Characterizing quantum supremacy in near-term devices

Boixo, Sergio; Isakov, Sergei V.; Smelyanskiy, Vadim N.; Babbush, Ryan; Ding, Nan; Jiang, Zhang; Bremner, Michael J.; Martinis, John M.; Neven, Hartmut

doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0124-x

Characterizing quantum supremacy in near-term devices

Journal Article · Sun Apr 22 20:00:00 EDT 2018 · Nature Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-018-0124-x· OSTI ID:1543766

^[1]; Isakov, Sergei V. ^[2]; Smelyanskiy, Vadim N. ^[1]; Babbush, Ryan ^[1]; Ding, Nan ^[1]; Jiang, Zhang ^[3]; ^[4]; Martinis, John M. ^[5]; Neven, Hartmut ^[1]

Google Inc., Venice, CA (United States)
Google Inc., Zurich (Switzerland)
NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA (United States); SGT Inc., Greenbelt, MD (United States)
Univ. of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW (Australia)
Google Inc., Santa Barbara, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)

A critical question for quantum computing in the near future is whether quantum devices without error correction can perform a well-defined computational task beyond the capabilities of supercomputers. Such a demonstration of what is referred to as quantum supremacy requires a reliable evaluation of the resources required to solve tasks with classical approaches. Here, we propose the task of sampling from the output distribution of random quantum circuits as a demonstration of quantum supremacy. We extend previous results in computational complexity to argue that this sampling task must take exponential time in a classical computer. We introduce cross-entropy benchmarking to obtain the experimental fidelity of complex multiqubit dynamics. This can be estimated and extrapolated to give a success metric for a quantum supremacy demonstration. We study the computational cost of relevant classical algorithms and conclude that quantum supremacy can be achieved with circuits in a two-dimensional lattice of 7 × 7 qubits and around 40 clock cycles. This requires an error rate of around 0.5% for two-qubit gates (0.05% for one-qubit gates), and it would demonstrate the basic building blocks for a fault-tolerant quantum computer.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC); Univ. of California, Oakland, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1543766

Journal Information:: Nature Physics, Journal Name: Nature Physics Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 14; ISSN 1745-2473

