Dynamic behavior of nanoscale liquids in graphene liquid cells revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy

Yang, Jiwoong; Alam, Sardar B.; Yu, Lei; Chan, Emory; Zheng, Haimei

doi:10.1016/j.micron.2018.09.009

Dynamic behavior of nanoscale liquids in graphene liquid cells revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy

Journal Article · Tue Sep 17 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Micron

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2018.09.009· OSTI ID:1542350

Yang, Jiwoong ^[1]; Alam, Sardar B. ^[1]; Yu, Lei ^[2]; Chan, Emory ^[3]; Zheng, Haimei ^[2]

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Materials Sciences Division
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Materials Sciences Division; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Molecular Foundry

Recent advances in graphene liquid cells for in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have opened many opportunities for the study of materials transformations and chemical reactions in liquids with high spatial resolution. However, the behavior of thin liquids encapsulated in a graphene liquid cell has not been fully understood. Here, we report real time TEM imaging of the nanoscale dynamic behavior of liquids in graphene nanocapillaries. Our observations reveal that the interfaces between liquid and gas bubble can fluctuate, leading to the generation of liquid nanodroplets near the interfaces. Liquid nanodroplets often show irregular shape with dynamic changes of their configuration under the electron beam. We consider that the dynamic motion of liquid-gas interfaces might be introduced by the electrostatic energy from transiently charged interfaces. We find that improving the wettability of graphene liquid cells by ultraviolet-ozone treatment can significantly modify the dynamic motion of the encapsulated liquids. Our study provides valuable information of the interactions between liquid and graphene under the electron beam, and it also offers key insights on the nanoscale fluid dynamics in confined spaces.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1542350

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1636688

Journal Information:: Micron, Journal Name: Micron Journal Issue: C Vol. 116; ISSN 0968-4328

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (77)

