Skip to main content
OSTI.GOVU.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information
U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
 

The Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). V. Optically Faint Variable Object Survey

Journal Article · · The Astrophysical Journal
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/527467· OSTI ID:1511305
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [4];  [6];  [6];  [6];  [7];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [12];  [13];  [13];  [13];  [14] more »;  [15];  [16] « less
  1. National Astronomical Observatory, Tokyo (Japan). Optical and Infrared Astronomy Division; Univ. of Tokyo (Japan). Inst. of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science
  2. Univ. of Tokyo (Japan). Inst. of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science
  3. Univ. of Tokyo (Japan). Inst. for Cosmic Ray Research
  4. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hilo, HI (United States). Subaru Telescope
  5. National Astronomical Observatory, Tokyo (Japan). Optical and Infrared Astronomy Division; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hilo, HI (United States). Subaru Telescope
  6. Kyoto Univ. (Japan). Dept. of Astronomy
  7. National Astronomical Observatory, Tokyo (Japan). Optical and Infrared Astronomy Division
  8. Tohoku Univ., Sendai (Japan). Astronomical Inst., Graduate School of Science
  9. Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD (United States)
  10. Univ. of Leicester, Leicester (United Kingdom). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
  11. Rochester Inst. of Technology, Rochester, NY (United States). Dept. of Physics
  12. European Southern Observatory, Santiago (Chile)
  13. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
  14. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States). Dept. of Physics
  15. Univ. of Oxford (United Kingdom). Dept. of Astrophysics
  16. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, TN (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
+ Show Author Affiliations
We present our survey for optically faint variable objects using multiepoch (8-10 epochs over 2-4 years) i'-band imaging data obtained with Subaru Suprime-Cam over 0.918 deg2 in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field (SXDF). We found 1040 optically variable objects by image subtraction for all the combinations of images at different epochs. This is the first statistical sample of variable objects at depths achieved with 8-10 m class telescopes or the Hubble Space Telescope. The detection limit for variable components is i'vari∼ 25.5 mag. These variable objects were classified into variable stars, supernovae (SNe), and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), based on the optical morphologies, magnitudes, colors, and optical-mid-infrared colors of the host objects, spatial offsets of variable components from the host objects, and light curves. Detection completeness was examined by simulating light curves for periodic and irregular variability. We detected optical variability for 36% ± 2% (51% ± 3% for a bright sample with i' < 24.4 mag) of X-ray sources in the field. Number densities of variable objects as functions of time intervals Δt and variable component magnitudes i'vari are obtained. Number densities of variable stars, SNe, and AGNs are 120, 489, and 579 objects deg-2, respectively. Bimodal distributions of variable stars in the color-magnitude diagrams indicate that the variable star sample consists of bright (V ∼ 22 mag) blue variable stars of the halo population and faint (V ∼ 23.5 mag) red variable stars of the disk population. Lastly, there are a few candidates of RR Lyrae providing a possible number density of ∼10-2 kpc-3 at a distance of >150 kpc from the Galactic center.
Research Organization:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP) (SC-25)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-05CH11231
OSTI ID:
1511305
Journal Information:
The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 676; ISSN 0004-637X
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (88)

