Overcharge investigation of large format lithium-ion pouch cells with Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 cathode for electric vehicles: Thermal runaway features and safety management method

Zhu, Xiaoqing; Wang, Zhenpo; Wang, Yituo; Wang, Hsin; Wang, Cong; Tong, Lei; Yi, Mi

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.041

Overcharge investigation of large format lithium-ion pouch cells with Li(Ni_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2)O₂ cathode for electric vehicles: Thermal runaway features and safety management method

Journal Article · Fri Dec 14 00:00:00 EST 2018 · Energy (Oxford)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.041· OSTI ID:1494873

^[1]; Wang, Zhenpo ^[2]; Wang, Yituo ^[3]; Wang, Hsin ^[4]; Wang, Cong ^[2]; Tong, Lei ^[3]; Yi, Mi ^[2]

Beijing Inst. of Technology (China). National Engineering Lab. for Electric Vehicles; Collaborative Innovation Center for Electric Vehicles in Beijing (China); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Materials Science and Technology Division
Beijing Inst. of Technology (China). National Engineering Lab. for Electric Vehicles; Collaborative Innovation Center for Electric Vehicles in Beijing (China)
China North Vehicle Research Inst., Beijing (China). State-assigned Electric Vehicle Power Battery Testing Center
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Materials Science and Technology Division

The overcharge-induced thermal runaway features of large format commercial lithium-ion batteries with Li(Ni_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2)O₂ (NCM622) cathode for electric vehicles under different current rates (C-rates) have been systematically studied at ambient temperature. The overcharge process is characterized as four stages. The temperature rise and the maximum temperature of the battery surface don't increase in proportion to the applied C-rates. However, with the increase of C-rates, the crest voltage of voltage curve rises linearly. When the voltage reaches approximately 5.1 V, a new voltage plateau appears in the cases below 2C. It is not sufficient that the temperature sensor is placed only near the terminal tab for most battery packs of EVs. In addition, the accumulated heat analysis demonstrates that side reactions dominate the temperature rise and contribute to most of the accumulated heat before thermal runaway. To mitigate the impact of overcharge and avoid the thermal runaway risk, a safety management method is proposed. Furthermore, the sharp drop in voltage before thermal runaway also provides a feasible approach to forewarn the users of the impending risk. These results are important for building safer batteries and providing information for the safety monitoring function of the battery management system (BMS).

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Beijing Inst. of Technology (China); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: China Scholarship Council; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); USDOE; USDOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1494873

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1636567

Journal Information:: Energy (Oxford), Journal Name: Energy (Oxford) Vol. 169; ISSN 0360-5442

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (68)

