A composite position independent monitor of reactor fuel irradiation using Pu, Cs, and Ba isotope ratios

Journal Article · Tue Sep 18 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.08.014· OSTI ID:1601553

Robel, Martin ^[1]; Isselhardt, Brett ^[1]; Ramon, Erick ^[1]; Hayes, Anna ^[2]; Gaffney, Amy ^[1]; Borg, Lars ^[1]; Lindvall, Rachel ^[1]; Erickson, Anna  ^[3]; Carney, Kevin  ^[4]; Battisti, Terry ^[5]; Conant, Andrew  ^[3]; Ade, Brian ^[6]; Trellue, Holly ^[2]; Weber, Charles  ^[6]

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1. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
2. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
3. Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States)
4. Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)
5. American Research Associates, Pinehurst, NC (United States)
6. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

When post-irradiation materials from the nuclear fuel cycle are released to the environment, certain isotopes of actinides and fission products carry signatures of irradiation history that can potentially aid a nuclear forensic investigation into the material's provenance. In this study, combinations of Pu, Cs, and Ba isotope ratios that produce position (in the reactor core) independent monitors of irradiation history in spent light water reactor fuel are identified and explored. These position independent monitors (PIMs) are modeled for various irradiation scenarios using automated depletion codes as well as ordinary differential equation solutions to approximate nuclear physics models. Experimental validation was performed using irradiated low enriched uranium oxide fuel from a light water reactor, which was sampled at 8 axial positions from a single rod. Plutonium, barium and cesium were chemically separated and isotope ratio measurements of the separated solutions were made by quadrupole and multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (Cs and Pu, respectively) and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (Ba). The effect of axial variations in neutron fluence and energy spectrum are evident in the measured isotope ratios. Furthermore, two versions of a combined Pu and Cs based PIM are developed. A linear PIM model, which can be used to solve for irradiation time is found to work well for natural U fuel with <10% ²⁴⁰Pu and known or short cooling times. A non-linear PIM model, which cannot be solved explicitly for irradiation time without additional information, can nonetheless still group samples by irradiation history, including high burnup LEU fuel with unknown cooling time. ¹³⁷Ba/¹³⁸Ba is also observed to act as a position independent monitor; it is nearly single valued across the sampled fuel rod, indicating that samples sharing an irradiation history (same irradiation time and cooling time) in a reactor despite experiencing different neutron fluxes will have a common ¹³⁷Ba/¹³⁸Ba ratio. Modeling of this Ba PIM shows it increases monotonically with irradiation and cooling time, and a confirmatory first order analytical solution is also presented.

• Research Organization: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation
• Grant/Contract Number: AC52-07NA27344
• OSTI ID: 1601553
• Report Number(s): LLNL-JRNL-724341; 872904; TRN: US2103670
• Journal Information: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 195, Issue C; ISSN 0265-931X
• Publisher: Elsevier
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS
Nuclear forensics
Nuclear terrorism
Environmental release
Nuclear nonproliferation
Nuclear safeguards
Reactor modeling
Plutonium isotope ratio
Cesium isotope ratio
Cesium-135
Cesium-133
Cesium-137
Barium isotope ratio
Stable isotopes
Fission products
Spent fuel analysis