	journal	May 2018
Scratching the Surface: Fundamental Investigations of Tribology with Atomic Force Microscopy Carpick, Robert W.; Salmeron, Miquel Chemical Reviews, Vol. 97, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr960068q	journal	June 1997
Correlating Raman Spectral Signatures with Carrier Mobility in Epitaxial Graphene: A Guide to Achieving High Mobility on the Wafer Scale Robinson, Joshua A.; Wetherington, Maxwell; Tedesco, Joseph L. Nano Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl901073g	journal	August 2009
Rapid and Reliable Thickness Identification of Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Using Optical Microscopy Li, Hai; Wu, Jumiati; Huang, Xiao ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn4047474	journal	October 2013
Wetting transparency of graphene Rafiee, Javad; Mi, Xi; Gullapalli, Hemtej Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3228	journal	January 2012
Elastic coupling between layers in two-dimensional materials Gao, Yang; Kim, Suenne; Zhou, Si Nature Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4322	journal	June 2015
Big–deep–smart data in imaging for guiding materials design Kalinin, Sergei V.; Sumpter, Bobby G.; Archibald, Richard K. Nature Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4395	journal	September 2015
Making graphene on a large scale Obraztsov, Alexander N. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.67	journal	April 2009
Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene Ferrari, Andrea C.; Basko, Denis M. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.46	journal	April 2013
Graphene in the sky and beyond Siochi, Emilie J. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.231	journal	October 2014
Raman evidence for pressure-induced formation of diamondene Martins, Luiz Gustavo Pimenta; Matos, Matheus J. S.; Paschoal, Alexandre R. Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00149-8	journal	July 2017
Ultrahard carbon film from epitaxial two-layer graphene Gao, Yang; Cao, Tengfei; Cellini, Filippo Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-017-0023-9	journal	December 2017
Å-Indentation for non-destructive elastic moduli measurements of supported ultra-hard ultra-thin films and nanostructures Cellini, Filippo; Gao, Yang; Riedo, Elisa Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40636-0	journal	March 2019
High-yield production of 2D crystals by wet-jet milling Del Rio Castillo, A. E.; Pellegrini, V.; Ansaldo, A. Materials Horizons, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8MH00487K	journal	January 2018
Friction and work function oscillatory behavior for an even and odd number of layers in polycrystalline MoS ₂ Lavini, Francesco; Calò, Annalisa; Gao, Yang Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR00238J	journal	January 2018
Methods of graphite exfoliation Cai, Minzhen; Thorpe, Daniel; Adamson, Douglas H. Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm34517j	journal	January 2012
Method for the calibration of atomic force microscope cantilevers Sader, John E.; Larson, Ian; Mulvaney, Paul Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 66, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1145439	journal	July 1995
Quantitative imaging of nanoscale mechanical properties using hybrid nanoindentation and force modulation Syed Asif, S. A.; Wahl, K. J.; Colton, R. J. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 90, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1380218	journal	August 2001
Easy and direct method for calibrating atomic force microscopy lateral force measurements Liu, Wenhua; Bonin, Keith; Guthold, Martin Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 78, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2745733	journal	June 2007
Making graphene visible Blake, P.; Hill, E. W.; Castro Neto, A. H. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 91, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2768624	journal	August 2007
Calibration of lateral force measurements in atomic force microscopy with a piezoresistive force sensor Xie, Hui; Vitard, Julien; Haliyo, Sinan Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 79, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2894209	journal	March 2008
Raman spectra of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) Röhrl, J.; Hundhausen, M.; Emtsev, K. V. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 92, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2929746	journal	May 2008
The mechanical properties of various chemical vapor deposition diamond structures compared to the ideal single crystal Hess, Peter Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 111, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3683544	journal	March 2012
Dynamics of surface-coupled microcantilevers in force modulation atomic force microscopy – magnetic vs. dither piezo excitation Xu, Xin; Koslowski, Marisol; Raman, Arvind Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 111, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3689815	journal	March 2012
A method to extract pure Raman spectrum of epitaxial graphene on SiC Kunc, J.; Hu, Y.; Palmer, J. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 103, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4830374	journal	November 2013
Improving estimation of kinetic parameters in dynamic force spectroscopy using cluster analysis Yen, Chi-Fu; Sivasankar, Sanjeevi The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 148, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5001325	journal	March 2018
Geometric diffusions as a tool for harmonic analysis and structure definition of data: Diffusion maps Coifman, R. R.; Lafon, S.; Lee, A. B. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 102, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500334102	journal	May 2005
