Skip to main content
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Coupled LiPF6 Decomposition and Carbonate Dehydrogenation Enhanced by Highly Covalent Metal Oxides in High-Energy Li-Ion Batteries

Journal Article · · Journal of Physical Chemistry. C
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [3];  [3];  [4];  [1]
  1. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
  2. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); Yamaguchi Univ., Ube (Japan)
  3. BMW Group, München (Germany)
  4. BMW Group Technology Office, Mountain View, CA (United States)

The (electro)chemical reactions between positive electrodes and electrolytes are not well understood. In this work, we examined the oxidation of a LiPF6-based electrolyte with ethylene carbonate (EC) with layered lithium nickel, manganese, and cobalt oxides (NMC). Density functional theory calculations showed that the driving force for EC dehydrogenation on oxides, yielding surface protic species, increased with greater Ni content in NMC. Ex situ infrared and Raman spectroscopy revealed experimental evidence for EC dehydrogenation on charged NMC surfaces. Protic species on charged NMC surfaces from EC dehydrogenation could further react with LiPF6 to generate less-coordinated F species such as PF3O-like and lithium nickel oxyfluoride species on charged NMC particles and HF and PF2O2 in the electrolyte. Larger degree of salt decomposition was coupled with increasing EC dehydrogenation on charged NMC with increasing Ni or lithium deintercalation. Lastly, an oxide-mediated chemical oxidation of electrolytes was proposed, providing new insights in stabilizing high-energy positive electrodes and improving Li-ion battery cycle life.

Research Organization:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC); Univ. of California, Oakland, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-05CH11231
OSTI ID:
1543653
Journal Information:
Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Journal Name: Journal of Physical Chemistry. C Journal Issue: 48 Vol. 122; ISSN 1932-7447
Publisher:
American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (117)

A Novel Cathode Material with a Concentration-Gradient for High-Energy and Safe Lithium-Ion Batteries journal February 2010
Microstructure Evolution of Concentration Gradient Li[Ni 0.75 Co 0.10 Mn 0.15 ]O 2 Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries journal May 2018
Structural and Electrochemical Study of Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 Coated Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Mn 0.54 Co 0.13 O 2 Cathode Material Using ALD journal June 2013
Nickel-Rich Layered Lithium Transition-Metal Oxide for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries journal March 2015
Surface analysis by Auger and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. D. Briggs and J. T. Grant (eds). IMPublications, Chichester, UK and SurfaceSpectra, Manchester, UK, 2003. 900 pp., ISBN 1-901019-04-7, 900 pp journal January 2004
In Situ Structural and Electrochemical Study of Ni1−xCoxO2 Metastable Oxides Prepared by Soft Chemistry journal October 1999
Direct evidence of oxygen evolution from Li1+x (Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)1−x O2 at high potentials journal February 2008
Ion chromatographic determination of hydrolysis products of hexafluorophosphate salts in aqueous solution journal February 2012
Artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) for improved cycleability and safety of lithium–ion cells for EV applications journal September 2009
Effect of AlF3 coating amount on high voltage cycling performance of LiCoO2 journal December 2007
High-voltage performance of concentration-gradient Li[Ni0.67Co0.15Mn0.18]O2 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries journal December 2010
Comparing anode and cathode electrode/electrolyte interface composition and morphology using soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy journal May 2013
Ex situ and in situ Raman microscopic investigation of the differences between stoichiometric LiMO2 and high-energy xLi2MnO3·(1–x)LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn) journal June 2014
Influence of Battery Cell Components and Water on the Thermal and Chemical Stability of LiPF6 Based Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes journal December 2016
