Improved experimental and diagnostic techniques for dynamic tensile stress–strain measurement with a Kolsky tension bar

Qiu, Ying; Loeffler, Colin M.; Nie, Xu; Song, Bo

doi:10.1088/1361-6501/aabc9f

Title: Improved experimental and diagnostic techniques for dynamic tensile stress–strain measurement with a Kolsky tension bar

Journal Article · Tue May 22 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Measurement Science and Technology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aabc9f· OSTI ID:1478219

^[1]; Loeffler, Colin M. ^[1]; Nie, Xu ^[1]; Song, Bo ^[2]

Southern Methodist Univ., Dallas, TX (United States). Mechanical Engineering
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Kolsky tension bar experiments were improved for dynamic tensile stress–strain measurements with higher fidelity and minimal uncertainties. The difficulties associated with specimen gripping, relatively short gage section, and geometric discontinuity at the bar ends all compromise the accuracy of the traditional strain measurement method in a Kolsky tension bar experiment. Here in this study, an improved three-channel splitting-beam laser extensometer technique was developed to directly and independently track the displacement of the incident and transmission bar interfaces. By adopting a dual-channel configuration on the incident bar side, the resolution and measurement range of this laser extensometer were coordinated between the two channels to provide highly precise measurement at both small and large strains under high strain-rate loading condition. On the transmission bar side an amplified channel, similar to that used on the incident bar side, was adopted to measure the transmission bar displacement with high resolution. With this novel design, a maximum resolution of approximately 500 nm can be obtained for the bar displacement measurement, which corresponds to a strain of 0.0079% for a specimen with 6.35 mm gage length. To further improve the accuracy, a pair of lock nuts were used to tighten the tensile specimen to the bars in an effort not only to prevent the specimen from potential pre-torsional deformation and damage during installation, but also to provide better thread engagement between the specimen and the bar ends. As a demonstration of this technique, dynamic tensile stress–strain response of a 304L stainless steel was characterized with high resolution in both elastic and plastic deformations.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000

OSTI ID:: 1478219

Report Number(s):: SAND-2017-4528J; 652878

Journal Information:: Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 29, Issue 7; ISSN 0957-0233

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 3 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (47)

