Investigation of Liquid Cloud Microphysical Properties of Deep Convective Systems: 2. Parameterization of Raindrop Size Distribution and its Application for Convective Rain Estimation

Wang, Jingyu; Dong, Xiquan; Xi, Baike

doi:10.1029/2018JD028727

Title: Investigation of Liquid Cloud Microphysical Properties of Deep Convective Systems: 2. Parameterization of Raindrop Size Distribution and its Application for Convective Rain Estimation

Journal Article · Thu Oct 04 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028727· OSTI ID:1507519

^[1];

^[2];

^[2]

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States); Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)

The liquid cloud microphysical properties for stratiform rain (SR) have been investigated in Part 1 of this series. Since convective rain (CR) has characteristics in raindrop size distribution (DSD) and precipitation that are distinct from SR, we investigate the CR properties in this study by using 20 hr of CR samples collected by 17 Automatic Parsivel Units disdrometers during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site. A full spectrum of DSD is constructed based on a total of 23 size channels (0.321 to 9.785 mm), and both Gamma and Exponential fitted functions are applied to extract the DSD shape parameters. Compared to SR properties, CR has distinct features including broader size range and narrower exponential slope parameter (λ_E). These results indicate that the assumption of constant exponential intercept parameter (N_0E) is inappropriate for CR rain rate estimates. Additionally, the subsetting scheme of the CR DSD spectra also has a strong impact on the Gamma/Exponential functions. Therefore, a new CR DSD parameterization scheme is developed by choosing the appropriate spectra subset with the constraint of rain rate and using the constant λ_E instead of constant N_0E. With the input of the radar reflectivity at the lowest observed height, the newly calculated CR rain rates match well with the collocated surface rain gauge measurements (127 Mesonet stations and 17 Automatic Parsivel Units), while the rain rates calculated using traditional Z-R relationship are 3–4 times larger, indicating that constant λ_E is a better assumption for CR DSD.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 1507519

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-140902

Journal Information:: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 123, Issue 20; ISSN 2169-897X

Publisher:: American Geophysical UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 7 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (82)

Life cycle of midlatitude deep convective systems in a Lagrangian framework: MIDLATITUDE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE Feng, Zhe; Dong, Xiquan; Xi, Baike Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 117, Issue D23 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018362	journal	December 2012
Raindrop Size Distribution and Sampling Size Errors Joss, J.; Waldvogel, A. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 26, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0566:RSDASS>2.0.CO;2	journal	May 1969
Undercatch of tipping-bucket gauges in high rain rate events Duchon, C. E.; Biddle, C. J. Advances in Geosciences, Vol. 25 https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-25-11-2010	journal	January 2010
Some Observations on the Joss-Waldvogel Rainfall Disdrometer Kinnell, P. I. A. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<0499:SOOTJW>2.0.CO;2	journal	May 1976
A Comparison of NEXRAD WSR-88D Radar Estimates of Rain Accumulation with Gauge Measurements for High- and Low-Reflectivity Horizontal Gradient Precipitation Events Klazura, Gerard E.; Thomale, Jessica M.; Kelly, D. Scott Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 16, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<1842:ACONWR>2.0.CO;2	journal	November 1999
Potential Utilization of Specific Attenuation for Rainfall Estimation, Mitigation of Partial Beam Blockage, and Radar Networking Ryzhkov, Alexander; Diederich, Malte; Zhang, Pengfei Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00038.1	journal	March 2014
Rainfall measurement by radar: a review Sauvageot, H. Atmospheric Research, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8095(94)90071-X	journal	October 1994
Microphysical Characteristics of Three Anvils Sampled during the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment McFarquhar, Greg M.; Heymsfield, Andrew J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 53, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<2401:MCOTAS>2.0.CO;2	journal	September 1996
National Mosaic and Multi-Sensor QPE (NMQ) System: Description, Results, and Future Plans Zhang, Jian; Howard, Kenneth; Langston, Carrie Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 92, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011BAMS-D-11-00047.1	journal	October 2011
Estimation of Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters from Polarimetric Radar Measurements Gorgucci, Eugenio; Chandrasekar, V.; Bringi, V. N. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 59, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2373:EORSDP>2.0.CO;2	journal	August 2002
Natural Variations in the Analytical Form of the Raindrop Size Distribution Ulbrich, Carlton W. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Vol. 22, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1764:NVITAF>2.0.CO;2	journal	October 1983
Evaluation and Uncertainty Estimation of NOAA/NSSL Next-Generation National Mosaic Quantitative Precipitation Estimation Product (Q2) over the Continental United States Chen, Sheng; Gourley, Jonathan J.; Hong, Yang Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-12-0150.1	journal	August 2013
Errors in Estimating Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Employing Disdrometer and Simulated Raindrop Spectra Cao, Qing; Zhang, Guifu Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC2026.1	journal	February 2009
Development of a neural network based algorithm for rainfall estimation from radar observations IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/36.551944	journal	January 1997
Analysis of Video Disdrometer and Polarimetric Radar Data to Characterize Rain Microphysics in Oklahoma Cao, Qing; Zhang, Guifu; Brandes, Edward Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 47, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC1732.1	journal	August 2008
Influence of the Subgrid Variability of the Raindrop Size Distribution on Radar Rainfall Estimators Jaffrain, Joël; Berne, Alexis Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 51, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0185.1	journal	April 2012
Systematic Variation of Observed Radar Reflectivity–Rainfall Rate Relations in the Tropics Amitai, Eyal Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 39, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<2198:SVOORR>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 2000
The N ₀ Jump of Raindrop Spectra Waldvogel, A. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 31, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1067:TJORS>2.0.CO;2	journal	May 1974
The Contribution of Mesoscale Convective Weather Systems to the Warm-Season Precipitation in the United States Fritsch, J. M.; Kane, R. J.; Chelius, C. R. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Vol. 25, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<1333:TCOMCW>2.0.CO;2	journal	October 1986
Improving Satellite Quantitative Precipitation Estimation Using GOES-Retrieved Cloud Optical Depth Stenz, Ronald; Dong, Xiquan; Xi, Baike Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 17, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0057.1	journal	February 2016
The impact of tipping-bucket raingauge measurement errors on design rainfall for urban-scale applications Molini, A.; Lanza, L. G.; La Barbera, P. Hydrological Processes, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5646	journal	January 2005
Vertical air motion retrievals in deep convective clouds using the ARM scanning radar network in Oklahoma during MC3E North, Kirk W.; Oue, Mariko; Kollias, Pavlos Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2785-2017	journal	January 2017
Intercomparison of Attenuation Correction Methods for the GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar Seto, Shinta; Iguchi, Toshio Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 32, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00065.1	journal	May 2015
Drop Size Distribution Retrieval with Polarimetric Radar: Model and Application Brandes, Edward A.; Zhang, Guifu; Vivekanandan, J. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 43, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0461:DSDRWP>2.0.CO;2	journal	April 2004
Data mining techniques for improved WSR-88D rainfall estimation Trafalis, T. B.; Richman, M. B.; White, A. Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 43, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-8352(02)00139-0	journal	September 2002
Distribution of Mesoscale Convective Complex Rainfall in the United States Ashley, Walker S.; Mote, Thomas L.; Dixon, P. Grady Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 131, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<3003:DOMCCR>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 2003
Separating stratiform and convective rain types based on the drop size distribution characteristics using 2D video disdrometer data Thurai, M.; Gatlin, P. N.; Bringi, V. N. Atmospheric Research, Vol. 169 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.04.011	journal	March 2016
