Skip to main content
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Memristors for the Curious Outsiders

Journal Article · · Technologies
 [1];  [2]
  1. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  2. Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil (HSR) (Switzerland); Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf (Switzerland)

We present both an overview and a perspective of recent experimental advances and new methods to performing computation using memristors. A memristor is a 2-terminal passive component with a dynamic resistance depending on an internal parameter. We provide an brief historical introduction, as well as an overview over the physical mechanism that lead to memristive behavior. This work is meant to guide nonpractitioners in the field of memristive circuits and their connection to machine learning and neural computation.

Research Organization:
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Grant/Contract Number:
89233218CNA000001
OSTI ID:
1558048
Report Number(s):
LA-UR--18-27766
Journal Information:
Technologies, Journal Name: Technologies Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 6; ISSN 2227-7080
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (198)

Local search heuristics for Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) journal February 2007
Electrical characteristics and threshold switching in amorphous semiconductors journal February 1975
The complexity of analog computation journal April 1986
Computation of shortest path in cellular automata journal February 1996
Phase change materials in non-volatile storage journal December 2011
Pattern classification by memristive crossbar circuits using ex situ and in situ training journal June 2013
Are our senses critical? journal May 2006
Polynomial-time solution of prime factorization and NP-complete problems with digital memcomputing machines journal February 2017
Perspective: Memcomputing: Leveraging memory and physics to compute efficiently journal May 2018
Forming and switching mechanisms of a cation-migration-based oxide resistive memory journal September 2010
Synaptic electronics: materials, devices and applications journal September 2013
Publisher’s Note: Superconducting Memristors [Phys. Rev. Applied2, 034011 (2014)] journal October 2014
Locality of interactions for planar memristive circuits journal November 2017
Metal Oxide-enabled Reconfigurable Memristive Threshold Logic Gates conference January 2018
K-means clustering in a memristive logic array conference July 2015
Memristor Circuits: Flux—Charge Analysis Method journal November 2016
Hierarchical Temporal Memory Using Memristor Networks: A Survey journal October 2018
Evidence of Exponential Speed-Up in the Solution of Hard Optimization Problems journal July 2018
Real-Time Computing Without Stable States: A New Framework for Neural Computation Based on Perturbations journal November 2002
Sparse Coding via Thresholding and Local Competition in Neural Circuits journal October 2008
Memristor Models for Machine Learning journal March 2015
Overview of emerging nonvolatile memory technologies journal January 2014
David Draper and E. I. George, and a rejoinder by the authors journal November 1999
Algorithmic Self-Assembly of DNA Sierpinski Triangles journal December 2004
A Memristor SPICE Model Accounting for Synaptic Activity Dependence journal March 2015
Hebbian and Anti-Hebbian Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity of Human Cortico-Cortical Connections journal June 2013
Guided self-organization journal January 2009
Trajectories Entropy in Dynamical Graphs with Memory journal April 2016
Asymptotic Behavior of Memristive Circuits journal August 2019
An analytical model of memristors in plants journal October 2014
Having Fun with Lambert W(x) Function preprint January 2010
Reliable SPICE Simulations of Memristors, Memcapacitors and Meminductors text January 2013
Scale-free networks as an epiphenomenon of memory text January 2013
Universal Memcomputing Machines text January 2014
Purely Mechanical Memristors: Perfect Massless Memory Resistors, the Missing Perfect Mass-Involving Memristor, and Massive Memristive Systems preprint January 2015
Emulating short-term synaptic dynamics with memristive devices preprint January 2015
A cross-disciplinary introduction to quantum annealing-based algorithms text January 2018
Nonlinear electrical conductivity in a 1D granular medium text January 2003
Emergent Criticality in Complex Turing B-Type Atomic Switch Networks journal October 2011
Field- and irradiation-induced phenomena in memristive nanomaterials journal October 2016
Nanoscale resistive switching in SrTiO3 thin films journal March 2007
Mathematical Theory of the Differential Analyzer journal April 1941
Adaptive networks using learning matrices journal February 1965
Die Lernmatrix journal January 1961
Synaptic behaviors and modeling of a metal oxide memristive device journal February 2011
Electrical conduction and Joule effect in one-dimensional chains of metallic beads: hysteresis under cycling DC currents and influence of electromagnetic pulses journal April 2010
Computing with biological switches and clocks journal June 2018
Realistic Hodgkin–Huxley Axons Using Stochastic Behavior of Memristors journal January 2016
Technological Exploration of RRAM Crossbar Array for Matrix-Vector Multiplication journal January 2016
Slime Mould Memristors journal November 2014
Erratum to: Slime Mould Memristors journal December 2014
Self-organized criticality journal February 1990
Optimal unsupervised learning in a single-layer linear feedforward neural network journal January 1989
Ant colonies for the travelling salesman problem journal July 1997
Memory materials: a unifying description journal December 2011
Phase change materials in non-volatile storage journal December 2011
Stochastic resonance and sensory information processing: a tutorial and review of application journal February 2004
Spin transfer torques journal April 2008
Brain-inspired computing with resistive switching memory (RRAM): Devices, synapses and neural networks journal April 2018
Self-directed channel memristor for high temperature operation journal January 2017
Hardware architecture for large parallel array of Random Feature Extractors applied to image recognition journal October 2017
Experimental demonstration of associative memory with memristive neural networks journal September 2010
Power laws and self-organized criticality in theory and nature journal March 2014
Self-Organized Criticality book January 2012
K -means Data Clustering with Memristor Networks journal June 2018
Dendritic Nanostructures of Silver:  Facile Synthesis, Structural Characterizations, and Sensing Applications journal May 2006
Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism journal November 2006
The missing memristor found journal May 2008
‘Memristive’ switches enable ‘stateful’ logic operations via material implication journal April 2010
Neural network computation with DNA strand displacement cascades journal July 2011
Chaotic dynamics in nanoscale NbO2 Mott memristors for analogue computing journal August 2017
Three-dimensional crossbar arrays of self-rectifying Si/SiO2/Si memristors journal June 2017
Nanobatteries in redox-based resistive switches require extension of memristor theory journal April 2013
Associative memory realized by a reconfigurable memristive Hopfield neural network journal June 2015
Nanoionics-based resistive switching memories journal November 2007
A scalable neuristor built with Mott memristors journal December 2012
Memristors with diffusive dynamics as synaptic emulators for neuromorphic computing journal September 2016
Computational principles of synaptic memory consolidation journal October 2016
Memristive switching mechanism for metal/oxide/metal nanodevices journal June 2008
Memristive devices for computing journal January 2013
Sparse coding with memristor networks journal May 2017
Optimization hardness as transient chaos in an analog approach to constraint satisfaction journal October 2011
The parallel approach journal April 2013
Solving mazes with memristors: a massively-parallel approach journal February 2011
The benefits of noise in neural systems: bridging theory and experiment journal June 2011
A memristive Hopfield network for associative memory journal July 2015
Temporal correlation detection using computational phase-change memory journal October 2017
Stateful characterization of resistive switching TiO2 with electron beam induced currents journal December 2017
Reservoir computing using dynamic memristors for temporal information processing journal December 2017
Efficient and self-adaptive in-situ learning in multilayer memristor neural networks journal June 2018
Equivalent-accuracy accelerated neural-network training using analogue memory journal June 2018
Vertex coloring of graphs via phase dynamics of coupled oscillatory networks journal April 2017
Pavlovian conditioning demonstrated with neuromorphic memristive devices journal April 2017
The case for rejecting the memristor as a fundamental circuit element journal July 2018
Data Clustering using Memristor Networks journal May 2015
The Missing Memristor has Not been Found journal June 2015
Emulating short-term synaptic dynamics with memristive devices journal January 2016
A neuromorphic systems approach to in-memory computing with non-ideal memristive devices: from mitigation to exploitation journal January 2019
Switching dynamics in titanium dioxide memristive devices journal October 2009
Sensory and short-term memory formations observed in a Ag 2 S gap-type atomic switch journal November 2011
A hybrid nanomemristor/transistor logic circuit capable of self-programming journal January 2009
Four-dimensional address topology for circuits with stacked multilayer crossbar arrays journal November 2009
Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. journal April 1982
Statistical models of fracture journal May 2006
A cross-disciplinary introduction to quantum annealing-based algorithms journal March 2018
The promise of analog computation journal May 2014
Thermodynamic-RAM technology stack journal February 2017
The mise en scéne of memristive networks: effective memory, dynamics and learning journal February 2017
Self-organized criticality journal September 1999
The elusive memristor: properties of basic electrical circuits journal May 2009
If it’s pinched it’s a memristor journal September 2014
On the physical properties of memristive, memcapacitive and meminductive systems journal May 2013
A theoretical and experimental study of neuromorphic atomic switch networks for reservoir computing journal September 2013
Non-linear memristor switching model journal October 2016
Quantum Theory, the Church-Turing Principle and the Universal Quantum Computer journal July 1985
When does a physical system compute?
  • Horsman, Clare; Stepney, Susan; Wagner, Rob C.
  • Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 470, Issue 2169 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0182
journal September 2014
Superconducting Memristors journal September 2014
Spin-current interaction with a monodomain magnetic body: A model study journal July 2000
Memristive model of amoeba learning journal August 2009
Electric currents in networks of interconnected memristors journal March 2011
Solving mazes with memristors: A massively parallel approach journal October 2011
Stochastic memory: Memory enhancement due to noise journal January 2012
Changing the state of a memristive system with white noise journal April 2013
Self-organization and solution of shortest-path optimization problems with memristive networks journal July 2013
Conducting-insulating transition in adiabatic memristive networks journal January 2017
Complex dynamics of memristive circuits: Analytical results and universal slow relaxation journal February 2017
Locality of interactions for planar memristive circuits journal November 2017
