Characterizing quantum supremacy in near-term devices

Boixo, Sergio; Isakov, Sergei V.; Smelyanskiy, Vadim N.; Babbush, Ryan; Ding, Nan; Jiang, Zhang; Bremner, Michael J.; Martinis, John M.; Neven, Hartmut

doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0124-x

Title: Characterizing quantum supremacy in near-term devices

Journal Article · Mon Apr 23 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Nature Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-018-0124-x· OSTI ID:1543766

^[1]; Isakov, Sergei V. ^[2]; Smelyanskiy, Vadim N. ^[1]; Babbush, Ryan ^[1]; Ding, Nan ^[1]; Jiang, Zhang ^[3];

^[4]; Martinis, John M. ^[5]; Neven, Hartmut ^[1]

Google Inc., Venice, CA (United States)
Google Inc., Zurich (Switzerland)
NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA (United States); SGT Inc., Greenbelt, MD (United States)
Univ. of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW (Australia)
Google Inc., Santa Barbara, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)

A critical question for quantum computing in the near future is whether quantum devices without error correction can perform a well-defined computational task beyond the capabilities of supercomputers. Such a demonstration of what is referred to as quantum supremacy requires a reliable evaluation of the resources required to solve tasks with classical approaches. Here, we propose the task of sampling from the output distribution of random quantum circuits as a demonstration of quantum supremacy. We extend previous results in computational complexity to argue that this sampling task must take exponential time in a classical computer. We introduce cross-entropy benchmarking to obtain the experimental fidelity of complex multiqubit dynamics. This can be estimated and extrapolated to give a success metric for a quantum supremacy demonstration. We study the computational cost of relevant classical algorithms and conclude that quantum supremacy can be achieved with circuits in a two-dimensional lattice of 7 × 7 qubits and around 40 clock cycles. This requires an error rate of around 0.5% for two-qubit gates (0.05% for one-qubit gates), and it would demonstrate the basic building blocks for a fault-tolerant quantum computer.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC); Univ. of California, Oakland, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1543766

Journal Information:: Nature Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 6; ISSN 1745-2473

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group (NPG)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 519 works

