Long- and short-term triggering and modulation of mud volcano eruptions by earthquakes

Bonini, Marco; Rudolph, Maxwell L.; Manga, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.01.037

Title: Long- and short-term triggering and modulation of mud volcano eruptions by earthquakes

Journal Article · Sat Feb 06 00:00:00 EST 2016 · Tectonophysics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.01.037· OSTI ID:1480717

Bonini, Marco ^[1]; Rudolph, Maxwell L. ^[2]; Manga, Michael ^[3]

Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Florence (Italy)
Portland State University, Portland, OR (United States)
University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)

Earthquakes can trigger the eruption of mud. In this study, we use eruptions in Azerbaijan, Italy, Romania, Japan, Andaman Islands, Pakistan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and California to probe the nature of stress changes that induce new eruptions and modulate ongoing eruptions. Dynamic stresses produced by earthquakes are usually inferred to be the dominant triggering mechanism; however static stress changes acting on the feeder systems of mud volcanoes may also play a role. In Azerbaijan, eruptions within 2-10 fault lengths from the epicenter are favored in the year following earthquakes where the static stress changes cause compression of the mud source and unclamp feeder dikes. In Romania, Taiwan, and some Italian sites, increased activity is also favored where the static stress changes act to unclamp feeder dikes, but responses occur within days. The eruption in the Andaman Islands, and those of the Niikappu mud volcanoes, Japan are better correlated with amplitude of dynamic stresses produced by seismic waves. Similarly, a new island that emerged off the coast of Pakistan in 2013 was likely triggered by dynamic stresses, enhanced by directivity. At the southern end of the Salton Sea, California earthquakes increase the gas flux at small mud volcanoes. Responses are best correlated with dynamic stresses. The comparison of responses in these nine settings indicates that dynamic stresses are most often correlated with triggering, although permanent stress changes as small as, and possibly smaller than, 0.1 bar may be sufficient to also influence eruptions. Unclamping stresses with magnitude similar to Earth tides (0.01 bar) persist over time and may play a role in triggering delayed responses. Lastly, unclamping stresses may be important contributors to short-term triggering only if they exceed 0.1-1 bar.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1480717

Journal Information:: Tectonophysics, Vol. 672-673, Issue C; ISSN 0040-1951

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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