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First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation

Journal Article · · Astrophys.J.Lett.
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  1. NRAO, Charlottesville; MIT, Haystack Observ.; Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Harvard U.
  2. IAA, Granada
  3. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  4. Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.
  5. Valencia U., Astro. Astrophys.; Valencia U., IFIC; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.
  6. Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.
  7. Harvard U.; Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  8. MIT, Haystack Observ.
  9. Gemini Observ., Hilo
  10. Leiden Observ.
  11. Harvard U.; Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Caltech
  12. Inst. Astron. Astrophys., Hilo
  13. IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres
  14. Nijmegen U., IMAPP
  15. Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Waterloo U.
  16. KASI, DaeJeon; KAIST, Taejon
  17. Chicago U., KICP; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Chicago U.; Chicago U., EFI
  18. Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; Arizona U.
  19. Cornell U., Radio. Space Res. Ctr.
  20. Amsterdam U., Astron. Inst.
  21. Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Key Lab. Radio Astron., Nanjing
  22. Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  23. Onsala Space Observ.
  24. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Grad. U. for Adv. Stud., Nagano
  25. Naples U.; Frankfurt U.; INFN, Naples
  26. Pretoria U.; Rhodes U.
  27. Garching, Max Planck Inst., MPE
  28. NRAO, Charlottesville
  29. Frankfurt U.
  30. Harvard U.
  31. Illinois U., Urbana; Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.
  32. Waterloo U.
  33. Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Leiden Observ.
  34. Shanghai, Astron. Observ.
  35. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.
  36. Groningen, KVI
  37. Peking U.; Peking U., Beijing, KIAA
  38. INAOE, Puebla
  39. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Tokyo, Inst. Statistical Math.; Sokendai, Tsukuba; Tokyo U., IPMU
  40. Boston U.; St. Petersburg State U.
  41. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan
  42. JIVE, Dwingeloo
  43. KASI, DaeJeon
  44. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Kogakuin U.
  45. Taiwan, Natl. Cheng Kung U.
  46. NRAO, Tucson
  47. Beijing, Inst. High Energy Phys.
  48. Nanjing U., Dept. Astron.; Nanjing U.
  49. Bologna Observ.
  50. Mexico U.; UNAM, Morelia, CCM; UNAM, Inst. Astron.
  51. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Shanghai, Astron. Observ.
  52. Yunnan Observ.; CAMS-CAS, Beijing
  53. Amsterdam U., Astron. Inst.; U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA
  54. Boston U.
  55. Onsala Space Observ.; Yebes Astron. Ctr.
  56. Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; UC, Santa Barbara
  57. MIT, Haystack Observ.; Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan
  58. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Nijmegen U., IMAPP
  59. Concepcion U.
  60. Massachusetts U., Amherst
  61. Rhodes U.
  62. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Tokyo U.
  63. Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Canadian Inst. Theor. Astrophys.; U. Toronto, Dunlap Inst. Astron. Astrophys.; Canadian Inst. Advanced Res.
  64. UC, Berkeley
  65. Amsterdam U., Astron. Inst.; Frankfurt U.
  66. Illinois U., Urbana
  67. Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.
  68. Los Alamos
  69. IRAM, Granada
  70. INAOE, Puebla; Conacyt, Mexico
  71. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Hiroshima U., HASC
  72. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Aalto U.
  73. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Peking U., Beijing, KIAA
  74. KASI, DaeJeon; KAIST, Taejon; Yonsei U.
  75. Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Leiden Observ.; NWO, The Hague; Nikhef, Amsterdam
  76. Tohoku U., IIAIR; Tohoku U., Astron. Inst.
  77. Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; IRAM, Granada
  78. Seoul Natl. U., Dept. Phys. Astron.
  79. JIVE, Dwingeloo; Leiden Observ.
  80. Brandeis U.
  81. Hua-Zhong U. Sci. Tech.
  82. Mullard Space Sci. Lab.; Frankfurt U.
  83. Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Beijing, GUCAS
  84. Hefei, CUST
  85. Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Nanjing U., Dept. Astron.
  86. Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.; Malaya U.
  87. Vermont U.
  88. Chicago U., KICP; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Chicago U., EFI
  89. JIVE, Dwingeloo; Concepcion U.
  90. INAOE, Puebla; CINVESTAV, IPN
  91. Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.; CSIST, Taiwan
  92. CSIST, Taiwan
  93. Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.
  94. Colorado U., CASA
  95. Western Ontario U.
  96. Harvard U.; Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Massachusetts U., Boston
  97. Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Garching, Max Planck Inst., MPE
  98. Netherlands Meteorological Inst.
  99. Colorado U.
  100. Osaka U.
  101. Argonne; Chicago U., KICP
  102. Mexico U.; UNAM, Morelia, CCM; IRAP, Toulouse
  103. European Southern Obs., Chile
  104. Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; European Southern Obs., Chile
  105. European Southern Obs., Chile; NRAO, Charlottesville
  106. Chicago U.
  107. Hilo, Joint Astron. Ctr.
  108. Jodrell Bank
  109. Chicago U., KICP
  110. Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.; UNIST, Ulsan
  111. NRAO, Socorro
  112. Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.; ASTRON, Dwingeloo
  113. ESTEC, Noordwijk; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.
  114. Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.
  115. Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; Rochester Inst. Tech.
  116. Chicago U., KICP; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.
  117. Applied Eng. Tech., Woburn
  118. Chicago U., KICP; Fermilab
  119. NRAO, Charlottesville; European Southern Obs., Chile
  120. Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Princeton U., Astrophys. Sci. Dept.
  121. Agnes Scott Coll.; Georgia Tech
  122. KIPAC, Menlo Park
  123. Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Applied Eng. Tech., Woburn
  124. UCLA
  125. Owens Valley Radio Observ.
  126. INAOE, Puebla; Puebla U., Mexico
+ Show Author Affiliations