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Universal Quantum Control through Deep Reinforcement Learning Niu, Murphy Yuezhen; Boixo, Sergio; Smelyanskiy, Vadim arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.01857	preprint	January 2018
Methods for Classically Simulating Noisy Networked Quantum Architectures Vankov, Iskren; Mills, Daniel; Wallden, Petros arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.04167	text	January 2018
Quantum approximate optimization with Gaussian boson sampling Arrazola, Juan Miguel; Bromley, Thomas R.; Rebentrost, Patrick arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.10731	text	January 2018
Towards Quantum Machine Learning with Tensor Networks Huggins, William; Patel, Piyush; Whaley, K. Birgitta arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.11537	text	January 2018
Quantum computational supremacy in the sampling of bosonic random walkers on a one-dimensional lattice Muraleedharan, Gopikrishnan; Miyake, Akimasa; Deutsch, Ivan H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1805.01858	text	January 2018
Untangling entanglement and chaos Kumari, Meenu; Ghose, Shohini arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.10545	text	January 2018
Substrate surface engineering for high-quality silicon/aluminum superconducting resonators Earnest, C. T.; Béjanin, J. H.; McConkey, T. G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.08072	text	January 2018
Simulation of quantum circuits by low-rank stabilizer decompositions Bravyi, Sergey; Browne, Dan; Calpin, Padraic arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.00128	text	January 2018
Entanglement Scaling in Quantum Advantage Benchmarks Biamonte, Jacob D.; Morales, Mauro E. S.; Koh, Dax Enshan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.00460	text	January 2018
Entangling an arbitrary pair of qubits in a long ion crystal Leung, Pak Hong; Brown, Kenneth R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.02555	text	January 2018
Learning and Inference on Generative Adversarial Quantum Circuits Zeng, Jinfeng; Wu, Yufeng; Liu, Jin-Guo arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.03425	text	January 2018
Estimating the Density of States of Frustrated Spin Systems Barash, Lev; Marshall, Jeffrey; Weigel, Martin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.04340	text	January 2018
Quantum computational chemistry McArdle, Sam; Endo, Suguru; Aspuru-Guzik, Alan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.10402	text	January 2018
Suppression of Qubit Crosstalk in a Tunable Coupling Superconducting Circuit Mundada, Pranav S.; Zhang, Gengyan; Hazard, Thomas arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1810.04182	text	January 2018
Validating quantum computers using randomized model circuits Cross, Andrew W.; Bishop, Lev S.; Sheldon, Sarah arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.12926	text	January 2018
Topology-dependent quantum dynamics and entanglement-dependent topological pumping in superconducting qubit chains Mei, Feng; Chen, Gang; Tian, Lin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1901.03220	text	January 2019
Predicting quantum advantage by quantum walk with convolutional neural networks Melnikov, Alexey A.; Fedichkin, Leonid E.; Alodjants, Alexander arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1901.10632	text	January 2019
Decoding quantum errors with subspace expansions McClean, Jarrod R.; Jiang, Zhang; Rubin, Nicholas C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.05786	text	January 2019
Critical behavior at the localization transition on random regular graphs Tikhonov, K. S.; Mirlin, A. D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.07877	text	January 2019
Variational Quantum Unsampling on a Quantum Photonic Processor Carolan, Jacques; Mohseni, Masoud; Olson, Jonathan P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.10463	text	January 2019
Anti-Zeno quantum advantage in fast-driven heat machines Mukherjee, Victor; Kofman, Abraham G.; Kurizki, Gershon arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.00665	text	January 2019
Quantum Chemistry as a Benchmark for Near-Term Quantum Computers McCaskey, Alexander J.; Parks, Zachary P.; Jakowski, Jacek arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.01534	preprint	January 2019
General-purpose quantum circuit simulator with Projected Entangled-Pair States and the quantum supremacy frontier Guo, Chu; Liu, Yong; Xiong, Min arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.08394	text	January 2019
Near-Term Quantum-Classical Associative Adversarial Networks Anschuetz, Eric R.; Zanoci, Cristian arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.13205	text	January 2019
High-dimensional quantum communication: benefits, progress, and future challenges Cozzolino, Daniele; Da Lio, Beatrice; Bacco, Davide arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.07220	text	January 2019
Quantum phase transition with inhomogeneous driving in the Lechner-Hauke-Zoller model Hartmann, Andreas; Lechner, Wolfgang Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6457426	journalarticle	January 2019
Averaged Circuit Eigenvalue Sampling Flammia, Steven T. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik https://doi.org/10.4230/lipics.tqc.2022.4	text	January 2022