3C 273 : A Star-Like Object with Large Red-Shift journal March 1963
Light Variations in the Superluminous Radio Galaxy 3C273 journal May 1963
Discovery of a supernova explosion at half the age of the Universe journal January 1998
A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96 journal September 2006
Long-term optical variability properties of the Palomar-Green quasars journal July 1999
The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey -- I. The optical luminosity function of quasi-stellar objects journal October 2000
Variability in active galactic nuclei: confrontation of models with observations journal January 2002
UBV(RI)C photometry of Hipparcos red stars journal July 2002
The Faint Sky Variability Survey -- I. Goals and data reduction process journal February 2003
A synthetic view on structure and evolution of the Milky Way journal October 2003
Spectroscopic confirmation of high-redshift supernovae with the ESO VLT journal January 2005
Discovery of multiple ultra-luminous X-ray sources in the galaxy KUG 0214-057 journal June 2005
The Supernova Legacy Survey: measurement of $\Omega_{\mathsf{M}}$, $\Omega_\mathsf{\Lambda}$ and w from the first year data set journal January 2006
Constraining the GRB collimation with a survey for orphan afterglows journal March 2006
SExtractor: Software for source extraction journal June 1996
Image subtraction using a space-varying kernel journal June 2000
The luminosity scale of RR Lyrae stars with the Baade-Wesselink method. III - The absolute magnitudes of four RR Lyrae stars in the globular cluster M4 journal September 1990
The University of Michigan radio astronomy data base. I - Structure function analysis and the relation between BL Lacertae objects and quasi-stellar objects journal September 1992
The absolute magnitudes of Type IA supernovae journal August 1993
Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant journal September 1998
Candidate RR Lyrae Stars Found in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Commissioning Data journal August 2000
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary journal September 2000
Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds journal June 1998
A Method for Optimal Image Subtraction journal August 1998
Optical Variability in Active Galactic Nuclei: Starbursts or Disk Instabilities? journal September 1998
Variable Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field journal December 2000
Stellar Population Studies with the SDSS. I. The Vertical Distribution of Stars in the Milky Way journal May 2001
The [ITAL]Chandra[/ITAL] Deep Field–North Survey. VII. X-Ray Emission from Lyman Break Galaxies journal September 2001
Luminosity Functions of 10 Nearby Clusters of Galaxies. I. Data journal January 2002
ESI, a New Keck Observatory Echellette Spectrograph and Imager journal August 2002
The Distant Type Ia Supernova Rate journal September 2002
SWIRE: The SIRTF Wide‐Area Infrared Extragalactic Survey
  • Lonsdale, Carol J.; Smith, Harding E.; Rowan‐Robinson, Michael
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 115, Issue 810 https://doi.org/10.1086/376850
journal August 2003
Long-Term Variability of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasars journal September 2003
A V ‐Band Survey for Variable Galactic Nuclei in the Hubble Deep Field journal December 2003
The Ensemble Photometric Variability of ∼25,000 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey journal February 2004
The QUEST RR Lyrae Survey. I. The First Catalog journal February 2004
The Gemini–North Multi‐Object Spectrograph: Performance in Imaging, Long‐Slit, and Multi‐Object Spectroscopic Modes
  • Hook, I. M.; Jørgensen, Inger; Allington‐Smith, J. R.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 116, Issue 819 https://doi.org/10.1086/383624
journal May 2004
The Deep Lens Survey Transient Search. I. Short Timescale and Astrometric Variability journal August 2004
Subaru Deep Survey. V. A Census of Lyman Break Galaxies at z  ≃ 4 and 5 in the Subaru Deep Fields: Photometric Properties journal August 2004
The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) for the Spitzer Space Telescope journal September 2004
High‐Redshift Supernova Rates journal September 2004
The Hubble Higher z Supernova Search: Supernovae to z ≈ 1.6 and Constraints on Type Ia Progenitor Models journal September 2004
The Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Shallow Survey journal September 2004
First Insights into the Spitzer Wide‐Area Infrared Extragalactic Legacy Survey (SWIRE) Galaxy Populations
  • Lonsdale, Carol; Polletta, Maria del Carmen; Surace, Jason
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 154, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/423206
journal September 2004
The Selection of RR Lyrae Stars Using Single-Epoch Data journal February 2005
Structure Function Analysis of Long-Term Quasar Variability journal February 2005
Spectral Energy Distributions and Luminosities of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei in the Spitzer Wide-Area Infrared Extragalactic (SWIRE) Legacy Survey journal March 2005
Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasars in the Spitzer Wide-Area Infrared Extragalactic Survey (SWIRE) ELAIS N1 Field: Properties and Spectral Energy Distributions journal March 2005
The Discovery of Primeval Large-Scale Structures with Forming Clusters at Redshift 6 journal January 2005
A Search for Variable Stars and Planetary Occultations in NGC 2301. I. Techniques
  • Tonry, John L.; Howell, Steve B.; Everett, Mark E.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 117, Issue 829 https://doi.org/10.1086/428596
journal March 2005
A Discovery of Rapid Optical Flares from Low-Luminosity Active Nuclei in Massive Galaxies journal February 2005
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog. III. Third Data Release journal August 2005
The Number Density of Old Passively Evolving Galaxies at z  = 1 in the Subaru/ XMM ‐ Newton Deep Survey Field journal December 2005
UBVRI Light Curves of 44 Type Ia Supernovae journal January 2006
The Rate of Type Ia Supernovae at High Redshift journal January 2006
Definitive Identification of the Transition between Small- and Large-Scale Clustering for Lyman Break Galaxies journal December 2005
Clues to Active Galactic Nucleus Growth from Optically Variable Objects in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field journal March 2006
A Survey of z  > 5.7 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. IV. Discovery of Seven Additional Quasars journal March 2006
Variable Faint Optical Sources Discovered by Comparing the POSS and SDSS Catalogs journal June 2006
Cepheid Distances to SNe Ia Host Galaxies Based on a Revised Photometric Zero Point of the HST WFPC2 and New PL Relations and Metallicity Corrections journal July 2006
Constraining the Evolution of the Ionizing Background and the Epoch of Reionization with z  ~ 6 Quasars. II. A Sample of 19 Quasars journal June 2006
The QUEST RR Lyrae Survey. II. The Halo Overdensities in the First Catalog journal June 2006
Color and Variability Characteristics of Point Sources in the Faint Sky Variability Survey journal June 2006
The DEEP Groth Strip Survey. VI. Spectroscopic, Variability, and X‐Ray Detection of Active Galactic Nuclei
  • Sarajedini, Vicki L.; Koo, David C.; Phillips, Andrew C.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 166, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/505909
journal September 2006
Rates and Properties of Type Ia Supernovae as a Function of Mass and Star Formation in Their Host Galaxies journal September 2006
Spectral Energy Distributions and Multiwavelength Selection of Type 1 Quasars
  • Richards, Gordon T.; Lacy, Mark; Storrie‐Lombardi, Lisa J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 166, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/506525
journal October 2006
Exploring the Variable Sky with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey journal October 2007
The Sloan Digital sky Survey-Ii Supernova Survey: Search Algorithm and Follow-Up Observations journal December 2007
The starburst model for active galactic nuclei: the broad-line region as supernova remnants evolving in a high-density medium journal April 1992
The quasar luminosity function from a variability-selected sample journal January 1993
The variability of optically selected quasars journal May 1994
Dark matter from quasar microlensing journal February 1996
FOCAS: The Faint Object Camera and Spectrograph for the Subaru Telescope journal December 2002
Subaru Prime Focus Camera — Suprime-Cam journal December 2002
The Subaru Deep Field: The Optical Imaging Data journal December 2004
Properties of Stars in the Subaru Deep Field journal December 2005
The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey - XII. The spectroscopic catalogue and luminosity function journal April 2004
Down-sizing in galaxy formation at z ∼ 1 in the Subaru/ XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS) journal May 2004
Short time-scale variability in the Faint Sky Variability Survey journal October 2006
Supernovae in the Subaru Deep Field: an initial sample and Type Ia rate out to redshift 1.6: Supernovae in the SDF journal November 2007
Extremely red objects in the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey Early Data Release journal November 2006
Overview of the SuperNova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP) conference December 2002
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope: Overview conference December 2002
Pan-STARRS: A Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Array conference December 2002
Commissioning and performances of the VLT-VIMOS conference March 2003
Black Hole Models for Active Galactic Nuclei journal September 1984
Deep Extragalactic X-Ray Surveys journal September 2005
Absolute Magnitude Calibrations of Population I and II Cepheids and Other Pulsating Variables in the Instability Strip of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram journal September 2006