Study of full concentration-gradient Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 cathode material for lithium ion batteries journal November 2014
TEM and Raman spectroscopy evidence of layered to spinel phase transformation in layered LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 upon cycling to higher voltages journal November 2014
Comparison of Al2O3- and AlPO4-coated LiCoO2 cathode materials for a Li-ion cell journal August 2005
Nanoparticulate coatings for enhanced cyclability of LiCoO2 cathodes journal August 2005
Thermal stability of LiPF6 salt and Li-ion battery electrolytes containing LiPF6 journal October 2006
Review on electrode–electrolyte solution interactions, related to cathode materials for Li-ion batteries journal March 2007
Surface film formation on electrodes in a LiCoO2/graphite cell: A step by step XPS study journal December 2007
How dynamic is the SEI? journal December 2007
Synthesis and electrochemical properties of Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 cathode material: Ex situ structural analysis by Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction at various stages of charge–discharge process journal September 2008
Comparison of the structural and electrochemical properties of layered Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.85) cathode material for lithium-ion batteries journal July 2013
A systematic study of well-known electrolyte additives in LiCoO2/graphite pouch cells journal April 2014
Evaluation of phenyl carbonates as electrolyte additives in lithium-ion batteries journal August 2015
A study of methyl phenyl carbonate and diphenyl carbonate as electrolyte additives for high voltage LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 /graphite pouch cells journal June 2016
Influence of electrolyte additives on the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) formation on LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 in half cells with Li metal counter electrode journal October 2016
The high-temperature and high-humidity storage behaviors and electrochemical degradation mechanism of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material for lithium ion batteries journal September 2017
Lithium ion batteries (NMC/graphite) cycling at 80 °C: Different electrolytes and related degradation mechanism journal January 2018
Toward a stable solid-electrolyte-interfaces on nickel-rich cathodes: LiPO 2 F 2 salt-type additive and its working mechanism for LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.25 Co 0.25 O 2 cathodes journal March 2018
Singlet oxygen evolution from layered transition metal oxide cathode materials and its implications for lithium-ion batteries journal October 2018
On the capacity fading of LiCoO2 intercalation electrodes: journal October 2002
The study of the anodic stability of alkyl carbonate solutions by in situ FTIR spectroscopy, EQCM, NMR and MS journal February 2001
XPS analysis of new lithium cobalt oxide thin-films before and after lithium deintercalation journal March 2001
Raman scattering of LiNi1−yAlyO2 journal May 2002
New insights into the interactions between electrode materials and electrolyte solutions for advanced nonaqueous batteries journal September 1999
Modeling Insight into Battery Electrolyte Electrochemical Stability and Interfacial Structure journal November 2017
Using Real-Time Electron Microscopy To Explore the Effects of Transition-Metal Composition on the Local Thermal Stability in Charged Li x Ni y Mn z Co 1– yz O 2 Cathode Materials journal May 2015
Effect of Al 2 O 3 Coating on Stabilizing LiNi 0.4 Mn 0.4 Co 0.2 O 2 Cathodes journal August 2015
LiTDI: A Highly Efficient Additive for Electrolyte Stabilization in Lithium-Ion Batteries journal February 2017
Singlet Oxygen Reactivity with Carbonate Solvents Used for Li-Ion Battery Electrolytes journal October 2018
Oxidation of Ethylene Carbonate on Li Metal Oxide Surfaces journal April 2018
Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in Li-Ion Batteries: Current Understanding and New Insights journal October 2015
Chemical Reactivity Descriptor for the Oxide-Electrolyte Interface in Li-Ion Batteries journal August 2017
Chemical versus Electrochemical Electrolyte Oxidation on NMC111, NMC622, NMC811, LNMO, and Conductive Carbon journal September 2017
Understanding the Role of Temperature and Cathode Composition on Interface and Bulk: Optimizing Aluminum Oxide Coatings for Li-Ion Cathodes journal April 2017