Comparison of Raindrop Size Distribution Measurements by Collocated Disdrometers Tokay, Ali; Petersen, Walter A.; Gatlin, Patrick Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00163.1	journal	August 2013
Experimental Quantification of the Sampling Uncertainty Associated with Measurements from PARSIVEL Disdrometers Jaffrain, Joël; Berne, Alexis Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1244.1	journal	June 2011
The Impact of Raindrop Collisional Processes on the Polarimetric Radar Variables Kumjian, Matthew R.; Prat, Olivier P. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 71, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0357.1	journal	August 2014
The Effect of Curve Fits for the Disdrometer Calibration on Raindrop Spectra, Rainfall Rate, and Radar Reflectivity Mcfarquhar, Greg M.; List, Roland Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 32, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0774:TEOCFF>2.0.CO;2	journal	April 1993
The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) Jensen, M. P.; Petersen, W. A.; Bansemer, A. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 97, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00228.1	journal	September 2016
Raindrop Size Distribution and Radar Parameters at Cape Verde Nzeukou, Armand; Sauvageot, Henri; Ochou, Abe Delfin Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 43, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0090:RSDARP>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 2004
The Shape–Slope Relation in Observed Gamma Raindrop Size Distributions: Statistical Error or Useful Information? Zhang, Guifu; Vivekanandan, J.; Brandes, Edward A. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 20, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1106:TSRIOG>2.0.CO;2	journal	August 2003
Semi-distributed modelling of basin hydrology with radar and gauged precipitation Kalinga, Oscar Anthony; Gan, Thian Yew Hydrological Processes, Vol. 20, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6385	journal	January 2006
Rainfall Parameter Estimation from Dual-Radar Measurements Combining Reflectivity Profile and Path-integrated Attenuation Kozu, Toshiaki; Nakamura, Kenji Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1991)008<0259:RPEFDR>2.0.CO;2	journal	April 1991
A Methodology for Estimating the Parameters of a Gamma Raindrop Size Distribution Model from Polarimetric Radar Data: Application to a Squall-Line Event from the TRMM/Brazil Campaign Bringi, V. N.; Huang, Gwo-Jong; Chandrasekar, V. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0633:AMFETP>2.0.CO;2	journal	May 2002
Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol particles Fan, Jiwen; Rosenfeld, Daniel; Zhang, Yuwei Science, Vol. 359, Issue 6374 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan8461	journal	January 2018
The variable nature of convection in the tropics and subtropics: A legacy of 16 years of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite: CONVECTIVE VARIABILITY SEEN BY TRMM Houze, Robert A.; Rasmussen, Kristen L.; Zuluaga, Manuel D. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 53, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000488	journal	September 2015
Precipitation Estimation from the ARM Distributed Radar Network during the MC3E Campaign Giangrande, Scott E.; Collis, Scott; Theisen, Adam K. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 53, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0321.1	journal	September 2014
Use of Specific Attenuation for Rainfall Measurement at X-Band Radar Wavelengths. Part II: Rainfall Estimates and Comparison with Rain Gauges Diederich, Malte; Ryzhkov, Alexander; Simmer, Clemens Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0067.1	journal	April 2015
Rain Drop Measurement Techniques: A Review Kathiravelu, Gopinath; Lucke, Terry; Nichols, Peter Water, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/w8010029	journal	January 2016
Path- and Area-Integrated Rainfall Measurement by Microwave Attenuation in the 1–3 cm Band Atlas, David; Ulbrich, Carlton W. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 16, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<1322:PAAIRM>2.0.CO;2	journal	December 1977
Hydrological model sensitivity to parameter and radar rainfall estimation uncertainty Hossain, Faisal; Anagnostou, Emmanouil N.; Dinku, Tufa Hydrological Processes, Vol. 18, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5659	journal	January 2004
Overview of the first HyMeX Special Observation Period over Italy: observations and model results Ferretti, R.; Pichelli, E.; Gentile, S. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 18, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014	journal	January 2014
Assessment of SCaMPR and NEXRAD Q2 Precipitation Estimates Using Oklahoma Mesonet Observations Stenz, Ronald; Dong, Xiquan; Xi, Baike Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0199.1	journal	December 2014
Evidence from Tropical Raindrop Spectra of the Origin of Rain from Stratiform versus Convective Clouds Tokay, Ali; Short, David A. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0355:EFTRSO>2.0.CO;2	journal	March 1996
Using High-Speed Photography to Study Undercatch in Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauges* Duchon, Claude; Fiebrich, Christopher; Grimsley, David Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00169.1	journal	June 2014
Doppler radar characteristics of precipitation at vertical incidence Atlas, D.; Srivastava, R. C.; Sekhon, R. S. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/RG011i001p00001	journal	January 1973
Top-of-atmosphere radiation budget of convective core/stratiform rain and anvil clouds from deep convective systems: CONVECTIVE CORE ANVIL CLOUD RADIATION Feng, Zhe; Dong, Xiquan; Xi, Baike Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 116, Issue D23 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016451	journal	December 2011
Dynamic ANN for precipitation estimation and forecasting from radar observations Chiang, Yen-Ming; Chang, Fi-John; Jou, Ben Jong-Dao Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 334, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.10.021	journal	February 2007
Characteristics of the Raindrop Size Distribution in Tropical Continental Squall Lines Observed in Darwin, Australia Maki, Masayuki; Keenan, Tom D.; Sasaki, Yoshiaki Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 40, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1393:COTRSD>2.0.CO;2	journal	August 2001
Comparison of Raindrop Size Distributions in a Midlatitude Continental Squall Line during Different Stages as Measured by Parsivel over East China Zhang, Hongsheng; Zhang, Yun; He, Hongrang Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 56, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0336.1	journal	July 2017
The Distribution of Raindrops with size Marshall, J. S.; Palmer, W. Mc K. Journal of Meteorology, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:TDORWS>2.0.CO;2	journal	August 1948
The Concept of “Normalized” Distribution to Describe Raindrop Spectra: A Tool for Cloud Physics and Cloud Remote Sensing Testud, Jacques; Oury, Stéphane; Black, Robert A. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 40, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1118:TCONDT>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 2001
