Antarctic surface reflectivity calculations and measurements from the ANITA-4 and HiCal-2 experiments

Prohira, S.; Novikov, A.; Dasgupta, P.; Jain, P.; Nande, S.; Allison, P.; Banerjee, O.; Batten, L.; Beatty, J. J.; Belov, K.; Besson, D. Z.; Binns, W. R.; Bugaev, V.; Cao, P.; Chen, C.; Chen, P.; Clem, J. M.; Connolly, A.; Cremonesi, L.; Dailey, B.; Deaconu, C.; Dowkontt, P. F.; Fox, B. D.; Gordon, J.; Gorham, P. W.; Hast, C.; Hill, B.; Hupe, R.; Israel, M. H.; Lam, J.; Liu, T. C.; Ludwig, A.; Matsuno, S.; Miki, C.; Mottram, M.; Mulrey, K.; Nam, J.; Nichol, R. J.; Oberla, E.; Ratzlaff, K.; Rauch, B. F.; Romero-Wolf, A.; Rotter, B.; Russell, J.; Saltzberg, D.; Seckel, D.; Schoorlemmer, H.; Stafford, S.; Stockham, J.; Stockham, M.; Strutt, B.; Tatem, K.; Varner, G. S.; Vieregg, A. G.; Wissel, S. A.; Wu, F.; Young, R.

doi:10.1103/physrevd.98.042004

Title: Antarctic surface reflectivity calculations and measurements from the ANITA-4 and HiCal-2 experiments

Journal Article · Mon Aug 27 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Physical Review D

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.98.042004· OSTI ID:1475433

Prohira, S.; Novikov, A.; Dasgupta, P.; Jain, P.; Nande, S.; Allison, P.; Banerjee, O.; Batten, L.; Beatty, J. J.; Belov, K.; Besson, D. Z.; Binns, W. R.; Bugaev, V.; Cao, P.; Chen, C.; Chen, P.; Clem, J. M.; Connolly, A.; Cremonesi, L.; Dailey, B. more »

We report that the balloon-borne HiCal radio-frequency (RF) transmitter, in concert with the ANITA radio-frequency receiver array, is designed to measure the Antarctic surface reflectivity in the RF wavelength regime. The amplitude of surface-reflected transmissions from HiCal, registered as triggered events by ANITA, can be compared with the direct transmissions preceding them by O(10) microseconds, to infer the surface power reflection coefficient R. The first HiCal mission (HiCal-1, Jan. 2015) yielded a sample of 100 such pairs, resulting in estimates of R at highly glancing angles (i.e., zenith angles approaching 90°), with measured reflectivity for those events which exceeded extant calculations [P. W. Gorham et al., Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation, 1740002 (2017)]. The HiCal-2 experiment, flying from December 2016–January 2017, provided an improvement by nearly 2 orders of magnitude in our event statistics, allowing a considerably more precise mapping of the reflectivity over a wider range of incidence angles. We find general agreement between the HiCal-2 reflectivity results and those obtained with the earlier HiCal-1 mission, as well as estimates from Solar reflections in the radio-frequency regime [D. Z. Besson et al., Radio Sci. 50, 1 (2015)]. In parallel, our calculations of expected reflectivity have matured; herein, we use a plane-wave expansion to estimate the reflectivity R from both a flat, smooth surface (and, in so doing, recover the Fresnel reflectivity equations) and also a curved surface. Lastly, multiplying our flat-smooth reflectivity by improved Earth curvature and surface roughness corrections now provides significantly better agreement between theory and the HiCal-2 measurements.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Contributing Organization:: ANITA Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515; NNX15AC19G; 1404289; 1255557; 106-2119-M-002-011; 14.A12.31.0006

OSTI ID:: 1475433

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1466856

Journal Information:: Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 4; ISSN 2470-0010

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 10 works

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References (11)

Erratum: Observational constraints on the ultrahigh energy cosmic neutrino flux from the second flight of the ANITA experiment [Phys. Rev. D 82 022004 (2010)] Gorham, P. W.; Allison, P.; Baughman, B. M. Physical Review D, Vol. 85, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.85.049901	journal	February 2012
A scintillator based endcap KL and muon detector for the Belle II experiment Aushev, T.; Besson, D. Z.; Chilikin, K. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 789 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.03.060	journal	July 2015
Antarctic radio frequency albedo and implications for cosmic ray reconstruction: BESSON ET AL. Besson, D. Z.; Stockham, J.; Sullivan, M. Radio Science, Vol. 50, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013RS005315	journal	January 2015
The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna ultra-high energy neutrino detector: Design, performance, and sensitivity for the 2006–2007 balloon flight Gorham, P. W.; Allison, P.; Barwick, S. W. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 32, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2009.05.003	journal	August 2009
Dynamic tunable notch filters for the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) Allison, P.; Banerjee, O.; Beatty, J. J. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 894 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.03.059	journal	June 2018
Characteristics of Four Upward-Pointing Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed with ANITA Gorham, P. W.; Nam, J.; Romero-Wolf, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 117, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.071101	journal	August 2016
Observation of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays with the ANITA Balloon-Borne Radio Interferometer Hoover, S.; Nam, J.; Gorham, P. W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.151101	journal	October 2010
Antarctic Surface Reflectivity Measurements from the ANITA-3 and HiCal-1 Experiments Gorham, P. W.; Allison, P.; Banerjee, O. Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation, Vol. 06, Issue 02 https://doi.org/10.1142/S2251171717400025	journal	April 2017
Observational constraints on the ultrahigh energy cosmic neutrino flux from the second flight of the ANITA experiment Gorham, P. W.; Allison, P.; Baughman, B. M. Physical Review D, Vol. 82, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.82.022004	journal	July 2010
A passive probe for subsurface oceans and liquid water in Jupiter’s icy moons Romero-Wolf, Andrew; Vance, Steve; Maiwald, Frank Icarus, Vol. 248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.10.043	journal	March 2015
Energy and flux measurements of ultra-high energy cosmic rays observed during the first ANITA flight Schoorlemmer, H.; Belov, K.; Romero-Wolf, A. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 77 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2016.01.001	journal	April 2016

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Constraints on the ultra-high energy cosmic neutrino flux from the fourth flight of ANITA Gorham, P. W.; Allison, P.; Banerjee, O. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.04005	text	January 2019

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