Failure mechanism of Li-ion battery at overcharge conditions Belov, D.; Yang, Mo-Hua Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Vol. 12, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-007-0449-3	journal	November 2007
Modeling of the air conditions effects on the power and fuel consumption of the SI engine using neural networks and regression Rahimi-Gorji, Mohammad; Ghajar, Mostafa; Kakaee, Amir-Hasan Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 39, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-016-0539-1	journal	April 2016
The carbon/Li1+xMn2O4 system Guyomard, D.; Tarascon, J. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 69, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)90412-X	journal	August 1994
A study of the overcharge reaction of lithium-ion batteries Leising, Randolph A.; Palazzo, Marcus J.; Takeuchi, Esther Sans Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 97-98 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00598-5	journal	July 2001
Thermal behaviors of lithium-ion cells during overcharge Saito, Yoshiyasu; Takano, Kiyonami; Negishi, Akira Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 97-98 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00703-0	journal	July 2001
Abuse behavior of high-power, lithium-ion cells Spotnitz, R.; Franklin, J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 113, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00488-3	journal	January 2003
Gas generation mechanism due to electrolyte decomposition in commercial lithium-ion cell Kumai, Kazuma; Miyashiro, Hajime; Kobayashi, Yo Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 81-82 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00234-1	journal	September 1999
A consideration of lithium cell safety Tobishima, Shin-ichi; Yamaki, Jun-ichi Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 81-82 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00240-7	journal	September 1999
On safety of lithium-ion cells Biensan, Ph; Simon, B.; Pérès, J. P. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 81-82 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00135-4	journal	September 1999
On-line remaining energy prediction: A case study in embedded battery management system Wang, Yujie; Chen, Zonghai; Zhang, Chenbin Applied Energy, Vol. 194 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.081	journal	May 2017
Thermal behavior and failure mechanism of lithium ion cells during overcharge under adiabatic conditions Ye, Jiana; Chen, Haodong; Wang, Qingsong Applied Energy, Vol. 182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.124	journal	November 2016
Model-based thermal runaway prediction of lithium-ion batteries from kinetics analysis of cell components Ren, Dongsheng; Liu, Xiang; Feng, Xuning Applied Energy, Vol. 228 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.126	journal	October 2018
Investigation on the promotion of temperature uniformity for the designed battery pack with liquid flow in cooling process Zhang, Tianshi; Gao, Qing; Wang, Guohua Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 116 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.01.069	journal	April 2017
Details of regional particle deposition and airflow structures in a realistic model of human tracheobronchial airways: two-phase flow simulation Rahimi-Gorji, Mohammad; Gorji, Tahereh B.; Gorji-Bandpy, Mofid Computers in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 74 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.04.017	journal	July 2016
Self-directed chemical synthesis of lithium-rich layered oxide Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 with tightly interconnected particles as cathode of lithium ion batteries with improved rate capability Xiang, Xingde; Li, Weishan Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 127 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.037	journal	May 2014
Overcharge failure investigation of lithium-ion batteries Yuan, QingFeng; Zhao, Fenggang; Wang, Weidong Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 178 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.147	journal	October 2015
A 3D thermal runaway propagation model for a large format lithium ion battery module Feng, Xuning; Lu, Languang; Ouyang, Minggao Energy, Vol. 115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.094	journal	November 2016
A comprehensive model for lithium-ion batteries: From the physical principles to an electrical model Berrueta, Alberto; Urtasun, Andoni; Ursúa, Alfredo Energy, Vol. 144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.154	journal	February 2018
Computer simulation of the influence of thermal conditions on the performance of conventional and unconventional lithium-ion battery geometries Miranda, D.; Costa, C. M.; Almeida, A. M. Energy, Vol. 149 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.026	journal	April 2018
Performance analysis of a novel thermal management system with composite phase change material for a lithium-ion battery pack Wang, Xiaoming; Xie, Yongqi; Day, Rodney Energy, Vol. 156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.104	journal	August 2018
Ignition and combustion characteristics of lithium ion batteries under low atmospheric pressure Fu, Yangyang; Lu, Song; Shi, Long Energy, Vol. 161 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.129	journal	October 2018
Fault detection of the connection of lithium-ion power batteries in series for electric vehicles based on statistical analysis Ma, Mina; Wang, Yu; Duan, Qiangling Energy, Vol. 164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.047	journal	December 2018
Long-term degradation based analysis for lithium-ion batteries in off-grid wind-battery renewable energy systems Ghorbanzadeh, Milad; Astaneh, Majid; Golzar, Farzin Energy, Vol. 166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.120	journal	January 2019
Unlocking the coupling mechanical-electrochemical behavior of lithium-ion battery upon dynamic mechanical loading Jia, Yikai; Yin, Sha; Liu, Binghe Energy, Vol. 166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.142	journal	January 2019
State of health estimation of lithium-ion batteries based on the constant voltage charging curve Wang, Zengkai; Zeng, Shengkui; Guo, Jianbin Energy, Vol. 167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.11.008	journal	January 2019
Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review Feng, Xuning; Ouyang, Minggao; Liu, Xiang Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.05.013	journal	January 2018
H2O based different nanofluids with unsteady condition and an external magnetic field on permeable channel heat transfer Biglarian, M.; Rahimi Gorji, M.; Pourmehran, O. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.085	journal	August 2017
Influence of coupling of overcharge state and short-term cycle on the mechanical integrity behavior of 18650 Li-ion batteries subject to lateral compression Gao, Zhenhai; Zhang, Xiaoting; Xiao, Yang International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 43, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.01.150	journal	March 2018
Sintering by intense thermal radiation (SITR): A study of temperature distribution by simulation and experiments Li, Duan; Shen, Zhijian Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 35, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.03.021	journal	October 2015
Overcharge reaction of lithium-ion batteries Ohsaki, Takahisa; Kishi, Takashi; Kuboki, Takashi Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 146, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.105	journal	August 2005
Thermodynamics and crystal structure anomalies in lithium-intercalated graphite Yazami, Rachid; Reynier, Yvan Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 153, Issue 2, p. 312-318 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.087	journal	February 2006
Effect of long-term overcharge and operated temperature on performance of rechargeable NiMH cells Hu, W. K.; Geng, M. M.; Gao, X. P. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 159, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.089	journal	September 2006
Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries Balakrishnan, P. G.; Ramesh, R.; Prem Kumar, T. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 155, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.002	journal	April 2006
Overcharge investigation of lithium-ion polymer batteries Zeng, Yuqun; Wu, Kai; Wang, Deyu Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 160, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.009	journal	October 2006
A review of the electrochemical performance of alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries Zhang, Wei-Jun Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.07.020	journal	January 2011
Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery Wang, Qingsong; Ping, Ping; Zhao, Xuejuan Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 208 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.02.038	journal	June 2012
In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction to study overcharge abuse of 18650-size lithium-ion battery Lin, Chi-Kai; Ren, Yang; Amine, Khalil Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.032	journal	May 2013
Preparation and characterization of size-uniform Li[Li0.131Ni0.304Mn0.565]O2 particles as cathode materials for high energy lithium ion battery Xiang, Xingde; Li, Xiaoqing; Li, Weishan Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 230 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.050	journal	May 2013
Dimethoxydiphenylsilane (DDS) as overcharge protection additive for lithium-ion batteries Chen, Lang; Xu, Mengqing; Li, Bin Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 244 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.139	journal	December 2013
Nondestructive detection, characterization, and quantification of lithium plating in commercial lithium-ion batteries Petzl, Mathias; Danzer, Michael A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 254 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.060	journal	May 2014
Thermal runaway features of large format prismatic lithium ion battery using extended volume accelerating rate calorimetry Feng, Xuning; Fang, Mou; He, Xiangming Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.005	journal	June 2014
In situ detection of lithium metal plating on graphite in experimental cells Uhlmann, C.; Illig, J.; Ender, M. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.046	journal	April 2015
Overcharge-induced capacity fading analysis for large format lithium-ion batteries with Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2+ Li Mn2O4 composite cathode Ouyang, Minggao; Ren, Dongsheng; Lu, Languang Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.051	journal	April 2015
Cathode material comparison of thermal runaway behavior of Li-ion cells at different state of charges including over charge Mendoza-Hernandez, Omar Samuel; Ishikawa, Hiroaki; Nishikawa, Yuuki Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 280 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.143	journal	April 2015
Lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries investigated by voltage relaxation and in situ neutron diffraction von Lüders, Christian; Zinth, Veronika; Erhard, Simon V. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 342 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.032	journal	February 2017
High temperature stable Li-ion battery separators based on polyetherimides with improved electrolyte compatibility l'Abee, Roy; DaRosa, Fabien; Armstrong, Mark J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 345 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.02.005	journal	March 2017
An electrochemical-thermal coupled overcharge-to-thermal-runaway model for lithium ion battery Ren, Dongsheng; Feng, Xuning; Lu, Languang Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 364 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.035	journal	October 2017
The coupled lithium ion diffusion and stress in battery electrodes Eshghinejad, Ahmadreza; Li, Jiangyu Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 91 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.09.015	journal	December 2015