Ab Initio Modeling of Electrolyte Molecule Ethylene Carbonate Decomposition Reaction on Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O 2 Cathode Surface journal June 2017
From Coating to Dopant: How the Transition Metal Composition Affects Alumina Coatings on Ni-Rich Cathodes journal November 2017
Structural Changes and Thermal Stability of Charged LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 Cathode Materials Studied by Combined In Situ Time-Resolved XRD and Mass Spectroscopy journal December 2014
Thermal Stability of Lithium Nickel Oxide Derivatives. Part II:  Li x Ni 0.70 Co 0.15 Al 0.15 O 2 and Li x Ni 0.90 Mn 0.10 O 2 ( x = 0.50 and 0.30). Comparison with Li x Ni 1.02 O 2 and Li x Ni 0.89 Al 0.16 O 2 journal November 2003
Synthesis of Spherical Nano- to Microscale Core−Shell Particles Li[(Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 ) 1 - x (Ni 0.5 Mn 0.5 ) x ]O 2 and Their Applications to Lithium Batteries journal October 2006
Microstructure of LiCoO 2 with and without “AlPO 4 ” Nanoparticle Coating:  Combined STEM and XPS Studies journal November 2007
Thermal Instability of Cycled Li x Ni 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 Electrodes: An in Situ Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction Study journal August 2008
Probing the Origin of Enhanced Stability of “AlPO4” Nanoparticle Coated LiCoO2 during Cycling to High Voltages: Combined XRD and XPS Studies journal October 2009
Tailoring the Morphology of LiCoO 2 : A First Principles Study journal August 2009
Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries journal February 2010
Synthesis and Characterization of Li[(Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 ) 0.8 (Ni 0.5 Mn 0.5 ) 0.2 ]O 2 with the Microscale Core−Shell Structure as the Positive Electrode Material for Lithium Batteries journal September 2005
Novel Core−Shell-Structured Li[(Ni 0.8 Co 0.2 ) 0.8 (Ni 0.5 Mn 0.5 ) 0.2 ]O 2 via Coprecipitation as Positive Electrode Material for Lithium Secondary Batteries journal April 2006
Density Functional Theory Study of the Role of Anions on the Oxidative Decomposition Reaction of Propylene Carbonate journal December 2011
Enhanced Cycleabity in Lithium Ion Batteries: Resulting from Atomic Layer Depostion of Al 2 O 3 or TiO 2 on LiCoO 2 Electrodes journal March 2012
First-Principles Modeling of the Initial Stages of Organic Solvent Decomposition on Li x Mn 2 O 4 (100) Surfaces journal April 2012
Theoretical Investigations on Oxidative Stability of Solvents and Oxidative Decomposition Mechanism of Ethylene Carbonate for Lithium Ion Battery Use journal December 2009
Work Functions and Surface Functional Groups of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes journal September 1999
Activating lattice oxygen redox reactions in metal oxides to catalyse oxygen evolution journal January 2017
High-throughput computational design of cathode coatings for Li-ion batteries journal December 2016
High-energy cathode material for long-life and safe lithium batteries journal March 2009
Nanoscale structural oscillations in perovskite oxides induced by oxygen evolution journal October 2016
Systematic XPS studies of metal oxides, hydroxides and peroxides journal January 2000
A novel concentration-gradient Li[Ni0.83Co0.07Mn0.10]O2 cathode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries journal January 2011
Prediction of solid oxide fuel cell cathode activity with first-principles descriptors journal January 2011
The role of the Auger parameter in XPS studies of nickel metal, halides and oxides journal January 2012
Oxidation induced decomposition of ethylene carbonate from DFT calculations – importance of explicitly treating surrounding solvent journal January 2012
Surface strontium enrichment on highly active perovskites for oxygen electrocatalysis in solid oxide fuel cells journal January 2012
Electrochemical properties of nanosized Li-rich layered oxide as positive electrode materials for Li-Ion batteries journal January 2013
Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic studies of mesoporous silica grafted Ni( ii ) and Cu( ii ) complexes journal January 2015
Electrolyte additives for lithium ion battery electrodes: progress and perspectives journal January 2016
X-ray photoelectron-spectroscopic studies of carbon-fibre surfaces. Part 5.—The effect of pH on surface oxidation
  • Kozlowski, Carol; Sherwood, Peter M. A.
  • Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases, Vol. 81, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/f19858102745
journal January 1985
Determination of the mechanism and extent of surface degradation in Ni-based cathode materials after repeated electrochemical cycling journal September 2016
First-principles calculations of the electronic structure and spectra of strongly correlated systems: the LDA + U method journal January 1997
Towards high throughput screening of electrochemical stability of battery electrolytes journal August 2015
Ab initiomolecular dynamics for liquid metals journal January 1993
Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set journal October 1996
Ab initio study of lithium intercalation in metal oxides and metal dichalcogenides journal July 1997
Electron-energy-loss spectra and the structural stability of nickel oxide: An LSDA+U study journal January 1998
Chemical, structural, and transport properties of Na 1 − x CoO 2 journal August 2003
Oxidation energies of transition metal oxides within the GGA + U framework journal May 2006
Ab initio energetics of La B O 3 ( 001 ) ( B = Mn , Fe, Co, and Ni) for solid oxide fuel cell cathodes journal December 2009
Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple journal October 1996
XSEDE: Accelerating Scientific Discovery journal September 2014
Toward Reliable Values of Electrochemical Stability Limits for Electrolytes journal January 1999
The Study of Surface Phenomena Related to Electrochemical Lithium Intercalation into Li[sub x]MO[sub y] Host Materials (M = Ni, Mn) journal January 2000
Effect of AlPO[sub 4]-Nanoparticle Coating Concentration on High-Cutoff-Voltage Electrochemical Performances in LiCoO[sub 2] journal January 2004
The Impact of Co[sup 2+] Ions in Solutions on the Performance of LiCoO[sub 2], Li, and Lithiated Graphite Electrodes journal January 2004
Annealing-Temperature Effect on Various Cutoff-Voltage Electrochemical Performances in AlPO[sub 4]-Nanoparticle-Coated LiCoO[sub 2] journal January 2005
XPS Study on Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]- and AlPO[sub 4]-Coated LiCoO[sub 2] Cathode Material for High-Capacity Li Ion Batteries journal January 2007
Precision Measurements of the Coulombic Efficiency of Lithium-Ion Batteries and of Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries journal January 2010
Oxygen Release and Its Effect on the Cycling Stability of LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 (NMC) Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries journal January 2017
Crystal Surface and State of Charge Dependencies of Electrolyte Decomposition on LiMn 2 O 4 Cathode journal January 2014
Special Synergy between Electrolyte Additives and Positive Electrode Surface Coating to Enhance the Performance of Li[Ni 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 ]O 2 /Graphite Cells journal January 2016
Differential Thermal Analysis of Li-Ion Cells as an Effective Probe of Liquid Electrolyte Evolution during Aging journal January 2015
Measuring Oxygen Release from Delithiated LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2 and Its Effects on the Performance of High Voltage Li-Ion Cells journal January 2017
Studies of the Effect of Varying Vinylene Carbonate (VC) Content in Lithium Ion Cells on Cycling Performance and Cell Impedance journal January 2013
Review—Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges for Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes: I. Nickel-Rich, LiNi journal December 2016
Raman Microscopy of Lithium-Manganese-Rich Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes journal November 2014
LiPO 2 F 2 as an Electrolyte Additive in Li[Ni 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 ]O 2 /Graphite Pouch Cells journal January 2018
Effect of Ambient Storage on the Degradation of Ni-Rich Positive Electrode Materials (NMC811) for Li-Ion Batteries journal January 2018
Probing Surface Chemistry Changes Using LiCoO 2 -only Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries journal January 2018
The Effect of Some Nitriles as Electrolyte Additives in Li-Ion Batteries journal December 2014
The Impact of Electrolyte Additives and Upper Cut-off Voltage on the Formation of a Rocksalt Surface Layer in LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 Electrodes journal January 2017
Combinations of LiPO 2 F 2 and Other Electrolyte Additives in Li[Ni 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 ]O 2 /Graphite Pouch Cells journal January 2018
A New Method for Determining the Concentration of Electrolyte Components in Lithium-Ion Cells, Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Machine Learning journal January 2018
Editors' Choice—Growth of Ambient Induced Surface Impurity Species on Layered Positive Electrode Materials and Impact on Electrochemical Performance journal January 2017
Decomposition of LiPF 6 in High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries Studied with Online Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry journal January 2016
Study of the Failure Mechanisms of LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries journal January 2015
Improving the High Voltage Cycling of Li[Ni 0.42 Mn 0.42 Co 0.16 ]O 2 (NMC442)/Graphite Pouch Cells Using Electrolyte Additives journal January 2014
Electrode/Electrolyte Interface Studies in Lithium Batteries Using NMR journal January 2011

Cited By (7)

A fast and stable Li metal anode incorporating an Mo 6 S 8 artificial interphase with super Li-ion conductivity journal January 2019
Kerr gated Raman spectroscopy of LiPF 6 salt and LiPF 6 -based organic carbonate electrolyte for Li-ion batteries journal January 2019
Revealing electrolyte oxidation via carbonate dehydrogenation on Ni-based oxides in Li-ion batteries by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy journal January 2020
The Effect of Electrode-Electrolyte Interface on the Electrochemical Impedance Spectra for Positive Electrode in Li-Ion Battery journal November 2018
Corrosion/Passivation Behavior of Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes and Its Impact on the Li-Ion Battery Performance journal January 2019
Editors' Choice—Coating-Dependent Electrode-Electrolyte Interface for Ni-Rich Positive Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries journal January 2019
Understanding Electrolyte Decomposition of Graphite/NCM811 Cells at Elevated Operating Voltage journal January 2019