The ionic conductivity of Sm‐doped ceria

Koettgen, Julius; Martin, Manfred

doi:10.1111/jace.17066

The ionic conductivity of Sm‐doped ceria

Journal Article · Mon Mar 09 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Journal of the American Ceramic Society

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.17066· OSTI ID:1603718

^[1]; ^[2]

Institute of Physical Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany, JARA‐HPC Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany, Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA, Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California Berkeley CA USA
Institute of Physical Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany, JARA‐HPC Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany, Helmholtz‐Institut Münster (IEK‐12) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Münster Germany, JARA‐Energy Forschungszentrum Jülich and RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

Abstract

The oxygen ion conductivity of polycrystalline samples of Sm‐doped ceria and of Gd‐doped ceria is studied as a function of doping fraction and temperature using impedance spectroscopy allowing the separation of bulk and grain boundary conductivity. The introduction of a fine spacing for the Sm dopant fraction allows the clear identification of the dopant fraction leading to the largest bulk conductivity. At 267°C, the largest bulk conductivity is shown for Ce _0.93 Sm _0.07 O _1.965 . With increasing temperature, indications of an increase in the dopant fraction, which leads to the maximum in conductivity, are found. For the grain boundary conductivity, the maximum appears at larger dopant fractions compared to the bulk conductivity. The largest total conductivity for both dopants is again found for Sm‐doped ceria. In literature, different syntheses and sample preparation methods led to larger total conductivities for Gd‐doped ceria. In this work, we demonstrate that the variation of sintering conditions leads to scattering in the conductivity over one order of magnitude. Finally, we demonstrate that, in nominally pure cerium oxide, impurities dominate the ionic conductivity.

View Journal Article

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: NONE; AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1603718

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1603720

Journal Information:: Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Journal Name: Journal of the American Ceramic Society Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 103; ISSN 0002-7820

Publisher:: Wiley-BlackwellCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (81)