The Event Horizon Telescope(EHT)is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of∼1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution(λ/D)is∼25μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letterwe describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s−1, exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.

Research Organization:
Chicago U.; ESTEC, Noordwijk; Key Lab. Radio Astron., Nanjing; Nanjing U.; Chicago U., EFI; Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.; Frankfurt U.; Canadian Inst. Advanced Res.; Osaka U.; Brandeis U.; U. Toronto, Dunlap Inst. Astron. Astrophys.; Waterloo U.; Boston U.; Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ.; Hiroshima U., HASC; Natl. Astron. Observ. of Japan; Amsterdam U., Astron. Inst.; Nanjing U., Dept. Astron.; IAA, Granada; Agnes Scott Coll.; Tohoku U., IIAIR; Applied Eng. Tech., Woburn; U. Amsterdam, GRAPPA; Hefei, CUST; Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys.; Yebes Astron. Ctr.; Puebla U., Mexico; Inst. Astron. Astrophys., Hilo; IRAM, St. Martin d'Heres; Sokendai, Tsukuba; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); European Southern Obs., Chile; Aalto U.; Naples U.; Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Gemini Observ., Hilo; Bologna Observ.; Yunnan Observ.; St. Petersburg State U.; Peking U.; IRAM, Granada; MIT, Haystack Observ.; Rhodes U.; Bonn, Max Planck Inst., Radioastron.; Canadian Inst. Theor. Astrophys.; Massachusetts U., Boston; Garching, Max Planck Inst., MPE; Illinois U., Urbana; NRAO, Tucson; UC, Berkeley; Yonsei U.; Chicago U., KICP; Arizona U.; Tohoku U., Astron. Inst.; KAIST, Taejon; Onsala Space Observ.; Taiwan, Natl. Cheng Kung U.; Jodrell Bank; ASTRON, Dwingeloo; Nikhef, Amsterdam; Colorado U., CASA; Peking U., Beijing, KIAA; Owens Valley Radio Observ.; CAMS-CAS, Beijing; Illinois U., Urbana, Astron. Dept.; JIVE, Dwingeloo; KASI, DaeJeon; Seoul Natl. U., Dept. Phys. Astron.; UNAM, Inst. Astron.; CINVESTAV, IPN; Taiwan, Natl. Taiwan U.; Massachusetts U., Amherst; Vermont U.; Valencia U., IFIC; Nijmegen U., IMAPP; Harvard U.; Princeton U., Astrophys. Sci. Dept.; Georgia Tech; Mullard Space Sci. Lab.; CSIST, Taiwan; IRAP, Toulouse; INAOE, Puebla; Concepcion U.; Tokyo, Inst. Statistical Math.; Western Ontario U.; UNAM, Morelia, CCM; Caltech; NRAO, Charlottesville; Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. Astrophys.; Conacyt, Mexico; Colorado U.; Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); NRAO, Socorro; Groningen, KVI; Valencia U., Astro. Astrophys.; Mexico U.; Leiden Observ.; Tokyo U.; Pretoria U.; NWO, The Hague; Netherlands Meteorological Inst.; Cornell U., Radio. Space Res. Ctr.; Beijing, GUCAS; Shanghai, Astron. Observ.; Beijing, Inst. High Energy Phys.; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Hua-Zhong U. Sci. Tech.; INFN, Naples; Malaya U.; Grad. U. for Adv. Stud., Nagano; Tokyo U., IPMU; UC, Santa Barbara; UCLA; Rochester Inst. Tech.; Hilo, Joint Astron. Ctr.; Kogakuin U.; UNIST, Ulsan
Sponsoring Organization:
US Department of Energy
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-07CH11359
OSTI ID:
1508024
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1565911
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-19-154-AE; oai:inspirehep.net:1729068; arXiv:1906.11239
Journal Information:
Astrophys.J.Lett., Journal Name: Astrophys.J.Lett. Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 875
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS