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The Tropical Atlantic Observing System

Journal Article · · Frontiers in Marine Science
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  1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Miami, FL (United States). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab. (AOML)
  2. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel (Germany); Univ. of Kiel (Germany)
  3. Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama (Japan)
  4. Univ. Complutense Madrid (Spain); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Madrid (Spain)
  5. Mercator Océan, Ramonville-Saint-Agne (France); Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife (Brazil)
  6. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel (Germany)
  7. Federal Univ. of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis (Brazil)
  8. Univ. of Kiel (Germany)
  9. Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA (United States)
  10. Pierre and Marie Curie Univ., Paris (France)
  11. Rio de Janeiro State Univ. (UERJ) (Brazil)
  12. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Seattle, WA (United States). Pacific Marine Environmental Lab. (PMEL)
  13. Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife (Brazil)
  14. Climate, Environment, Coupling and Uncertainties (CECI) French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)-European Center for Research and Advanced Training in Scientific Computation (CERFACS), Toulouse (France)
  15. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
  16. Center for Marine Meteorology, Brest (France)
  17. Univ. of Miami, FL (United States)
  18. Federal Univ. of Bahia Ondina, Salvador (Brazil)
  19. Univ. Complutense Madrid (Spain)
  20. IRD Bretagne, Plouzané (France)
  21. Univ. of Calabar (Nigeria)
  22. Collect Location Satellites (CLS), Ramonville-Saint-Agne (France)
  23. Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States); Ocean Univ. of China, Qingdao (China)
  24. Directorate of Research and Development, Toulouse (France)
  25. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), College Park, MD (United States). NCEP Climate Prediction Center
  26. National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Toulous (France). National Centre for Space Studies (CNES); Univ. of Cape Town (South Africa)
  27. Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
  28. Mercator Ocean, Ramonville-Saint-Agne (France)
  29. NASA Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA (United States)
  30. National Inst. for Space Research (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista (Brazil)
  31. Bergen Univ. (Norway); Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen (Norway)
  32. National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Toulous (France). National Centre for Space Studies (CNES)
  33. Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, Bologna (Italy); Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE), La Spezia (Italy)
  34. Sorbonne Universités, Paris (France)
  35. Ecole Polytechnique, Paris (France)
  36. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Miami, FL (United States). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab. (AOML); Univ. of Miami, FL (United States)
  37. Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), London (United Kingdom)
  38. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States)
  39. Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich (United Kingdom)
  40. Univ. Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar (Senegal)
  41. Univ. of Reading (United Kingdom)
  42. Univ. of Lisbon (Portugal)
  43. Covenant Univ., Ota (Nigeria)
  44. Univ. of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou (Benin)
  45. Directorate General for Science, Technology and Nuclear Development of the Brazilian Navy, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
  46. Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest (France)
+ Show Author Affiliations
The tropical Atlantic is home to multiple coupled climate variations covering a wide range of timescales and impacting societally relevant phenomena such as continental rainfall, Atlantic hurricane activity, oceanic biological productivity, and atmospheric circulation in the equatorial Pacific. The tropical Atlantic also connects the southern and northern branches of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and receives freshwater input from some of the world's largest rivers. To address these diverse, unique, and interconnected research challenges, a rich network of ocean observations has developed, building on the backbone of the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA). This network has evolved naturally over time and out of necessity in order to address the most important outstanding scientific questions and to improve predictions of tropical Atlantic severe weather and global climate variability and change. The tropical Atlantic observing system is motivated by goals to understand and better predict phenomena such as tropical Atlantic interannual to decadal variability and climate change; multidecadal variability and its links to the meridional overturning circulation; air-sea fluxes of CO2 and their implications for the fate of anthropogenic CO2; the Amazon River plume and its interactions with biogeochemistry, vertical mixing, and hurricanes; the highly productive eastern boundary and equatorial upwelling systems; and oceanic oxygen minimum zones, their impacts on biogeochemical cycles and marine ecosystems, and their feedbacks to climate. Past success of the tropical Atlantic observing system is the result of an international commitment to sustained observations and scientific cooperation, a willingness to evolve with changing research and monitoring needs, and a desire to share data openly with the scientific community and operational centers. The observing system must continue to evolve in order to meet an expanding set of research priorities and operational challenges. This paper discusses the tropical Atlantic observing system, including emerging scientific questions that demand sustained ocean observations, the potential for further integration of the observing system, and the requirements for sustaining and enhancing the tropical Atlantic observing system.
Research Organization:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-05CH11231
OSTI ID:
1561918
Journal Information:
Frontiers in Marine Science, Journal Name: Frontiers in Marine Science Journal Issue: APR Vol. 6; ISSN 2296-7745
Publisher:
Frontiers Research FoundationCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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The ‘too few, too bright’ tropical low-cloud problem in CMIP5 models: TOO FEW TOO BRIGHT LOW-CLOUDS journal November 2012
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Intraseasonal mixed-layer heat budget in the equatorial Atlantic during the cold tongue development in 2006: Mixed-layer heat budget in the equatorial Atlantic journal February 2013
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Sargassum Watch Warns of Incoming Seaweed journal September 2016
Seasonal and Interannual Mixed‐Layer Heat Budget Variability in the Western Tropical Atlantic From Argo Floats (2007–2012) journal August 2018
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PIRATA: A Sustained Observing System for Tropical Atlantic Climate Research and Forecasting journal April 2019
Increasing Magnitude of Hurricane Rapid Intensification in the Central and Eastern Tropical Atlantic: Hurricanes and Rapid Intesnification journal May 2018
First Evidence of Anoxia and Nitrogen Loss in the Southern Canary Upwelling System journal March 2019
Coherent Circulation Changes in the Deep North Atlantic From 16°N and 26°N Transport Arrays journal May 2018
Seasonal Mixed Layer Temperature Balance in the Southeastern Tropical Atlantic journal August 2018
Anticyclonic Eddies Connecting the Western Boundaries of Indian and Atlantic Oceans journal November 2018
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Interannual atmospheric variability forced by the deep equatorial Atlantic Ocean journal May 2011
Hurricane intensification along United States coast suppressed during active hurricane periods journal January 2017
Expansion of oxygen minimum zones may reduce available habitat for tropical pelagic fishes journal December 2011
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A global perspective on CMIP5 climate model biases journal February 2014
Increased frequency of extreme La Niña events under greenhouse warming journal January 2015
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Enhanced biennial variability in the Pacific due to Atlantic capacitor effect journal March 2017
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Influence of African dust on ocean–atmosphere variability in the tropical Atlantic journal October 2011
Multiple causes of interannual sea surface temperature variability in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean journal December 2012
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Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century journal April 2018
Dissolved organic carbon leaching from plastics stimulates microbial activity in the ocean journal April 2018
Post-drought decline of the Amazon carbon sink journal August 2018
Model tropical Atlantic biases underpin diminished Pacific decadal variability journal May 2018
Drivers and mechanisms of ocean deoxygenation journal June 2018
Impact of wave whitecapping on land falling tropical cyclones journal January 2018
Representation of Multidecadal Sahel Rainfall Variability in 20th Century Reanalyses journal July 2018
Collapse of the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic CO2 sink in boreal spring of 2010 journal January 2017
Gridded surface wind fields from Metop/ASCAT measurements journal August 2011
Assessing the impact of observations on ocean forecasts and reanalyses: Part 1, Global studies journal April 2015
Causes and impacts of the 2005 Amazon drought journal January 2008
Quantitative attribution of climate effects on Hurricane Harvey’s extreme rainfall in Texas journal April 2018
Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change journal May 2011
Wave–turbulence interaction-induced vertical mixing and its effects in ocean and climate models
  • Qiao, Fangli; Yuan, Yeli; Deng, Jia
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 374, Issue 2065 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0201
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The 2010 Amazon Drought journal February 2011
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The Effect of Local Sea Surface Temperatures on Atmospheric Circulation over the Tropical Atlantic Sector journal July 2000
An Analysis of Recent Rainfall Conditions in West Africa, Including the Rainy Seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña Years journal July 2000
Structure of Interannual-to-Decadal Climate Variability in the Tropical Atlantic Sector journal September 2000
An Improved In Situ and Satellite SST Analysis for Climate journal July 2002
A Diagnostic Study of the Role of Remote Forcing in Tropical Atlantic Variability journal November 2002
Bulk Parameterization of Air–Sea Fluxes: Updates and Verification for the COARE Algorithm journal February 2003
The West African Monsoon Dynamics. Part II: The “Preonset” and “Onset” of the Summer Monsoon journal November 2003
Interaction of the Atlantic Equatorial Cold Tongue and the African Monsoon* journal September 2004
West African Monsoon Dynamics and Eastern Equatorial Atlantic and Pacific SST Anomalies (1970–88) journal August 1998
On the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Gradients in Forcing Low-Level Winds and Convergence in the Tropics journal September 1987
The Ventilated Thermocline journal February 1983
Air-Sea Interaction Effects in the Lower Troposphere Across the North Wall of the Gulf Stream journal May 1981
Statistical Relation between Monthly Mean Precipitable Water and Surface-Level Humidity over Global Oceans journal August 1986
Effects of a Warm Oceanic Feature on Hurricane Opal journal May 2000
Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations journal December 2002
The Version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979–Present) journal December 2003
The Drought of Amazonia in 2005 journal February 2008
THE PIRATA PROGRAM: History, Accomplishments, and Future Directions journal August 2008
Tropical Atlantic Variability Modes (1979–2002). Part I: Time-Evolving SST Modes Related to West African Rainfall journal December 2008
Variability at Intermediate Depths at the Equator in the Atlantic Ocean in 2000–06: Annual Cycle, Equatorial Deep Jets, and Intraseasonal Meridional Velocity Fluctuations journal August 2008
Why Were Sea Surface Temperatures so Different in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic in June 2005 and 2006? journal June 2009
Eddy Formation in the Tropical Atlantic Induced by Abrupt Changes in the Meridional Overturning Circulation journal November 2009
A Revised Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification Index for the Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific Basins journal February 2010
Surface Flux Observations on the Southeastern Tropical Pacific Ocean and Attribution of SST Errors in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Models journal August 2010
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Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus in the Community Atmosphere Model journal September 2012
On the Inconsistent Relationship between Pacific and Atlantic Niños journal June 2012
A Diagnostic Indicator of the Stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in CCSM3 journal March 2013
The Impact of Oceanic Near-Inertial Waves on Climate journal May 2013
Possible Root Causes of Surface Westerly Biases over the Equatorial Atlantic in Global Climate Models journal October 2013
Surface Irradiances Consistent with CERES-Derived Top-of-Atmosphere Shortwave and Longwave Irradiances journal May 2013
Simulating Clouds with Global Climate Models: A Comparison of CMIP5 Results with CMIP3 and Satellite Data journal June 2013
Seasonal Cycle of the Mixed Layer Heat Budget in the Northeastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean journal October 2013
Role of Tropical SST Variability on the Formation of Subtropical Dipoles journal June 2014
The Impact of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Atlantic Meridional Mode on Seasonal Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity journal July 2014
Variability and Predictability of West African Droughts: A Review on the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies journal May 2015
The Convolution of Dynamics and Moisture with the Presence of Shortwave Absorbing Aerosols over the Southeast Atlantic journal March 2015
The Influence of Cloud Feedbacks on Equatorial Atlantic Variability journal April 2015
Role of Mixed Layer Dynamics in Tropical North Atlantic Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Variability journal November 2016
An Equatorial–Extratropical Dipole Structure of the Atlantic Niño journal October 2016
Benefits of Increasing the Model Resolution for the Seasonal Forecast Quality in EC-Earth journal December 2016
Tropical Cyclone Intensity Errors Associated with Lack of Two-Way Ocean Coupling in High-Resolution Global Simulations journal December 2016
Is There Evidence of Changes in Tropical Atlantic Variability Modes under AMO Phases in the Observational Record? journal January 2018
An Enhanced PIRATA Dataset for Tropical Atlantic Ocean–Atmosphere Research journal February 2018
Air–Sea Interactions in the Tropical Atlantic: A View Based on Lagged Rotated Maximum Covariance Analysis journal September 2005
Local Coupled Equatorial Variability versus Remote ENSO Forcing in an Intermediate Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic journal October 2006
Tropical Atlantic SST Prediction with Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCMs journal December 2006
Understanding Equatorial Atlantic Interannual Variability journal January 2007
Atmospheric Teleconnections of Tropical Atlantic Variability: Interhemispheric, Tropical–Extratropical, and Cross-Basin Interactions journal March 2007
Low-Frequency Variability of the Indian Monsoon–ENSO Relationship and the Tropical Atlantic: The “Weakening” of the 1980s and 1990s journal August 2007
Feedback of Tropical Instability-Wave-Induced Atmospheric Variability onto the Ocean journal December 2007
Analogous Pacific and Atlantic Meridional Modes of Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean Variability journal November 2004
Transport of Surface Freshwater from the Equatorial to the Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean journal April 2015
Annual and Semiannual Cycle of Equatorial Atlantic Circulation Associated with Basin-Mode Resonance journal October 2016
Role of Equatorial Basin-Mode Resonance for the Seasonal Variability of the Angola Current at 11°S journal February 2018
Deep Intraseasonal Variability in the Central Equatorial Atlantic journal December 2018
The Shallow and Deep Western Boundary Circulation of the South Atlantic at 5°–11°S journal November 2005
Strongly Coupled Data Assimilation Using Leading Averaged Coupled Covariance (LACC). Part II: CGCM Experiments* journal November 2015
Impact of Sea-State-Dependent Langmuir Turbulence on the Ocean Response to a Tropical Cyclone journal December 2016
System Design and Evaluation of Coupled Ensemble Data Assimilation for Global Oceanic Climate Studies journal October 2007
Smoke and Clouds above the Southeast Atlantic: Upcoming Field Campaigns Probe Absorbing Aerosol’s Impact on Climate journal July 2016
Hurricanes and Climate: The U.S. CLIVAR Working Group on Hurricanes journal September 2015
Impact of ERS scatterometer winds in ECMWF's assimilation system journal July 2004
Oxygen variance and meridional oxygen supply in the Tropical North East Atlantic oxygen minimum zone collection January 2015
Oxygen Utilization and Downward Carbon Flux in an Oxygen-Depleted Eddy in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic collection January 2016
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Inter-hemispheric Decadal Variations in SST, Surface Wind, Heat Flux and Cloud Cover over the Atlantic Ocean. journal January 2002
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An overview of the living marine resources of Namibia journal June 2001
Growth and decay of the equatorial Atlantic SST mode by means of closed heat budget in a coupled general circulation model journal July 2015
The non-stationary influence of the Atlantic and Pacific Niños on North Eastern South American rainfall journal September 2015
Requirements for an Integrated in situ Atlantic Ocean Observing System From Coordinated Observing System Simulation Experiments journal March 2019
A model study of the seasonality of sea surface temperature and circulation in the Atlantic North-eastern Tropical Upwelling System journal September 2015
Using Three Acoustic Technologies on Underwater Gliders to Survey Fish journal November 2018
Direct and semi-direct impacts of absorbing biomass burning aerosol on the climate of southern Africa: a Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GCM sensitivity study journal January 2010
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Open ocean dead zones in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean journal January 2015
Projections of oceanic N 2 O emissions in the 21st century using the IPSL Earth system model journal January 2015
On the role of circulation and mixing in the ventilation of oxygen minimum zones with a focus on the eastern tropical North Atlantic journal January 2015
Oxygen utilization and downward carbon flux in an oxygen-depleted eddy in the eastern tropical North Atlantic journal January 2016
A comparative study of biological production in eastern boundary upwelling systems using an artificial neural network journal January 2012
Equatorial Atlantic interannual variability and its relation to dynamic and thermodynamic processes journal January 2017
Global Carbon Budget 2017 journal January 2018
The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) – an internally consistent data product for the world ocean journal January 2016
A multi-decade record of high-quality f CO 2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT) journal January 2016
The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) contribution to CMIP6 journal January 2017
High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6 journal January 2016
DUACS DT2014: the new multi-mission altimeter data set reprocessed over 20 years journal January 2016
How essential are Argo observations to constrain a global ocean data assimilation system? journal January 2016
Decadal oxygen change in the eastern tropical North Atlantic journal January 2017
Impact of intraseasonal wind bursts on sea surface temperature variability in the far eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean during boreal spring 2005 and 2006: focus on the mid-May 2005 event journal January 2018
Adding Oxygen to Argo: Developing a Global In Situ Observatory for Ocean Deoxygenation and Biogeochemistry conference December 2010
Note On The Impact Of Meteorological Data From Pirata Moorings On Global Weather Forecasts text January 2018
Note On The Impact Of Meteorological Data From Pirata Moorings On Global Weather Forecasts text January 2018
Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction at Oceanic Mesoscales journal December 2010
The Argo Program: Present and Future journal June 2017
Measurements of Near-Surface Turbulence and Mixing from Autonomous Ocean Gliders journal June 2017
On the seasonal variations of salinity of the tropical Atlantic mixed layer text January 2015
Causes and impacts of the 2005 Amazon drought text January 2008
Variability and Predictability of West African Droughts: A Review on the Role of Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies text January 2015

Cited By (6)

On the Future of Argo: A Global, Full-Depth, Multi-Disciplinary Array journal August 2019
Ocean Climate Observing Requirements in Support of Climate Research and Climate Information journal July 2019
The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP): A Platform for Integrated Multidisciplinary Ocean Science journal August 2019
Ocean Observations in Support of Studies and Forecasts of Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones journal July 2019
Synergies in Operational Oceanography: The Intrinsic Need for Sustained Ocean Observations journal September 2019
Tropical Atlantic Variability: Observations and Modeling journal August 2019

Figures / Tables (13)

FIGURE 1(p. 3)figure FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2(p. 6)figure FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3(p. 7)figure FIGURE 3
FIGURE 4(p. 8)figure FIGURE 4
FIGURE 5(p. 10)figure FIGURE 5
FIGURE 6(p. 11)figure FIGURE 6
FIGURE 7(p. 12)figure FIGURE 7
FIGURE 8(p. 13)figure FIGURE 8
FIGURE 9(p. 14)figure FIGURE 9
TABLE 1(p. 18)table TABLE 1
FIGURE 10(p. 20)figure FIGURE 10
FIGURE 11(p. 23)figure FIGURE 11
FIGURE 12(p. 24)figure FIGURE 12

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