Thermally Controlled, Patterned Graphene Transfer Printing for Transparent and Wearable Electronic/Optoelectronic System Choi, Moon Kee; Park, Inhyuk; Kim, Dong Chan Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201502956	journal	October 2015
A snake-based approach to accurate determination of both contact points and contact angles Stalder, A. F.; Kulik, G.; Sage, D. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 286, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.03.008	journal	September 2006
Self-organized growth and self-assembly of nanostructures on 2D materials Yang, Jiwoong; Kim, Kihwan; Lee, Yangjin FlatChem, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2017.07.004	journal	October 2017
Probing the oxidative etching induced dissolution of palladium nanocrystals in solution by liquid cell transmission electron microscopy Jiang, Yingying; Zhu, Guomin; Dong, Ganxing Micron, Vol. 97 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2017.03.003	journal	June 2017
Temperature distribution of wedge-shaped specimen in TEM Chen, Lu; Wang, Yong; Zhang, Ze Micron, Vol. 110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2018.04.007	journal	July 2018
A literature review of in situ transmission electron microscopy technique in corrosion studies Song, Zhengwei; Xie, Zhi-Hui Micron, Vol. 112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2018.04.011	journal	September 2018
Raman spectroscopy in graphene Malard, L. M.; Pimenta, M. A.; Dresselhaus, G. Physics Reports, Vol. 473, Issue 5-6, p. 51-87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2009.02.003	journal	April 2009
Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron–phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects Ferrari, Andrea C. Solid State Communications, Vol. 143, Issue 1-2, p. 47-57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2007.03.052	journal	July 2007
Theory of the spatial resolution of (scanning) transmission electron microscopy in liquid water or ice layers de Jonge, Niels Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.01.007	journal	April 2018
In Situ Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in Liquids Holtz, Megan E.; Yu, Yingchao; Gao, Jie Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927613001505	journal	May 2013
Nucleation Dynamics of Water Nanodroplets Bhattacharya, Dipanjan; Bosman, Michel; Mokkapati, Venkata R. S. S. Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927614000476	journal	March 2014
Quantifying the Self-Assembly Behavior of Anisotropic Nanoparticles Using Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy Luo, Binbin; Smith, John W.; Ou, Zihao Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 50, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00048	journal	April 2017
Direct Observation of Interactions between Nanoparticles and Nanoparticle Self-Assembly in Solution Tan, Shu Fen; Chee, See Wee; Lin, Guanhua Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 50, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00063	journal	May 2017
Visualization of Colloidal Nanocrystal Formation and Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces in Liquids Using TEM Zeng, Zhiyuan; Zheng, Wenjing; Zheng, Haimei Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 50, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00161	journal	July 2017
Reversible Hydrophobicity–Hydrophilicity Transition Modulated by Surface Curvature Zhu, Zhi; Guo, HongKai; Jiang, XianKai The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00749	journal	April 2018
Charge Induced Dynamics of Water in a Graphene–Mica Slit Pore Dollekamp, Edwin; Bampoulis, Pantelis; Faasen, Daniël P. Langmuir, Vol. 33, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02759	journal	August 2017
Direct Observation of Wet Biological Samples by Graphene Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy Park, Jungwon; Park, Hyesung; Ercius, Peter Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01636	journal	June 2015
Multilayer Nanoporous Graphene Membranes for Water Desalination Cohen-Tanugi, David; Lin, Li-Chiang; Grossman, Jeffrey C. Nano Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04089	journal	January 2016
Tracking Nanoparticle Diffusion and Interaction during Self-Assembly in a Liquid Cell Powers, Alexander S.; Liao, Hong-Gang; Raja, Shilpa N. Nano Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02972	journal	December 2016
The Use of Graphene and Its Derivatives for Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy of Radiation-Sensitive Specimens Cho, Hoduk; Jones, Matthew R.; Nguyen, Son C. Nano Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04383	journal	December 2016
Nanometer Resolution Elemental Mapping in Graphene-Based TEM Liquid Cells Kelly, Daniel J.; Zhou, Mingwei; Clark, Nick Nano Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04713	journal	January 2018
Strategies for Preparing Graphene Liquid Cells for Transmission Electron Microscopy Textor, Martin; de Jonge, Niels Nano Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01366	journal	May 2018
All Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of MoS ₂ :h-BN Vertical van der Waals Heterostructures Wang, Shanshan; Wang, Xiaochen; Warner, Jamie H. ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b00655	journal	April 2015
Highly Efficient Copper–Indium–Selenide Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Suppression of Carrier Recombination by Controlled ZnS Overlayers Kim, Jae-Yup; Yang, Jiwoong; Yu, Jung Ho ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b04917	journal	October 2015
Graphene Liquid Enclosure for Single-Molecule Analysis of Membrane Proteins in Whole Cells Using Electron Microscopy Dahmke, Indra N.; Verch, Andreas; Hermannsdörfer, Justus ACS Nano, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b05258	journal	September 2017
Coexistence of Multilayered Phases of Confined Water: The Importance of Flexible Confining Surfaces Ruiz Pestana, Luis; Felberg, Lisa E.; Head-Gordon, Teresa ACS Nano, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b06805	journal	January 2018
Two-Dimensional Material Confined Water Li, Qiang; Song, Jie; Besenbacher, Flemming Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 48, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar500306w	journal	December 2014
Water Confined in Nanotubes and between Graphene Sheets: A First Principle Study Cicero, Giancarlo; Grossman, Jeffrey C.; Schwegler, Eric Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja074418+	journal	January 2008
In Situ Electron Microscopy of Plasmon-Mediated Nanocrystal Synthesis Sutter, P.; Li, Y.; Argyropoulos, C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b03668	journal	May 2017
Electron–Water Interactions and Implications for Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy Schneider, Nicholas M.; Norton, Michael M.; Mendel, Brian J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp507400n	journal	September 2014
Simple Theory of "Stick-Slip" Wetting Hysteresis Shanahan, Martin E. R. Langmuir, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/la00003a057	journal	March 1995
Wettability and Surface Free Energy of Graphene Films Wang, Shiren; Zhang, Yue; Abidi, Noureddine Langmuir, Vol. 25, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/la901402f	journal	September 2009
Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene Balandin, Alexander A.; Ghosh, Suchismita; Bao, Wenzhong Nano Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 3, p. 902-907 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0731872	journal	March 2008
3D Motion of DNA-Au Nanoconjugates in Graphene Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy Chen, Qian; Smith, Jessica M.; Park, Jungwon Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl402694n	journal	August 2013
Demonstration of an Electrochemical Liquid Cell for Operando Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of the Lithiation/Delithiation Behavior of Si Nanowire Battery Anodes Gu, Meng; Parent, Lucas R.; Mehdi, B. Layla Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl403402q	journal	November 2013
Revealing Bismuth Oxide Hollow Nanoparticle Formation by the Kirkendall Effect Niu, Kai-Yang; Park, Jungwon; Zheng, Haimei Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl4035362	journal	October 2013
Bubble and Pattern Formation in Liquid Induced by an Electron Beam Grogan, Joseph M.; Schneider, Nicholas M.; Ross, Frances M. Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl404169a	journal	December 2013