Two-dimensional atomic crystals Novoselov, K. S.; Jiang, D.; Schedin, F. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 102, Issue 30, p. 10451-10453 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502848102	journal	July 2005
Large area and structured epitaxial graphene produced by confinement controlled sublimation of silicon carbide de Heer, W. A.; Berger, C.; Ruan, M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1105113108	journal	September 2011
Growth of liquid bridge in AFM Wei, Zheng; Zhao, Ya-Pu Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 40, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/40/14/036	journal	June 2007
Epitaxial graphene on SiC: from carrier density engineering to quasi-free standing graphene by atomic intercalation Forti, S.; Starke, U. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 47, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/9/094013	journal	February 2014
Using force modulation to image surface elasticities with the atomic force microscope Maivald, P.; Butt, H. J.; Gould, S. A. C. Nanotechnology, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/2/2/004	journal	April 1991
Nanoscale frictional behavior of graphene on SiO ₂ and Ni(111) substrates Paolicelli, G.; Tripathi, M.; Corradini, V. Nanotechnology, Vol. 26, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/5/055703	journal	January 2015
Comeback of epitaxial graphene for electronics: large-area growth of bilayer-free graphene on SiC Kruskopf, Mattias; Pakdehi, Davood Momeni; Pierz, Klaus 2D Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/3/4/041002	journal	September 2016
Structural and frictional properties of graphene films on SiC(0001) studied by atomic force microscopy Filleter, T.; Bennewitz, R. Physical Review B, Vol. 81, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.81.155412	journal	April 2010
Strain and charge carrier coupling in epitaxial graphene Schmidt, Diedrich A.; Ohta, Taisuke; Beechem, Thomas E. Physical Review B, Vol. 84, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.235422	journal	December 2011
Structure and evolution of semiconducting buffer graphene grown on SiC(0001) Conrad, M.; Rault, J.; Utsumi, Y. Physical Review B, Vol. 96, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.195304	journal	November 2017
Friction and Dissipation in Epitaxial Graphene Films Filleter, T.; McChesney, J. L.; Bostwick, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.086102	journal	February 2009
Breakdown in the Wetting Transparency of Graphene Shih, Chih-Jen; Wang, Qing Hua; Lin, Shangchao Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.176101	journal	October 2012
Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers Ferrari, A. C.; Meyer, J. C.; Scardaci, V. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 18, Article No. 187401 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.187401	journal	October 2006
Radial Elasticity of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Palaci, I.; Fedrigo, S.; Brune, H. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 94, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.94.175502	journal	May 2005
Unsupervised Clustering and Active Learning of Hyperspectral Images With Nonlinear Diffusion Murphy, James M.; Maggioni, Mauro IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 57, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2018.2869723	journal	March 2019
Scanning local-acceleration microscopy Burnham, N. A. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.588715	journal	March 1996
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films Novoselov, K. S. Science, Vol. 306, Issue 5696, p. 666-669 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896	journal	October 2004
Electronic Confinement and Coherence in Patterned Epitaxial Graphene Berger, C. Science, Vol. 312, Issue 5777 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125925	journal	May 2006
Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J. W. Science, Vol. 321, Issue 5887, p. 385-388 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996	journal	July 2008
Frictional Characteristics of Atomically Thin Sheets Lee, C.; Li, Q.; Kalb, W. Science, Vol. 328, Issue 5974, p. 76-80 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184167	journal	April 2010
2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures Novoselov, K. S.; Mishchenko, A.; Carvalho, A. Science, Vol. 353, Issue 6298 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9439	journal	July 2016
Materials for Flexible, Stretchable Electronics: Graphene and 2D Materials Kim, Sang Jin; Choi, Kyoungjun; Lee, Bora Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070214-020901	journal	July 2015
Influence of Humidity on Adhesion: An Atomic Force Microscope Study Farshchi-Tabrizia, Mahdi; Kappl, Michael; Butt, Hans-Jürgen Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Vol. 22, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1163/156856108X306948	journal	January 2008
Feature extraction via similarity search: application to atom finding and denoising in electron and scanning probe microscopy imaging Somnath, Suhas; Smith, Christopher R.; Kalinin, Sergei V. Advanced Structural and Chemical Imaging, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40679-018-0052-y	journal	March 2018

Figures / Tables (8)

Similar Records

Giant Increase of Hardness in Silicon Carbide by Metastable Single Layer Diamond-Like Coating

Journal Article · Tue Jan 03 19:00:00 EST 2023 · Advanced Science · OSTI ID:1903465

Synthesis of few layer graphene by direct exfoliation of graphite and a Raman spectroscopic study

Journal Article · Fri Feb 14 19:00:00 EST 2014 · AIP Advances · OSTI ID:22251283

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Layer dependence of graphene-diamene phase transition in epitaxial and exfoliated few-layer graphene using machine learning

Citation Formats

References (63)

Figures / Tables (8)

Similar Records

Related Subjects