Structural insights into the recognition of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors by HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase: First crystal structures with reverse transcriptase and the active triphosphate forms of lamivudine and emtricitabine

Bertoletti, Nicole; Chan, Albert H.; Schinazi, Raymond F.; Yin, Y. Whitney; Anderson, Karen S.

doi:10.1002/pro.3681

Structural insights into the recognition of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors by HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase: First crystal structures with reverse transcriptase and the active triphosphate forms of lamivudine and emtricitabine

Journal Article · Tue Aug 06 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Protein Science

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3681· OSTI ID:1547084

^[1]; Chan, Albert H. ^[1]; Schinazi, Raymond F. ^[2]; Yin, Y. Whitney ^[3]; ^[4]

Department of Pharmacology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut
Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for AIDS Research Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston Texas, Sealy Center for Structural Biology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston Texas
Department of Pharmacology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry Yale University School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut

ABSTRACT

The retrovirus HIV‐1 has been a major health issue since its discovery in the early 80s. In 2017, over 37 million people were infected with HIV‐1, of which 1.8 million were new infections that year. Currently, the most successful treatment regimen is the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which consists of a combination of three to four of the current 26 FDA‐approved HIV‐1 drugs. Half of these drugs target the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme that is essential for viral replication. One class of RT inhibitors is nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), a crucial component of the HAART. Once incorporated into DNA, NRTIs function as a chain terminator to stop viral DNA replication. Unfortunately, treatment with NRTIs is sometimes linked to toxicity caused by off‐target side effects. NRTIs may also target the replicative human mitochondrial DNA polymerase (Pol γ), causing long‐term severe drug toxicity. The goal of this work is to understand the discrimination mechanism of different NRTI analogues by RT. Crystal structures and kinetic experiments are essential for the rational design of new molecules that are able to bind selectively to RT and not Pol γ. Structural comparison of NRTI‐binding modes with both RT and Pol γ enzymes highlights key amino acids that are responsible for the difference in affinity of these drugs to their targets. Therefore, the long‐term goal of this research is to develop safer, next generation therapeutics that can overcome off‐target toxicity.

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: NONE; SC0012704; AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1547084

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1558315
OSTI ID: 1688818

Journal Information:: Protein Science, Journal Name: Protein Science Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 28; ISSN 0961-8368

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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