Probing the Degradation Mechanisms in Electrolyte Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries by in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Abellan, Patricia; Mehdi, B. Layla; Parent, Lucas R. Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl404271k	journal	February 2014
Direct in Situ Determination of the Mechanisms Controlling Nanoparticle Nucleation and Growth Woehl, Taylor J.; Evans, James E.; Arslan, Ilke ACS Nano, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn303371y	journal	September 2012
Making Graphene Holey . Gold-Nanoparticle-Mediated Hydroxyl Radical Attack on Reduced Graphene Oxide Radich, James G.; Kamat, Prashant V. ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn401794k	journal	May 2013
Nonclassical nucleation and growth of inorganic nanoparticles Lee, Jisoo; Yang, Jiwoong; Kwon, Soon Gu Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.34	journal	June 2016
Investigating materials formation with liquid-phase and cryogenic TEM De Yoreo, J. J.; N. A. J. M., Sommerdijk Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.35	journal	June 2016
Van der Waals heterostructures Geim, A. K.; Grigorieva, I. V. Nature, Vol. 499, Issue 7459, p. 419-425 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12385	journal	July 2013
Square ice in graphene nanocapillaries Algara-Siller, G.; Lehtinen, O.; Wang, F. C. Nature, Vol. 519, Issue 7544 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14295	journal	March 2015
The observation of square ice in graphene questioned Zhou, Wu; Yin, Kuibo; Wang, Canhui Nature, Vol. 528, Issue 7583 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16145	journal	December 2015
Multistep nucleation of nanocrystals in aqueous solution Loh, N. Duane; Sen, Soumyo; Bosman, Michel Nature Chemistry, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2618	journal	October 2016
Electrically driven cation exchange for in situ fabrication of individual nanostructures Zhang, Qiubo; Yin, Kuibo; Dong, Hui Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14889	journal	April 2017
Evidence of Stranski–Krastanov growth at the initial stage of atmospheric water condensation Song, Jie; Li, Qiang; Wang, Xiaofeng Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5837	journal	September 2014
In situ liquid-cell electron microscopy of silver–palladium galvanic replacement reactions on silver nanoparticles Sutter, E.; Jungjohann, K.; Bliznakov, S. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5946	journal	September 2014
Growth dynamics and gas transport mechanism of nanobubbles in graphene liquid cells Shin, Dongha; Park, Jong Bo; Kim, Yong-Jin Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7068	journal	February 2015
Dynamic microscopy of nanoscale cluster growth at the solid–liquid interface Williamson, M. J.; Tromp, R. M.; Vereecken, P. M. Nature Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat944	journal	July 2003
Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis Schindelin, Johannes; Arganda-Carreras, Ignacio; Frise, Erwin Nature Methods, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019	journal	June 2012
Electron microscopy of specimens in liquid de Jonge, Niels; Ross, Frances M. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, Issue 11, p. 695-704 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.161	journal	October 2011
Graphene-templated directional growth of an inorganic nanowire Lee, Won Chul; Kim, Kwanpyo; Park, Jungwon Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.36	journal	March 2015
Antioxidant chemistry of graphene-based materials and its role in oxidation protection technology Qiu, Yang; Wang, Zhongying; Owens, Alisa C. E. Nanoscale, Vol. 6, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR03275F	journal	January 2014
Growth and assembly of cobalt oxide nanoparticle rings at liquid nanodroplets with solid junction Zhou, Yilong; Powers, Alexander S.; Zhang, Xiaowei Nanoscale, Vol. 9, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR04554A	journal	January 2017
A direct transfer of layer-area graphene Regan, William; Alem, Nasim; Alemán, Benjamín Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 96, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3337091	journal	March 2010
Dynamics of a nanodroplet under a transmission electron microscope Leong, Fong Yew; Mirsaidov, Utkur M.; Matsudaira, Paul Physics of Fluids, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4862801	journal	January 2014
Surface Tension of Seawater Nayar, K. G.; Panchanathan, D.; McKinley, G. H. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 43, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4899037	journal	December 2014
The future of electron microscopy Zhu, Yimei; Dürr, Hermann Physics Today, Vol. 68, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.2747	journal	April 2015
Protein folding under confinement: A role for solvent Lucent, D.; Vishal, V.; Pande, V. S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608256104	journal	June 2007
Phase diagram of water in carbon nanotubes Takaiwa, D.; Hatano, I.; Koga, K. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 105, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707917105	journal	December 2007
Direct observation of stick-slip movements of water nanodroplets induced by an electron beam Mirsaidov, U. M.; Zheng, H.; Bhattacharya, D. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200457109	journal	April 2012
Bubble nucleation and migration in a lead–iron hydr(oxide) core–shell nanoparticle Niu, Kaiyang; Frolov, Timofey; Xin, Huolin L. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510342112	journal	October 2015
Effects of dry oxidation treatments on monolayer graphene Ryu, Gyeong Hee; Lee, Jongyeong; Kang, Dongwoo 2D Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa75a9	journal	June 2017
Two Dimensional Ice from First Principles: Structures and Phase Transitions Chen, Ji; Schusteritsch, Georg; Pickard, Chris J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.025501	journal	January 2016
Anomalously Soft Dynamics of Water in a Nanotube: A Revelation of Nanoscale Confinement Kolesnikov, Alexander I.; Zanotti, Jean-Marc; Loong, Chun-Keung Physical Review Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.035503	journal	July 2004
Defining the radiation chemistry during liquid cell electron microscopy to enable visualization of nanomaterial growth and degradation dynamics: DEFINING THE RADIATION CHEMISTRY DURING LCEM Woehl, T. J.; Abellan, P. Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 265, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12508	journal	December 2016
Fast Mass Transport Through Sub-2-Nanometer Carbon Nanotubes Holt, J. K. Science, Vol. 312, Issue 5776 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1126298	journal	May 2006
Observation of Single Colloidal Platinum Nanocrystal Growth Trajectories Zheng, H.; Smith, R. K.; Jun, Y. -w. Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5932 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172104	journal	June 2009
High-Resolution EM of Colloidal Nanocrystal Growth Using Graphene Liquid Cells Yuk, Jong Min; Park, Jungwon; Ercius, Peter Science, Vol. 336, Issue 6077 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1217654	journal	April 2012
Facet development during platinum nanocube growth Liao, H. -G.; Zherebetskyy, D.; Xin, H. Science, Vol. 345, Issue 6199 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253149	journal	August 2014
In situ TEM imaging of CaCO3 nucleation reveals coexistence of direct and indirect pathways Nielsen, M. H.; Aloni, S.; De Yoreo, J. J. Science, Vol. 345, Issue 6201 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254051	journal	September 2014
Opportunities and challenges in liquid cell electron microscopy Ross, F. M. Science, Vol. 350, Issue 6267 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9886	journal	December 2015
3D structure of individual nanocrystals in solution by electron microscopy Park, J.; Elmlund, H.; Ercius, P. Science, Vol. 349, Issue 6245 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1343	journal	July 2015
2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures Novoselov, K. S.; Mishchenko, A.; Carvalho, A. Science, Vol. 353, Issue 6298 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9439	journal	July 2016
Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy Liao, Hong-Gang; Zheng, Haimei Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 67, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-040215-112501	journal	May 2016

Cited By (3)

Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy and its applications Pu, Shengda; Gong, Chen; Robertson, Alex W. Royal Society Open Science, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191204	journal	January 2020
Graphene Liquid Cells Assembled through Loop‐Assisted Transfer Method and Located with Correlated Light‐Electron Microscopy Deursen, Pauline M. G.; Koning, Roman I.; Tudor, Viorica Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201904468	journal	February 2020
In Situ Liquid Cell TEM Studies on Etching and Growth Mechanisms of Gold Nanoparticles at a Solid–Liquid–Gas Interface Hutzler, Andreas; Fritsch, Birk; Jank, Michael P. M. Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201901027	journal	August 2019

Similar Records

3D Motion of DNA-Au Nanoconjugates in Graphene Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy

Journal Article · Tue Aug 13 20:00:00 EDT 2013 · Nano Letters · OSTI ID:1545122

Using Graphene Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy to Study in Situ Nanocrystal Etching

Journal Article · Wed May 16 20:00:00 EDT 2018 · Journal of Visualized Experiments · OSTI ID:1490708

The Use of Graphene and Its Derivatives for Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy of Radiation-Sensitive Specimens

Journal Article · Mon Dec 26 19:00:00 EST 2016 · Nano Letters · OSTI ID:1532216

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Dynamic behavior of nanoscale liquids in graphene liquid cells revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy

Citation Formats

References (77)

Cited By (3)

Similar Records

Related Subjects