Dynamic Tensile Characterization of Vascomax® Maraging C250 and C300 Alloys Song, Bo; Wakeland, Peter E.; Furnish, Michael Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40870-015-0016-4	journal	April 2015
An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Materials at very High Rates of Loading Kolsky, H. Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B, Vol. 62, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/62/11/302	journal	November 1949
An optical technique for measurement of material properties in the tension Kolsky bar Li, Yulong; Ramesh, K. T. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.12.002	journal	April 2007
Mechanisms Responsible for Strain-Rate-Dependent Compressive Strength in Ceramic Materials Lankford, J. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 64, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1981.tb09570.x	journal	February 1981
Compressive superelastic behavior of a NiTi shape memory alloy at strain rates of 0.001–750 s−1 Chen, Weinong W.; Wu, QiuPing; Kang, Joseph H. International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 38, Issue 50-51 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(01)00165-2	journal	December 2001
Improved Kolsky tension bar for high-rate tensile characterization of materials Song, Bo; Antoun, Bonnie R.; Connelly, Kevin Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/22/4/045704	journal	March 2011
Dynamic Tensile Response of Porcine Muscle Nie, Xu; Cheng, Jen-I; Chen, Weinong W. Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 78, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4002580	journal	November 2010
A Kolsky tension bar technique using a hollow incident tube Guzman, O.; Frew, D. J.; Chen, W. Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/22/4/045703	journal	March 2011
James Forrest Lecture 1946. the Testing of Materials at high Rates of Loading. Taylor, G. I. Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 26, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1680/ijoti.1946.13699	journal	October 1946
A Tensile Split Hopkinson Bar for Testing Particulate Polymer Composites Under Elevated Rates of Loading Owens, A. T.; Tippur, H. V. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 49, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-008-9192-7	journal	November 2008
Mechanical response of pig skin under dynamic tensile loading Lim, Jaeyoung; Hong, Jihye; Chen, Weinong W. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 38, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.09.003	journal	February 2011
Dynamic Tensile Characterization of a 4330-V Steel with Kolsky Bar Techniques Song, B.; Antoun, B. R.; Jin, H. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 53, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9721-x	journal	June 2013
Error Assessment for Strain Mapping by Digital Image Correlation Smith, B. W.; Li, M.; Tong, W. Experimental Techniques, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1998.tb02332.x	journal	July 1998
Strain measuring accuracy with splitting-beam laser extensometer technique at split Hopkinson compression bar experiment Panowicz, R.; Janiszewski, J.; Traczyk, M. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences, Vol. 65, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2017-0020	journal	April 2017
High-strain-rate tensile mechanical response of a polyurethane elastomeric material Fan, J. T.; Weerheijm, J.; Sluys, L. J. Polymer, Vol. 65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.046	journal	May 2015
Compressive behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete under impact loading Xiao, Jianzhuang; Li, Long; Shen, Luming Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 71 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.01.014	journal	May 2015
A Novel Splitting-Beam Laser Extensometer Technique for Kolsky Tension Bar Experiment Nie, Xu; Song, Bo; Loeffler, Colin M. Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40870-015-0005-7	journal	January 2015
Strain-rate effects on elastic and early cell-collapse responses of a polystyrene foam Song, Bo; Chen, Weinong W.; Dou, Songbai International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 31, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2004.02.003	journal	May 2005
A Kolsky bar: Tension, tension-tension Li, M.; Wang, R.; Han, M. -B. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 33, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02322543	journal	March 1993
A Self Adaptive Global Digital Image Correlation Algorithm Wittevrongel, L.; Lava, P.; Lomov, S. V. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 55, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-014-9946-3	journal	October 2014
Nonlinear Parameter Identification of a Mechanical Interface Based on Primary Wave Scattering Moore, K. J.; Kurt, M.; Eriten, M. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 57, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-017-0320-0	journal	August 2017
Electrooptical Effects and Experimental Probes of the Structure of Blue Phase III Dolganov, V. K.; Fouret, R.; Gors, C. Journal de Physique II, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1051/jp2:1997111	journal	January 1997
Non-contacting strain measurement for cement-based composites in dynamic tensile testing Zhu, Deju; Mobasher, Barzin; Rajan, S. D. Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 34, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.09.011	journal	February 2012
The Grid Method for In-plane Displacement and Strain Measurement: A Review and Analysis: The Grid Method Grédiac, M.; Sur, F.; Blaysat, B. Strain, Vol. 52, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/str.12182	journal	May 2016
Systematic errors in two-dimensional digital image correlation due to lens distortion Pan, Bing; Yu, Liping; Wu, Dafang Optics and Lasers in Engineering, Vol. 51, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2012.08.012	journal	February 2013
High Rate Response and Dynamic Failure of Structural Ceramics Jiao, T.; Li, Yulong; Ramesh, K. T. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7402.2004.tb00176.x	journal	July 2004
Pseudo Stress Response in Kolsky Tension Bar Experiments Song, B.; Antoun, B. R. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 52, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-011-9509-9	journal	May 2011
Dynamic Fracture of Ceramics in Armor Applications Chen, Weinong W.; Rajendran, A. M.; Song, Bo Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 90, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01515.x	journal	April 2007
Characterization of a Laser Extensometer for Split Hopkinson Pressure bar Experiments Joyce, B. S.; Dennis, M.; Dodson, J. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 57, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-017-0302-2	journal	June 2017
Dynamic High-Temperature Tensile Characterization of an Iridium Alloy with Kolsky Tension Bar Techniques Song, Bo; Nelson, Kevin; Lipinski, Ronald Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40870-015-0022-6	journal	May 2015
Experimental accuracy of two dimensional strain measurements using Digital Image Correlation Hoult, Neil A.; Andy Take, W.; Lee, Chris Engineering Structures, Vol. 46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.018	journal	January 2013
High strain rate tensile testing of automotive aluminum alloy sheet Smerd, R.; Winkler, S.; Salisbury, C. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 32, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.04.013	journal	December 2005
Techniques for measuring stress-strain relations at high strain rates: Paper reviews briefly some of the experimental techniques for measuring the stress, strain and strain-rate relationship, and points out some of the difficulties and shortcomings. Also, experimental techniques used by author are explained and typical results presented Hauser, Frank E. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02326284	journal	August 1966
Numerical investigation into the stress wave transmitting characteristics of threads in the split Hopkinson tensile bar test Nguyen, Khac-Ha; Kim, Hee Cheol; Shin, Hyunho International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.07.004	journal	November 2017
Specimen inertia in high strain-rate compression Gorham, D. A. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/22/12/014	journal	December 1989
Dynamic Compression Testing of Soft Materials Chen, W.; Lu, F.; Frew, D. J. Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 69, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1464871	journal	May 2002
Introduction Walley, Stephen; Eakins, Daniel Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 372, Issue 2015 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0220	journal	May 2014
Dynamic behavior of concrete at high strain rates and pressures: I. experimental characterization Grote, D. L.; Park, S. W.; Zhou, M. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 25, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0734-743x(01)00020-3	journal	October 2001
Microstructural evolution of pure magnesium under high strain rate loading Dixit, Neha; Xie, Kelvin Y.; Hemker, Kevin J. Acta Materialia, Vol. 87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.030	journal	April 2015
Novel temperature measurement method & thermodynamic investigations of amorphous polymers during high rate deformation Kendall, Michael J.; Froud, Richard F.; Siviour, Clive R. Polymer, Vol. 55, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.03.058	journal	May 2014
Compression-impact testing of aluminum at elevated temperatures: A split Hopkinson pressure-bar technique obtains stress-strain curves and stress vs. strain-rate relations for 1/4-in. long 1/2-in. diam specimens at six temperatures up to 550°C Chiddister, J. L.; Malvern, L. E. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02325890	journal	April 1963
High strain-rate testing: Tension and compression: In this paper, the authors present a split-pressure-bar method for obtaining complete stress-strain curves at strain rates in the order of 1000 sec−1 in either tension or compression Lindholm, U. S.; Yeakley, L. M. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02326244	journal	January 1968
Tensile Testing of Materials at Impact Rates of Strain Harding, J.; Wood, E. O.; Campbell, J. D. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1960_002_016_02	journal	June 1960
A tensile testing technique for fibre-reinforced composites at impact rates of strain Harding, J.; Welsh, L. M. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 18, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00542078	journal	June 1983
Tensile testing of materials at high rates of strain: An experimental technique is developed for testing materials at strain rates up to 103 s−1 in tension using a modification of the split Hopkinson bar or Kolsky apparatus Nicholas, Theodore Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 21, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02326644	journal	May 1981
A direct-tension split Hopkinson bar for high strain-rate testing Staab, G. H.; Gilat, A. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02326065	journal	September 1991
A method to analyze the influence of mechanical strain on dermal collagen morphologies Witte, Maximilian; Rübhausen, Michael; Jaspers, Sören Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86907-7	journal	April 2021