Quantum Divide and Compute: Exploring the Effect of Different Noise Sources Ayral, Thomas; Régent, François-Marie Le; Saleem, Zain SN Computer Science, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00508-9	journal	March 2021
Low-cost quantum circuits for classically intractable instances of the Hamiltonian dynamics simulation problem Nam, Yunseong; Maslov, Dmitri npj Quantum Information, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-019-0152-0	journal	May 2019
Geometric quantum speed limits: a case for Wigner phase space Deffner, Sebastian New Journal of Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa83dc	journal	October 2017
Quantum advantage of unitary Clifford circuits with magic state inputs Yoganathan, Mithuna; Jozsa, Richard; Strelchuk, Sergii Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 475, Issue 2225 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0427	journal	May 2019
In situ characterization of linear-optical networks in randomized boson sampling Rahimi-Keshari, Saleh; Baghbanzadeh, Sima; Caves, Carlton M. Physical Review A, Vol. 101, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.101.043809	journal	April 2020
Implementing quantum algorithms on temporal photonic cluster states Su, Daiqin; Sabapathy, Krishna Kumar; Myers, Casey R. Physical Review A, Vol. 98, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.98.032316	journal	September 2018
Variational Inference with a Quantum Computer Benedetti, Marcello; Coyle, Brian; Fiorentini, Mattia Physical Review Applied, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.16.044057	journal	October 2021
Just Like the Real Thing: Fast Weak Simulation of Quantum Computation Hillmich, Stefan; Markov, Igor L.; Wille, Robert 2020 57th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) https://doi.org/10.1109/dac18072.2020.9218555	conference	July 2020
How to Efficiently Handle Complex Values? Implementing Decision Diagrams for Quantum Computing Zulehner, Alwin; Hillmich, Stefan; Wille, Robert 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD) https://doi.org/10.1109/iccad45719.2019.8942057	conference	November 2019
Quantum Supremacy Circuit Simulation on Sunway TaihuLight Li, Riling; Wu, Bujiao; Ying, Mingsheng IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 31, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2019.2947511	journal	April 2020
Robust quantum optimizer with full connectivity Nigg, Simon E.; Lörch, Niels; Tiwari, Rakesh P. Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602273	journal	April 2017
Optimized Compilation of Aggregated Instructions for Realistic Quantum Computers Shi, Yunong; Leung, Nelson; Gokhale, Pranav ASPLOS '19: Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems https://doi.org/10.1145/3297858.3304018	conference	April 2019
Extracting Success from IBM’s 20-Qubit Machines Using Error-Aware Compilation Nishio, Shin; Pan, Yulu; Satoh, Takahiko ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1145/3386162	journal	May 2020
Achieving quantum supremacy with sparse and noisy commuting quantum computations Bremner, Michael J.; Montanaro, Ashley; Shepherd, Dan J. Quantum, Vol. 1 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2017-04-25-8	journal	April 2017
Reinforcement Learning Using Quantum Boltzmann Machines Crawford, Daniel; Levit, Anna; Ghadermarzy, Navid arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1612.05695	text	January 2016
Architectures for quantum simulation showing a quantum speedup Bermejo-Vega, J.; Hangleiter, D.; Schwarz, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1703.00466	text	January 2017
0.5 Petabyte Simulation of a 45-Qubit Quantum Circuit Häner, Thomas; Steiger, Damian S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1704.01127	text	January 2017
No imminent quantum supremacy by boson sampling Neville, Alex; Sparrow, Chris; Clifford, Raphaël arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1705.00686	text	January 2017
A blueprint for demonstrating quantum supremacy with superconducting qubits Neill, C.; Roushan, P.; Kechedzhi, K. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1709.06678	text	January 2017
Verification of quantum computation: An overview of existing approaches Gheorghiu, Alexandru; Kapourniotis, Theodoros; Kashefi, Elham arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1709.06984	text	January 2017
Robust quantum state transfer via topological edge states in superconducting qubit chains Mei, Feng; Chen, Gang; Tian, Lin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.07751	text	January 2017
Why the Equifax Breach Should Not Have Mattered Lohstroh, Marten arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.00129	preprint	January 2018
Strawberry Fields: A Software Platform for Photonic Quantum Computing Killoran, Nathan; Izaac, Josh; Quesada, Nicolás arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1804.03159	text	January 2018
Quantum computing cryptography: Finding cryptographic Boolean functions with quantum annealing by a 2000 qubit D-wave quantum computer Hu, Feng; Lamata, Lucas; Sanz, Mikel arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.08706	text	January 2018
Benchmarking treewidth as a practical component of tensor-network--based quantum simulation Dumitrescu, Eugene F.; Fisher, Allison L.; Goodrich, Timothy D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.04599	text	January 2018