Amoebae Anticipate Periodic Events journal January 2008
Reversible Electrical Switching Phenomena in Disordered Structures journal November 1968
Shock Waves and Commutation Speed of Memristors journal March 2016
Anderson transitions journal October 2008
30 years of adaptive neural networks: perceptron, Madaline, and backpropagation journal January 1990
Neuromorphic electronic systems journal January 1990
An introduction to kernel-based learning algorithms journal March 2001
An Advection-Diffusion Model for the Vacancy Migration Memristor journal January 2016
SPICE modeling of memristors
  • Abdalla, Hisham; Pickett, Matthew D.
  • 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS.2011.5937942
conference May 2011
Mapping arbitrary mathematical functions and dynamical systems to neuromorphic VLSI circuits for spike-based neural computation conference June 2014
Metal Oxide-enabled Reconfigurable Memristive Threshold Logic Gates conference January 2018
Conditions and Emulation of Double Pinch-off Points in Fractional-order Memristor conference May 2018
Circuit Elements With Memory: Memristors, Memcapacitors, and Meminductors journal October 2009
Spintronic Memristor Through Spin-Torque-Induced Magnetization Motion journal March 2009
Volatility Characterization for RRAM Devices journal January 2017
A Taxonomy of General Purpose Approximate Computing Techniques journal March 2018
Computational Complexity and New Computing Approaches journal December 2016
Brains Are Made of Memristors journal April 2014
Current-controlled negative resistance in thin niobium oxide films journal January 1963
Memristive devices and systems journal January 1976
Why Are Memristor and Memistor Different Devices? journal November 2012
Memristor Circuits: Flux—Charge Analysis Method journal November 2016
Memristor-The missing circuit element journal January 1971
Voltage-Controlled Cycling Endurance of HfOx-Based Resistive-Switching Memory journal October 2015
Hierarchical Temporal Memory Using Memristor Networks: A Survey journal October 2018
Memristor-Based Multilayer Neural Networks With Online Gradient Descent Training journal October 2015
Universal Memcomputing Machines journal November 2015
Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo journal April 1952
Electrical conductivity in granular media and Branly’s coherer: A simple experiment journal April 2005
Memcomputing NP -complete problems in polynomial time using polynomial resources and collective states journal July 2015
Computing with neural circuits: a model journal August 1986
Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems journal November 1994
Nonlinear electrical conductivity in a 1D granular medium journal April 2004
Memristor Cellular Automata and Memristor Discrete-Time Cellular Neural Networks journal November 2009
Peierls Phase Transition journal September 1981
SUNDIALS: Suite of nonlinear and differential/algebraic equation solvers journal September 2005
Editor's Introduction: Stigmergy journal April 1999
Memristor Models for Machine Learning journal March 2015
Overview of emerging nonvolatile memory technologies journal January 2014
Scale-free networks as an epiphenomenon of memory journal January 2015
A mean-field model of memristive circuit interaction journal May 2018
Kernel methods in machine learning journal June 2008
Everything You Wish to Know About Memristors But Are Afraid to Ask journal June 2015
Reliable Modeling of Ideal Generic Memristors via State-Space Transformation journal June 2015
What Is Stochastic Resonance? Definitions, Misconceptions, Debates, and Its Relevance to Biology journal May 2009
Neuromorphic Atomic Switch Networks journal August 2012
AHaH Computing–From Metastable Switches to Attractors to Machine Learning journal February 2014
Quasi-Linear Vacancy Dynamics Modeling and Circuit Analysis of the Bipolar Memristor journal November 2014
Hebbian and Anti-Hebbian Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity of Human Cortico-Cortical Connections journal June 2013
Subcritical Hopf Bifurcation and Stochastic Resonance of Electrical Activities in Neuron under Electromagnetic Induction journal February 2018
Implementation of a spike-based perceptron learning rule using TiO2−x memristors journal October 2015
Self-organized criticality as a fundamental property of neural systems journal September 2014
Implementation of a spike-based perceptron learning rule using TiO2− x memristors text January 2015
Emulating short-term synaptic dynamics with memristive devices text January 2016
Memristors in plants journal February 2014
Anderson Transitions text January 2007
Power laws and Self-Organized Criticality in Theory and Nature text January 2013
Memristor models for machine learning text January 2014
Memcomputing NP-complete problems in polynomial time using polynomial resources and collective states text January 2014
Stateful characterization of resistive switching TiO2 with electron beam induced currents text January 2017
Locality of interactions for planar memristive circuits text January 2017
A mean-field model of memristive circuit interaction text January 2017
A neuromorphic systems approach to in-memory computing with non-ideal memristive devices: From mitigation to exploitation text January 2018
Electrical conductivity in granular media and Branly's coherer: A simple experiment text January 2004
Mapping arbitrary mathematical functions and dynamical systems to neuromorphic VLSI circuits for spike-based neural computation text January 2014
Implementation of a spike-based perceptron learning rule using TiO2-x memristors text January 2015
Emulating short-term synaptic dynamics with memristive devices text January 2016
Emulating short-term synaptic dynamics with memristive devices. dataset January 2015
Anderson transitions text January 2008
An introduction to the memristor – a valuable circuit element in bioelectricity and bioimpedance journal July 2019
Atomic switch networks as complex adaptive systems journal February 2018