Reflectivity‐rain rate relationships for convective rainshowers in Edmonton: Research note Xin, Lingyan; Reuter, Gerhard; Larochelle, Bruno Atmosphere-Ocean, Vol. 35, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.1997.9649602	journal	December 1997
Aggregate Terminal Velocity/Temperature Relations Brandes, Edward A.; Ikeda, Kyoko; Thompson, Gregory Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 47, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC1869.1	journal	October 2008
The Need to Represent Raindrop Size Spectra as Normalized Gamma Distributions for the Interpretation of Polarization Radar Observations Illingworth, Anthony J.; Blackman, T. Mark Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 41, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0286:TNTRRS>2.0.CO;2	journal	March 2002
Analysis of the moments and parameters of a gamma DSD to infer precipitation properties: A convective stratiform discrimination algorithm Caracciolo, C.; Prodi, F.; Battaglia, A. Atmospheric Research, Vol. 80, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.07.003	journal	May 2006
Raindrop size distribution: Fitting performance of common theoretical models Adirosi, E.; Volpi, E.; Lombardo, F. Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.07.010	journal	October 2016
Impacts of Raindrop Fall Velocity and Axis Ratio Errors on Dual-Polarization Radar Rainfall Estimation Pei, Bin; Testik, Firat Y.; Gebremichael, Mekonnen Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0201.1	journal	October 2014
On the measurement of atmospheric gamma drop-size distributions Brawn, Dan; Upton, Graham Atmospheric Science Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.198	journal	October 2008
The WSR-88D Rainfall Algorithm Fulton, Richard A.; Breidenbach, Jay P.; Seo, Dong-Jun Weather and Forecasting, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0377:TWRA>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 1998
Ein Spektrograph f�r Niederschlagstropfen mit automatischer Auswertung Joss, J.; Waldvogel, A. Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, Vol. 68, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874898	journal	January 1967
General Probability-matched Relations between Radar Reflectivity and Rain Rate Rosenfeld, Daniel; Wolff, David B.; Atlas, David Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 32, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0050:GPMRBR>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 1993
Terminal Velocity and Shape of Cloud and Precipitation Drops Aloft Beard, K. V. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 33, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<0851:TVASOC>2.0.CO;2	journal	May 1976
Raindrop Size Distribution in Different Climatic Regimes from Disdrometer and Dual-Polarized Radar Analysis Bringi, V. N.; Chandrasekar, V.; Hubbert, J. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 60, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0354:RSDIDC>2.0.CO;2	journal	January 2003
The effect of raindrop clustering on collision-induced break-up of raindrops McFarquhar, Greg M. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 130, Issue 601 https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.03.98	journal	July 2004
A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements Zhang, G.; Vivekanandan, J.; Brandes, E. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 39, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/36.917906	journal	April 2001
Ice properties of single-layer stratocumulus during the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment: 1. Observations McFarquhar, Greg M.; Zhang, Gong; Poellot, Michael R. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue D24 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008633	journal	January 2007
Stratiform Rain in the Tropics as Seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar* Schumacher, Courtney; Houze, Robert A. Journal of Climate, Vol. 16, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<1739:SRITTA>2.0.CO;2	journal	June 2003
Calibration of a Weather Bureau Tipping-Bucket Raingage Parsons, Donald A. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 69, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1941)069<0205:COAWBT>2.0.CO;2	journal	July 1941
A New Representation of Collision-Induced Breakup of Raindrops and Its Implications for the Shapes of Raindrop Size Distributions McFarquhar, Greg M. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 61, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0777:ANROCB>2.0.CO;2	journal	April 2004
Raindrop Size Distribution Modeling from a Statistical Rain Parameter Relation and Its Application to the TRMM Precipitation Radar Rain Retrieval Algorithm Kozu, Toshiaki; Iguchi, Toshio; Shimomai, Toyoshi Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 48, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC1998.1	journal	April 2009
Rainfall Microphysics and Radar Properties: Analysis Methods for Drop Size Spectra Ulbrich, Carlton W.; Atlas, David Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 37, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<0912:RMARPA>2.0.CO;2	journal	September 1998
Comparison of Drop Size Distribution Measurements by Impact and Optical Disdrometers Tokay, Ali; Kruger, Anton; Krajewski, Witold F. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 40, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<2083:CODSDM>2.0.CO;2	journal	November 2001
Deep Convective System Evolution over Africa and the Tropical Atlantic Futyan, Joanna M.; Del Genio, Anthony D. Journal of Climate, Vol. 20, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4297.1	journal	October 2007
Polarimetric Radar Estimators Based on a Constrained Gamma Drop Size Distribution Model Vivekanandan, J.; Zhang, Guifu; Brandes, Edward Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 43, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0217:PREBOA>2.0.CO;2	journal	February 2004
Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) Quantitative Precipitation Estimation: Initial Operating Capabilities Zhang, Jian; Howard, Kenneth; Langston, Carrie Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 97, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00174.1	journal	April 2016
Co-located tipping-bucket and optical drop counter RI measurements and a simulated correction algorithm Colli, M.; Lanza, L. G.; Chan, P. W. Atmospheric Research, Vol. 119 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.07.018	journal	January 2013
A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements Zhang, G.; Vivekanandau, J.; Brandes, E. IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120) https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2000.860461	conference	January 2000
National Mosaic and Multi-sensor QPE (NMQ) System – Description, Results and Future Plans Zhang, Jian; Howard, Kenneth; Langston, Carrie Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00047.1	journal	June 2011