Validating Quantum-Classical Programming Models with Tensor Network Simulations McCaskey, Alexander; Dumitrescu, Eugene; Chen, Mengsu arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.07914	text	January 2018
Quantum Computational Supremacy Harrow, Aram W.; Montanaro, Ashley arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.07442	text	January 2018
Generalized Unitary Coupled Cluster Wavefunctions for Quantum Computation Lee, Joonho; Huggins, William J.; Head-Gordon, Martin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1810.02327	text	January 2018
Self-consistent tomography of temporally correlated errors Huo, Mingxia; Li, Ying arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.02734	preprint	January 2018
Sample complexity of device-independently certified "quantum supremacy" Hangleiter, Dominik; Kliesch, Martin; Eisert, Jens arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.01023	text	January 2018
QAOA for Max-Cut requires hundreds of qubits for quantum speed-up Guerreschi, G. G.; Matsuura, A. Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.07589	text	January 2018
Unitary designs from statistical mechanics in random quantum circuits Hunter-Jones, Nicholas arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.12053	preprint	January 2019
Anomalous Charge Noise in Superconducting Qubits Christensen, B. G.; Wilen, C. D.; Opremcak, A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.13712	text	January 2019
Quantum-inspired memory-enhanced stochastic algorithms Realpe-Gómez, John; Killoran, Nathan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.00263	preprint	January 2019
Closing gaps of a quantum advantage with short-time Hamiltonian dynamics Haferkamp, Jonas; Hangleiter, Dominik; Bouland, Adam arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.08069	text	January 2019
Scalable probes of measurement-induced criticality Gullans, Michael J.; Huse, David A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.00020	text	January 2019
Quantum supremacy in driven quantum many-body systems Tangpanitanon, Jirawat; Thanasilp, Supanut; Lemonde, Marc-Antoine arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2002.11946	text	January 2020
Practical verification protocols for analog quantum simulators Shaffer, Ryan; Megidish, Eli; Broz, Joseph arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2003.04500	text	January 2020
Intrinsic sign problems in topological quantum field theories Smith, Adam; Golan, Omri; Ringel, Zohar arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2005.05343	text	January 2020
Quantum Computation Bishnoi, Bhupesh arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.02799	preprint	January 2020
Efficient 2D Tensor Network Simulation of Quantum Systems Pang, Yuchen; Hao, Tianyi; Dugad, Annika arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.15234	preprint	January 2020
A CMOS-compatible Ising Machine with Bistable Nodes Afoakwa, Richard; Zhang, Yiqiao; Vengalam, Uday Kumar Reddy arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2007.06665	preprint	January 2020
Theory of quantum system certification: a tutorial Kliesch, Martin; Roth, Ingo arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2010.05925	text	January 2020
Simulation of Quantum Computing on Classical Supercomputers Zhao, Ya-Qian; Li, Ren-Gang; Jiang, Jin-Zhe arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2010.14962	text	January 2020
TILT: Achieving Higher Fidelity on a Trapped-Ion Linear-Tape Quantum Computing Architecture Wu, Xin-Chuan; Debroy, Dripto M.; Ding, Yongshan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2010.15876	preprint	January 2020
Power of data in quantum machine learning Huang, Hsin-Yuan; Broughton, Michael; Mohseni, Masoud arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2011.01938	text	January 2020
As Accurate as Needed, as Efficient as Possible: Approximations in DD-based Quantum Circuit Simulation Hillmich, Stefan; Kueng, Richard; Markov, Igor L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2012.05615	preprint	January 2020
Modelling and Simulating the Noisy Behaviour of Near-term Quantum Computers Georgopoulos, Konstantinos; Emary, Clive; Zuliani, Paolo arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.02109	text	January 2021
Statistical Analysis of Quantum Annealing Song, Xinyu; Wang, Yazhen; Wu, Shang arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.06854	preprint	January 2021
Classical simulation of lossy boson sampling using matrix product operators Oh, Changhun; Noh, Kyungjoo; Fefferman, Bill arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.11234	text	January 2021
Benchmarking Quantum Chemistry Computations with Variational, Imaginary Time Evolution, and Krylov Space Solver Algorithms Yeter-Aydeniz, Kübra; Gard, Bryan T.; Jakowski, Jacek arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.05511	preprint	January 2021
Classical simulation of bosonic linear-optical random circuits beyond linear light cone Oh, Changhun; Lim, Youngrong; Fefferman, Bill arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.10083	preprint	January 2021
Advances in Space Quantum Communications Sidhu, Jasminder S.; Joshi, Siddarth K.; Gundogan, Mustafa arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2103.12749	text	January 2021

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