Impedance Spectroscopy Barsoukov, Evgenij; Macdonald, J. Ross https://doi.org/10.1002/0471716243	book	January 2005
Enhanced Ionic Conductivity in Nanostructured, Heavily Doped Ceria Ceramics Bellino, M. G.; Lamas, D. G.; Walsöe de Reca, N. E. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500186	journal	January 2006
Ionic Transport in Heterogeneously and Homogeneously Doped Thallium (I)-Chloride Maier, J.; Reichert, B. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, Vol. 90, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19860900809	journal	August 1986
Grain boundary effects on ionic conductivity in ceramic GdxZr1–xO2–(x/2) solid solutions van Dijk, T.; Burggraaf, A. J. Physica Status Solidi (a), Vol. 63, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2210630131	journal	January 1981
A Systematic investigation of the dc electrical conductivity of rare-earth doped ceria Faber, J.; Geoffroy, C.; Roux, A. Applied Physics A Solids and Surfaces, Vol. 49, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00616848	journal	September 1989
Oxygen ion conductivity of the ceria-samarium oxide system with fluorite structure Yahiro, Hidenori; Eguchi, Yukari; Eguchi, Koichi Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01022246	journal	July 1988
Design of nanostructured ceria-based solid electrolytes for development of IT-SOFC Mori, Toshiyuki; Buchanan, Richard; Ou, Ding Rong Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Vol. 12, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-007-0444-8	journal	November 2007
Effect of temperature and dopant concentration on the conductivity of samaria-doped ceria electrolyte Jung, Guor-Bin; Huang, Ta-Jen; Chang, Chung-Liang Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s100080100238	journal	November 2001
Sinterability, Mechanical, Microstructural, and Electrical Properties of Gadolinium-Doped Ceria Electrolyte for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Reddy, Kondakindi Rajender; Karan, Kunal Journal of Electroceramics, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-005-1099-4	journal	September 2005
Correlation between impedance, microstructure and composition of calcia-stabilized zirconia Beekmans, N. M.; Heyne, L. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 21, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(76)80024-2	journal	April 1976
Study of solid electrolyte polarization by a complex admittance method Bauerle, J. E. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 30, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(69)90039-0	journal	December 1969
The “grain-boundary effect” in doped ceria solid electrolytes Wang, Da Yu; Nowick, A. S. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(80)90529-0	journal	December 1980
Oxygen-ion conductivity and defect interactions in yttria-doped ceria☆ Wang, D.; Park, D.; Griffith, J. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(81)90005-9	journal	April 1981
Ionic conduction in doped oxides with the fluorite structure Hohnke, D. K. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(81)90309-X	journal	October 1981
Effect of grain boundaries on the conductivity of high-purity ZrO2Y2O3 ceramics Verkerk, M.; Middelhuis, B.; Burggraaf, A. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(82)90083-2	journal	March 1982
“Grain boundary effect” on ceria based solid solutions El Adham, K.; Hammou, A. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(83)90109-1	journal	December 1983
Electrical properties and reducibilities of ceria-rare earth oxide systems and their application to solid oxide fuel cell Yahiro, H. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 36, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(89)90061-1	journal	October 1989
Electrical properties of ceria-based oxides and their application to solid oxide fuel cells Eguchi, K.; Setoguchi, T.; Inoue, T. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 52, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(92)90102-U	journal	May 1992
Interfaces in solid ionic conductors: Equilibrium and small signal picture Jamnik, J.; Maier, J.; Pejovnik, S. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 75 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)00184-T	journal	January 1995
ac impedance studies of rare earth oxide doped ceria Balazs, G. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 76, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)00242-K	journal	February 1995
Microstructure — ionic conductivity relationships in ceria-gadolinia electrolytes Christie, G. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 83, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(95)00155-7	journal	January 1996
Low temperature fabrication of (Y,Gd,Sm)-doped ceria electrolyte Vanherle, J. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 86-88 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(96)00297-4	journal	July 1996
Sintering behaviour and ionic conductivity of yttria-doped ceria Van herle, Jan; Horita, Teruhisa; Kawada, Tatsuya Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 16, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-2219(96)00012-X	journal	January 1996
Ionic conductivity in the CeO2–Gd2O3 system (0.05≤Gd/Ce≤0.4) prepared by oxalate coprecipitation Tianshu, Z. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 148, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00121-2	journal	June 2002
Properties of sol-gel prepared Ce1−xSmxO2−x/2 solid electrolytes Huang, W. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 100, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00309-3	journal	September 1997
Oxygen ion diffusivity, surface exchange and ionic conductivity in single crystal Gadolinia doped Ceria Ruiz-Trejo, E. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 113-115, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(98)00323-3	journal	December 1998
Electrical conductivity of the ZrO2–Ln2O3 (Ln=lanthanides) system Arachi, Y. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 121, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(98)00540-2	journal	June 1999
Physical, chemical and electrochemical properties of pure and doped ceria Mogensen, M. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 129, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(99)00318-5	journal	April 2000
Appraisal of Ce1−yGdyO2−y/2 electrolytes for IT-SOFC operation at 500°C Steele, B. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 129, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(99)00319-7	journal	April 2000
Effect of Gd (Sm) doping on properties of ceria electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells Zha, Shaowu; Xia, Changrong; Meng, Guangyao Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 115, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00625-0	journal	March 2003