Cited By (10)

Study of Quantized Hardware Deep Neural Networks Based on Resistive Switching Devices, Conventional versus Convolutional Approaches journal February 2021
Compensating Circuit to Reduce the Impact of Wire Resistance in a Memristor Crossbar-Based Perceptron Neural Network journal October 2019
Quantum Memristors in Frequency-Entangled Optical Fields text January 2019
Fully analog memristive circuits for optimization tasks: a comparison text January 2020
Learning by mistakes in memristor networks text January 2020
Reservoir Computing with Thin-film Ferromagnetic Devices preprint January 2021
Global minimization via classical tunneling assisted by collective force field formation text January 2021
Functional Oxides for Photoneuromorphic Engineering: Toward a Solar Brain journal June 2019
Electrical Properties of Magnetoactive Boron‐Organo‐Silicon Oxide Polymers journal January 2020
Measurement of the activation energies of oxygen ion diffusion in yttria stabilized zirconia by flicker noise spectroscopy journal June 2019

Similar Records

A Soft-Matter Biomolecular Memristor Synapse for Neuromorphic Systems
Conference · Fri Nov 30 23:00:00 EST 2018 · OSTI ID:1489557

Quantum memristors
Journal Article · Wed Jul 06 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Scientific Reports · OSTI ID:1312950

Quantum Memristors with Superconducting Circuits
Journal Article · Mon Feb 13 23:00:00 EST 2017 · Scientific Reports · OSTI ID:1362034