In Situ Analysis of Solvent and Additive Effects on Film Morphology Evolution in Spin-Cast Small-Molecule and Polymer Photovoltaic Materials

Manley, Eric F.; Strzalka, Joseph; Fauvell, Thomas J.; Marks, Tobin J.; Chen, Lin X.

doi:10.1002/aenm.201800611

In Situ Analysis of Solvent and Additive Effects on Film Morphology Evolution in Spin-Cast Small-Molecule and Polymer Photovoltaic Materials

Journal Article · Fri May 25 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Advanced Energy Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201800611· OSTI ID:1471497

Manley, Eric F. ^[1]; Strzalka, Joseph ^[2]; Fauvell, Thomas J. ^[1]; ^[3]; ^[1]

Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States). Dept. of Chemistry and the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center; Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). X-Ray Science Division
Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States). Dept. of Chemistry and the Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center

To elucidate the details of film morphology/order evolution during spin-coating, solvent and additive effects are systematically investigated for three representative organic solar cell (OSC) active layer materials using combined in situ grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and optical reflectance. Two archetypical semiconducting donor (p-type) polymers, P3HT and PTB7, and semiconducting donor small-molecule, p-DTS(FBTTh₂)₂ are studied using three neat solvents (chloroform, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene) and four processing additives (1-chloronaphthalene, diphenyl ether, 1,8-diiodooctane, and 1,6-diiodohexane). In situ GIWAXS identifies several trends: 1) for neat solvents, rapid crystallization occurs that risks kinetically locking the material into multiple crystal structures or crystalline orientations; and 2) for solvent + additive processed films, morphology evolution involves sequential transformations on timescales ranging from seconds to hours, with key divergences dependent on additive/semiconductor molecular interactions. When π-planes dominate the additive/semiconductor interactions, both polymers and small molecule films follow similar evolutions, completing in 1–5 min. When side chains dominate the additive/semiconductor interactions, polymer film maturation times are up to 9 h, while initial crystallization times <10 s are observed for small-molecule films. In conclusion, this study offers guiding information on OSC donor intermediate morphologies, evolution timescales, and divergent evolutions that can inform OSC manufacture.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Light Energy Activated Redox Processes (LEAP)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); Qatar NPRP; USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357; FG02-08ER46536; SC0001059

OSTI ID:: 1471497

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1439115

Journal Information:: Advanced Energy Materials, Journal Name: Advanced Energy Materials Journal Issue: 23 Vol. 8; ISSN 1614-6832

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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