Ceramic materials containing rare earth oxides for solid oxide fuel cell Eguchi, Koichi Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 250, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(96)02629-1	journal	March 1997
Lanthanide co-doping of solid electrolytes: AC conductivity behaviour van Herle, J.; Seneviratne, D.; McEvoy, A. J. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 19, Issue 6-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(98)00327-6	journal	June 1999
Grain boundary conductivity of Ce0.8Ln0.2O2−δ ceramics (Ln=Y, La, Gd, Sm) with and without Co-doping Pérez-Coll, D.; Marrero-López, D.; Núñez, P. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 51, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.04.032	journal	September 2006
Electrical properties of samaria-doped ceria electrolytes from highly active powders Ding, Dong; Liu, Beibei; Gong, Mingyang Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 55, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.03.005	journal	June 2010
Carbon capture and storage Gibbins, Jon; Chalmers, Hannah Energy Policy, Vol. 36, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.058	journal	December 2008
Effect of Dy on the properties of Sm-doped ceria electrolyte for IT-SOFCs Zheng, Yifeng; Zhou, Ming; Ge, Lin Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 509, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.09.203	journal	January 2011
Grain boundary conductivity of high purity neodymium-doped ceria nanosystem with and without the doping of molybdenum oxide Zhu, J. X.; Zhou, D. F.; Guo, S. R. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 174, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.093	journal	November 2007
Structural, morphological and electrical properties of Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 prepared by a citrate complexation method Fuentes, Rodolfo O.; Baker, Richard T. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 186, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.09.119	journal	January 2009
Effects of temperature and Nd composition on non-linear transport properties in substituted Ce1−xNdxO2−δ cerium dioxides Aneflous, Latifa; Musso, Jean A.; Villain, Sylvie Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 177, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2003.09.020	journal	March 2004
Aging behavior and ionic conductivity of ceria-based ceramics: a comparative study Zhang, T.; Ma, J.; Kong, L. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 170, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2004.03.003	journal	May 2004
The grain boundary effect in heavily doped cerium oxide Tschope, A.; Kilassonia, S.; Birringer, R. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 173, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2004.07.052	journal	September 2004
Ionic conductivity of Ce1−xNdxO2−x/2 Stephens, I.; Kilner, J. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 177, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2006.01.010	journal	March 2006
Electrical conductivity of doubly doped ceria Zajac, W. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 179, Issue 1-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2007.12.047	journal	March 2008
Effect of strontium addition on europium-doped ceria properties Cioateră, N.; Pârvulescu, V.; Rolle, A. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 180, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2009.02.025	journal	May 2009
The grain boundary effect on dysprosium doped ceria Sánchez-Bautista, Carlos; Dos santos-García, Antonio J.; Peña-Martínez, Juan Solid State Ionics, Vol. 181, Issue 37-38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2010.09.025	journal	December 2010
Integrated experimental and modeling study of the ionic conductivity of samaria-doped ceria thin films Sanghavi, R.; Devanathan, R.; Nandasiri, M. I. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 204-205 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2011.10.007	journal	December 2011
Detailed insights into the structural properties and oxygen-pathways in orthorhombic Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3–δ by electronic-structure theory Lumeij, Marck; Koettgen, Julius; Gilleßen, Michael Solid State Ionics, Vol. 222-223 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2012.07.004	journal	August 2012
Electrical conductivity and grain boundary composition of Gd-doped and Gd/Pr co-doped ceria Bowman, William J.; Zhu, Jiangtao; Sharma, Renu Solid State Ionics, Vol. 272 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2014.12.006	journal	April 2015
Modeling Oxygen Ion Migration in the CeO ₂ –ZrO ₂ –Y ₂ O ₃ Solid Solution Grieshammer, Steffen; Eisele, Sebastian; Koettgen, Julius The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 122, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b04361	journal	July 2018
Role of Associated Defects in Oxygen Ion Conduction and Surface Exchange Reaction for Epitaxial Samaria-Doped Ceria Thin Films as Catalytic Coatings Yang, Nan; Shi, Yanuo; Schweiger, Sebastian ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b03909	journal	June 2016
Ceria–Zirconia Solid Solutions (Ce _{1– x} Zr _x O _2−δ , x ≤ 0.2) for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting: A Thermodynamic Study Hao, Yong; Yang, Chih-Kai; Haile, Sossina M. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm503131p	journal	October 2014
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Properties of Ce ₁ _- _x Sm _x O ₂ _- _x _/2 and Ce ₁ _- _x Ca _x O ₂ _- _x Solid Solutions Huang, W.; Shuk, P.; Greenblatt, M. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm970425t	journal	October 1997
Non-stoichiometry, grain boundary transport and chemical stability of proton conducting perovskites Haile, S. M.; Staneff, G.; Ryu, K. H. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 36, Issue 5, p. 1149-1160 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004877708871	journal	March 2001
Three-dimensional quantification of composition and electrostatic potential at individual grain boundaries in doped ceria Diercks, David R.; Tong, Jianhua; Zhu, Huayang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA10064J	journal	January 2016
Ab initio calculation of the attempt frequency of oxygen diffusion in pure and samarium doped ceria Koettgen, Julius; Zacherle, Tobias; Grieshammer, Steffen Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP04802A	journal	January 2017