CFD simulation of airflow behavior and particle transport and deposition in different breathing conditions through the realistic model of human airways Rahimi-Gorji, M.; Pourmehran, O.; Gorji-Bandpy, M. Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 209 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.05.031	journal	September 2015
Electro-plating and stripping behavior on lithium metal electrode with ordered three-dimensional structure Li, Quan; Quan, Baogang; Li, Wenjun Nano Energy, Vol. 45 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.01.019	journal	March 2018
Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries Tarascon, J.-M.; Armand, M. Nature, Vol. 414, Issue 6861, p. 359-367 https://doi.org/10.1038/35104644	journal	November 2001
Building better batteries Armand, M.; Tarascon, J.-M. Nature, Vol. 451, Issue 7179, p. 652-657 https://doi.org/10.1038/451652a	journal	February 2008
Thermal runaway of commercial 18650 Li-ion batteries with LFP and NCA cathodes – impact of state of charge and overcharge Golubkov, Andrey W.; Scheikl, Sebastian; Planteu, René RSC Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 70 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA05897J	journal	January 2015
Alternative strategy for a safe rechargeable battery Braga, M. H.; Grundish, N. S.; Murchison, A. J. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE02888H	journal	January 2017
Finite Element Thermal Model and Simulation for a Cylindrical Li-Ion Battery Wang, Zhenpo; Ma, Jun; Zhang, Lei IEEE Access, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2723436	journal	January 2017
An Overview on Thermal Safety Issues of Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicle Application Zhang, Jianan; Zhang, Lei; Sun, Fengchun IEEE Access, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2824838	journal	January 2018
Overcharge Protection Effect of Cyclohexylbenzene and New Overcharge Protection Agent for Lithium Ion Batteries Iwayasu, N.; Takahashi, K. ECS Transactions, Vol. 45, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1149/04529.0067ecst	journal	April 2013
Abuse Testing of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Characterization of the Overcharge Reaction of LiCoO[sub 2]/Graphite Cells Leising, Randolph A.; Palazzo, Marcus J.; Takeuchi, Esther Sans Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 148, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1379740	journal	January 2001
Mathematical Modeling of the Lithium Deposition Overcharge Reaction in Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Carbon-Based Negative Electrodes Arora, Pankaj Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 146, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1392512	journal	January 1999
Sulfone-Based Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Xu, Kang; Angell, C. Austen Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 149, Issue 7, p. A920-A926 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1483866	journal	January 2002
In Situ Measurements of Heat Generation in a Li/Mesocarbon Microbead Half-Cell Lu, W.; Prakash, J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 150, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1541672	journal	January 2003
High-Rate Overcharge Protection of LiFePO[sub 4]-Based Li-Ion Cells Using the Redox Shuttle Additive 2,5-Ditertbutyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene Dahn, J. R.; Jiang, Junwei; Moshurchak, L. M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1906025	journal	January 2005
Incremental Capacity Analysis and Close-to-Equilibrium OCV Measurements to Quantify Capacity Fade in Commercial Rechargeable Lithium Batteries Dubarry, Matthieu; Svoboda, Vojtech; Hwu, Ruey Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2221767	journal	January 2006
Overcharge Investigation of Large Format Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells with Li(Ni _0.6 Co _0.2 Mn _0.2 )O ₂ Cathode for Electric Vehicles: Degradation and Failure Mechanisms Zhu, Xiaoqing; Wang, Zhenpo; Wang, Cong Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0161816jes	journal	January 2018
Failure Investigation of LiFePO ₄ Cells under Overcharge Conditions Xu, Fan; He, Hao; Liu, YaDong Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.024206jes	journal	January 2012
Abuse by External Heating, Overcharge and Short Circuiting of Commercial Lithium-Ion Battery Cells Larsson, Fredrik; Mellander, Bengt-Erik Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0311410jes	journal	January 2014
A Review on Lithium-Ion Batteries Safety Issues: Existing Problems and Possible Solutions Wen, Jianwu; Yu, Yan; Chen, Chunhua Materials Express, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1166/mex.2012.1075	journal	September 2012
In Situ Monitoring of Temperature inside Lithium-Ion Batteries by Flexible Micro Temperature Sensors Lee, Chi-Yuan; Lee, Shuo-Jen; Tang, Ming-Shao Sensors, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/s111009942	journal	October 2011

Cited By (2)

Thermal safety study of Li‐ion batteries under limited overcharge abuse based on coupled electrochemical‐thermal model Zeng, Ganghui; Bai, Zhonghao; Huang, Peifeng International Journal of Energy Research, Vol. 44, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5125	journal	April 2020
Influence of Current Rate on the Degradation Behavior of Lithium-Ion Battery under Overcharge Condition Ouyang, Dongxu; Weng, Jingwen; Liu, Jiahao Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1441912jes	journal	January 2019

Similar Records

Explosion behavior investigation and safety assessment of large-format lithium-ion pouch cells

Journal Article · Mon Apr 18 20:00:00 EDT 2022 · Journal of Energy Chemistry · OSTI ID:1883790

Overcharge-to-thermal-runaway behavior and safety assessment of commercial lithium-ion cells with different cathode materials: A comparison study

Journal Article · Mon Jul 20 20:00:00 EDT 2020 · Journal of Energy Chemistry · OSTI ID:1651292

Targeted masking enables stable cycling of LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ at 4.6V

Journal Article · Thu Mar 10 19:00:00 EST 2022 · Nano Energy · OSTI ID:1880828

Related Subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE
Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 cathode
lithium-ion battery safety
overcharge
safety management method
thermal runaway