Cited By (16)

Spectroscopic follow-up of variability-selected active galactic nuclei in the Chandra Deep Field South journal February 2009
The Subaru/ XMM‐Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). IV. Evolution of Lyα Emitters from \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $z=3.1$ \end{document} to 5.7 in the 1 deg 2 Field: Luminosity Functions and AGN journal June 2008
DISCOVERY OF AN UNUSUAL OPTICAL TRANSIENT WITH THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE journal December 2008
First Results from the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey journal April 2009
LARGE AREA SURVEY FOR z = 7 GALAXIES IN SDF AND GOODS-N: IMPLICATIONS FOR GALAXY FORMATION AND COSMIC REIONIZATION journal November 2009
Delay Time Distribution Measurement of Type Ia Supernovae by the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey and Implications for the Progenitor journal December 2008
The Type Ia supernovae rate with Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey journal April 2014
Kiso Supernova Survey (KISS): Survey strategy journal December 2014
Optical follow-up observation of Fast Radio Burst 151230 journal October 2018
The Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP transient survey in COSMOS: Overview journal May 2019
Delay Time Distribution Measurement of Type Ia Supernovae by the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey and Implications for the Progenitor text January 2008
First Results from the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey text January 2008
Discovery of an Unusual Optical Transient with the Hubble Space Telescope text January 2008
Spectroscopic follow-up of variability-selected active galactic nuclei in the Chandra Deep Field South text January 2009
The Type Ia supernovae rate with Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey text January 2014
The Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP Transient Survey in COSMOS: Overview text January 2019

Figures / Tables (19)

Fig. 1(p. 5)figure Fig. 1
Fig. 2(p. 5)figure Fig. 2
Fig. 3(p. 7)figure Fig. 3
Fig. 4(p. 7)figure Fig. 4
Fig. 5(p. 7)figure Fig. 5
Fig. 6(p. 8)figure Fig. 6
Fig. 7(p. 9)figure Fig. 7
Fig. 8(p. 11)figure Fig. 8
Fig. 10(p. 12)figure Fig. 10
Fig. 9(p. 12)figure Fig. 9
Fig. 11(p. 13)figure Fig. 11
Fig. 12(p. 14)figure Fig. 12
Fig. 13(p. 15)figure Fig. 13
Fig. 14(p. 15)figure Fig. 14
Fig. 15(p. 15)figure Fig. 15
Fig. 16(p. 15)figure Fig. 16
Fig. 17(p. 16)figure Fig. 17
TABLE 1(p. 19)table TABLE 1
TABLE 2(p. 19)table TABLE 2

Similar Records

Joint Survey Processing. II. Stellar Proper Motions in the COSMOS Field from Hubble Space Telescope ACS and Subaru Telescope HSC Observations
Journal Article · Tue May 03 20:00:00 EDT 2022 · The Astrophysical Journal · OSTI ID:1983244

Related Subjects

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
galaxies: active
stars: variables: other
supernovae: general
surveys