Controls on deep critical zone architecture: a historical review and four testable hypotheses

Riebe, Clifford S.; Hahm, W. Jesse; Brantley, Susan L.

doi:10.1002/esp.4052

Controls on deep critical zone architecture: a historical review and four testable hypotheses

Journal Article · Fri Sep 16 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Earth Surface Processes and Landforms

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4052· OSTI ID:1606014

^[1]; Hahm, W. Jesse ^[2]; ^[3]

Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (United States); Pennsylvania State Univ
Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)

The base of Earth’s critical zone (CZ) is typically shielded from study by many meters of overlying rock and regolith. Though deep CZ processes may seem far removed from the surface, they are vital in shaping it, preparing rock for infusion into the biosphere and breaking Earth materials down for transport across landscapes. This special issue highlights outstanding challenges and recent advances of deep CZ research in a series of articles that we introduce here in the context of relevant literature dating back to the 1500s. Building on several contributions to the special issue, we highlight four exciting new hypotheses about factors that drive deep CZ weathering and thus influence the evolution of life-sustaining CZ architecture. These hypotheses have emerged from recently developed process-based models of subsurface phenomena including: fracturing related to subsurface stress fields; weathering related to drainage of bedrock under hydraulic head gradients; rock damage from frost cracking due to subsurface temperature gradients; and mineral reactions with reactive fluids in subsurface chemical potential gradients. The models predict distinct patterns of subsurface weathering and CZ thickness that can be compared with observations from drilling, sampling and geophysical imaging. We synthesize the four hypotheses into an overarching conceptual model of fracturing and weathering that occurs as Earth materials are exhumed to the surface across subsurface gradients in stress, hydraulic head, temperature, and chemical potential. We finalize with a call for a coordinated measurement campaign designed to comprehensively test the four hypotheses across a range of climatic, tectonic and geologic conditions.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division; National Science Foundation (NSF); Wyoming Center for Environmental Hydrology and Geophysics

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-05ER15675

OSTI ID:: 1606014

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1533174

Journal Information:: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Journal Name: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 42; ISSN 0197-9337

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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