Understanding the ionic conductivity maximum in doped ceria: trapping and blocking Koettgen, Julius; Grieshammer, Steffen; Hein, Philipp Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP08535D	journal	January 2018
The formation of equilibrium space-charge zones at grain boundaries in the perovskite oxide SrTiO3 De Souza, Roger A. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/b904100a	journal	January 2009
Entropies of defect formation in ceria from first principles Grieshammer, Steffen; Zacherle, Tobias; Martin, Manfred Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp51913a	journal	January 2013
A combined DFT + U and Monte Carlo study on rare earth doped ceria Grieshammer, Steffen; Grope, Benjamin O. H.; Koettgen, Julius Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp54811b	journal	January 2014
Amorphous and highly nonstoichiometric titania (TiOx) thin films close to metal-like conductivity Leichtweiss, Thomas; Henning, Ralph A.; Koettgen, Julius Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 2, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta14816e	journal	January 2014
Simulated grain-boundary structures and ionic conductivity in tetragonal zirconia Bingham, D.; Tasker, P. W.; Cormack, A. N. Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 60, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/01418618908221176	journal	July 1989
Catalytic Properties of Ceria and CeO ₂ -Containing Materials Trovarelli, Alessandro Catalysis Reviews, Vol. 38, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949608006464	journal	November 1996
Space Charge in Ionic Crystals. I. General Approach with Application to NaCl Kliewer, K. L.; Koehler, J. S. Physical Review, Vol. 140, Issue 4A https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.140.A1226	journal	November 1965
Ab initio analysis of the defect structure of ceria Zacherle, T.; Schriever, A.; De Souza, R. A. Physical Review B, Vol. 87, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.87.134104	journal	April 2013
Ab initio calculation of the migration free energy of oxygen diffusion in pure and samarium-doped ceria Koettgen, Julius; Schmidt, Peter C.; Bučko, Tomáš Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.97.024305	journal	January 2018
Electrical Conductivity of Single-Crystal CeO ₂ Brugner, F. S.; Blumenthal, R. N. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 54, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1971.tb12172.x	journal	January 1971
Synthesis and Electrical Properties of Dense Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 Ceramics Huang, Keqin; Feng, Man; Goodenough, John B. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 81, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02341.x	journal	February 1998
Preparation and Characterization of Samaria-Doped Ceria Electrolyte Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: SDC Electrolyte Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fu, Yen-Pei; Wen, Shaw-Bing; Lu, Chi-Hua Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 91, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01923.x	journal	December 2007
Crystal Structure-Ionic Conductivity Relationships in Doped Ceria Systems Omar, Shobit; Wachsman, Eric D.; Jones, Jacob L. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 92, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03273.x	journal	November 2009
Ab Initio Calculation of the Defect Structure of Ceria Martin, M.; Zacherle, T.; Schriever, A. ECS Transactions, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/05701.2405ecst	journal	October 2013
AC Impedance Investigation of Samarium-Doped Ceria Zhan, Zhongliang; Wen, Ting-Lian; Tu, Hengyong Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 148, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1359198	journal	January 2001
Defect Structure and Electrical Properties of Nonstoichiometric CeO[sub 2] Single Crystals Tuller, H. L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 126, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2129007	journal	January 1979
Mixed Electrical Conduction in the Fluorite-Type Ce[sub 1−x]Gd[sub x]O[sub 2−x∕2] Kudo, T. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 123, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2132840	journal	January 1976
Oxygen Ion Conduction of the Fluorite-Type Ce[sub 1−x]Ln[sub x]O[sub 2−x∕2] (Ln = Lanthanoid Element) Kudo, Tetsuichi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 122, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2134143	journal	January 1975
Improved Conductivity of Ce[sub 1−x]Sm[sub x]O[sub 2−δ] Ceramics with Submicrometer Grain Sizes Pérez-Coll, Domingo; Núñez, Pedro; Frade, Jorge R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 153, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2160431	journal	January 2006
Studies of the Defect Structure of Nonstoichiometric Cerium Dioxide Blumenthal, R. N.; Lee, P. W.; Panlener, R. J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 118, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2407923	journal	January 1971
Conductivity of Oriented Samaria-Doped Ceria Thin Films Grown by Oxygen-Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy Yu, Z. Q.; Kuchibhatla, Satyanarayana V. N. T.; Saraf, L. V. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2890122	journal	January 2008
Properties and Applications of Ce(Gd)O2−x Electrolytes in the Temperature Range 500–700°C. Steele, B. C. H. ECS Proceedings Volumes, Vol. 1995-1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/199501.1028PV	journal	January 1995
Solid solubility and transport properties of Ce _{1− x} Nd _x O _2−δ nanocrystalline solid solutions by a sol-gel route Li, Liping; Lin, Xiaomin; Li, Guangshe Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 16, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2001.0442	journal	November 2001
JURECA: General-purpose supercomputer at Jülich Supercomputing Centre Krause, Dorian; Thörnig, Philipp Journal of large-scale research facilities JLSRF, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.17815/jlsrf-2-121	journal	January 2016
*Technical Note:* Concerning the Conversion of the Constant Phase Element Parameter Y ₀ into a Capacitance Hsu, C. H.; Mansfeld, F. CORROSION, Vol. 57, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3280607	journal	September 2001

Similar Records

Conductivity measurements of ceria-based solid electrolytes using AC impedance

Conference · Mon Jan 31 23:00:00 EST 1994 · OSTI ID:10128551

Improving Gd-doped ceria electrolytes for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Conference · Sat Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 2000 · OSTI ID:20086895

The ionic conductivity of Sm‐doped ceria

Citation Formats

References (81)

Similar Records

Related Subjects