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group (NPG)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond Preskill, John Quantum, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79	journal	August 2018
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Strawberry Fields: A Software Platform for Photonic Quantum Computing Killoran, Nathan; Izaac, Josh; Quesada, Nicolás Quantum, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-03-11-129	journal	March 2019
A Quantum N-Queens Solver Torggler, Valentin; Aumann, Philipp; Ritsch, Helmut Quantum, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-06-03-149	journal	June 2019
Approximation Algorithms for Complex-Valued Ising Models on Bounded Degree Graphs Mann, Ryan L.; Bremner, Michael J. Quantum, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-07-11-162	journal	July 2019
Nonadaptive fault-tolerant verification of quantum supremacy with noise Kapourniotis, Theodoros; Datta, Animesh Quantum, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-07-12-164	journal	July 2019
Simulation of quantum circuits by low-rank stabilizer decompositions Bravyi, Sergey; Browne, Dan; Calpin, Padraic Quantum, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-09-02-181	journal	September 2019
Theory of variational quantum simulation Yuan, Xiao; Endo, Suguru; Zhao, Qi Quantum, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-10-07-191	journal	October 2019
Universal Quantum Control through Deep Reinforcement Learning Niu, Murphy Yuezhen; Boixo, Sergio; Smelyanskiy, Vadim N. AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-0954	conference	January 2019
A Proposal for Evading the Measurement Uncertainty in Classical and Quantum Computing: Application to a Resonant Tunneling Diode and a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Pandey, Devashish; Bellentani, Laura; Villani, Matteo Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/app9112300	journal	June 2019
qTorch: The Quantum Tensor Contraction Handler Fried, E. Schuyler; Sawaya, Nicolas P. D.; Cao, Yudong arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1709.03636	text	January 2017
Sampling and scrambling on a chain of superconducting qubits Geller, Michael R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.11026	text	January 2017
From estimation of quantum probabilities to simulation of quantum circuits Pashayan, Hakop; Bartlett, Stephen D.; Gross, David arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.02806	text	January 2017
Optimising Matrix Product State Simulations of Shor's Algorithm Dang, Aidan; Hill, Charles D.; Hollenberg, Lloyd C. L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.07311	text	January 2017
Classical simulation of photonic linear optics with lost particles Oszmaniec, Michał; Brod, Daniel J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.06166	text	January 2018
A Quantum N-Queens Solver Torggler, Valentin; Aumann, Philipp; Ritsch, Helmut arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.00735	text	January 2018
Universal Quantum Control through Deep Reinforcement Learning Niu, Murphy Yuezhen; Boixo, Sergio; Smelyanskiy, Vadim arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.01857	preprint	January 2018
Methods for Classically Simulating Noisy Networked Quantum Architectures Vankov, Iskren; Mills, Daniel; Wallden, Petros arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.04167	text	January 2018
Quantum approximate optimization with Gaussian boson sampling Arrazola, Juan Miguel; Bromley, Thomas R.; Rebentrost, Patrick arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.10731	text	January 2018
Towards Quantum Machine Learning with Tensor Networks Huggins, William; Patel, Piyush; Whaley, K. Birgitta arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.11537	text	January 2018
Quantum computational supremacy in the sampling of bosonic random walkers on a one-dimensional lattice Muraleedharan, Gopikrishnan; Miyake, Akimasa; Deutsch, Ivan H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1805.01858	text	January 2018
Untangling entanglement and chaos Kumari, Meenu; Ghose, Shohini arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.10545	text	January 2018
Substrate surface engineering for high-quality silicon/aluminum superconducting resonators Earnest, C. T.; Béjanin, J. H.; McConkey, T. G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.08072	text	January 2018
Simulation of quantum circuits by low-rank stabilizer decompositions Bravyi, Sergey; Browne, Dan; Calpin, Padraic arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.00128	text	January 2018
Entanglement Scaling in Quantum Advantage Benchmarks Biamonte, Jacob D.; Morales, Mauro E. S.; Koh, Dax Enshan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.00460	text	January 2018
Entangling an arbitrary pair of qubits in a long ion crystal Leung, Pak Hong; Brown, Kenneth R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.02555	text	January 2018
Learning and Inference on Generative Adversarial Quantum Circuits Zeng, Jinfeng; Wu, Yufeng; Liu, Jin-Guo arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.03425	text	January 2018
Estimating the Density of States of Frustrated Spin Systems Barash, Lev; Marshall, Jeffrey; Weigel, Martin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.04340	text	January 2018
Quantum computational chemistry McArdle, Sam; Endo, Suguru; Aspuru-Guzik, Alan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.10402	text	January 2018
Suppression of Qubit Crosstalk in a Tunable Coupling Superconducting Circuit Mundada, Pranav S.; Zhang, Gengyan; Hazard, Thomas arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1810.04182	text	January 2018
Validating quantum computers using randomized model circuits Cross, Andrew W.; Bishop, Lev S.; Sheldon, Sarah arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.12926	text	January 2018
Topology-dependent quantum dynamics and entanglement-dependent topological pumping in superconducting qubit chains Mei, Feng; Chen, Gang; Tian, Lin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1901.03220	text	January 2019
Predicting quantum advantage by quantum walk with convolutional neural networks Melnikov, Alexey A.; Fedichkin, Leonid E.; Alodjants, Alexander arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1901.10632	text	January 2019
Critical behavior at the localization transition on random regular graphs Tikhonov, K. S.; Mirlin, A. D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.07877	text	January 2019
Variational Quantum Unsampling on a Quantum Photonic Processor Carolan, Jacques; Mohseni, Masoud; Olson, Jonathan P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.10463	text	January 2019
Anti-Zeno quantum advantage in fast-driven heat machines Mukherjee, Victor; Kofman, Abraham G.; Kurizki, Gershon arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.00665	text	January 2019
Quantum Chemistry as a Benchmark for Near-Term Quantum Computers McCaskey, Alexander J.; Parks, Zachary P.; Jakowski, Jacek arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.01534	preprint	January 2019
General-purpose quantum circuit simulator with Projected Entangled-Pair States and the quantum supremacy frontier Guo, Chu; Liu, Yong; Xiong, Min arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.08394	text	January 2019
Near-Term Quantum-Classical Associative Adversarial Networks Anschuetz, Eric R.; Zanoci, Cristian arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.13205	text	January 2019
Quantum phase transition with inhomogeneous driving in the Lechner-Hauke-Zoller model Hartmann, Andreas; Lechner, Wolfgang Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6457426	journalarticle	January 2019

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