Review of stability and thermal conductivity enhancements for salt hydrates

Kumar, Navin; Hirschey, Jason; Laclair, Tim; Gluesenkamp, Kyle R.; Graham Jr, Samuel

doi:10.1016/j.est.2019.100794

Review of stability and thermal conductivity enhancements for salt hydrates

Journal Article · Fri Jul 05 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Journal of Energy Storage

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.100794· OSTI ID:1546520

Kumar, Navin ^[1]; Hirschey, Jason ^[2]; ^[1]; ^[1]; Graham Jr, Samuel ^[2]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States)

Salt hydrates can be used as phase change materials for thermal energy storage. Critical technical challenges for their widespread deployment include poor cycling stability, large supercooling, and low thermal conductivity. Here in this work, numerous enhancement techniques are reviewed. Related to stability, numerous existing methods to characterize the number of thermal cycles are summarized. Following this, 11 techniques to mitigate phase separation (plus 9 studies on macro-, micro-, and nano-encapsulation types) are reviewed. For supercooling, 38 nucleator-salt hydrate combinations to minimize subcooling are reviewed. The empirically observed effect of isomorphism in minimizing subcooling is explored and discussed, with cross-study trends depicted for 38 nucleators across 9 salt hydrates. In addition, several studies reporting combined effects on stability and supercooling are presented. Related to thermal conductivity, 32 combinations of conductivity enhancement material and salt hydrate are reviewed. For those using graphite, the dependence of conductivity enhancement on graphite mass fraction is shown across numerous studies for different graphite types. The performance and stability of calcium chloride hexahydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate, and sodium acetate were explored and are discussed in-depth. Finally, the status of enhancement to salt hydrates is summarized, and remaining challenges are identified.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Building Technologies Office (EE-5B)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1546520

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1781262

Journal Information:: Journal of Energy Storage, Journal Name: Journal of Energy Storage Journal Issue: C Vol. 24; ISSN 2352-152X

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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