Spall strength dependence on grain size and strain rate in tantalum

Remington, T. P.; Hahn, E. N.; Zhao, S.; Flanagan, R.; Mertens, J. C. E.; Sabbaghianrad, S.; Langdon, T. G.; Wehrenberg, C. E.; Maddox, B. R.; Swift, D. C.; Remington, B. A.; Chawla, N.; Meyers, M. A.

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.048

Spall strength dependence on grain size and strain rate in tantalum

Journal Article · Mon Jul 23 04:00:00 EDT 2018 · Acta Materialia

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.048· OSTI ID:1462277

Remington, T. P. ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[3]; Flanagan, R. ^[3]; Mertens, J. C. E. ^[4]; Sabbaghianrad, S. ^[5]; ^[5]; Wehrenberg, C. E. ^[6]; Maddox, B. R. ^[6]; Swift, D. C. ^[6]; Remington, B. A. ^[6]; Chawla, N. ^[4]; ^[3]

Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); The Regents of the Univ. of Calif.,U.C. San Diego
Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States); Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)
Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

In this paper, we examine the effect of grain size on the dynamic failure tantalum during laser-shock compression and release and identify a significant effect of grain size on spall strength, which is opposite to the prediction of the Hall-Petch relationship because spall is primarily intergranular in both poly and nanocrystalline samples; thus, monocrystals have a higher spall strength than polycrystals, which, in turn, are stronger in tension than ultra-fine grain sized specimens. Post-shock characterization reveals ductile failure which evolves by void nucleation, growth, and coalescence. Whereas in the monocrystal the voids grow in the interior, nucleation is both intra and intergranular in the poly and ultra-fine-grained crystals. The fact that spall is primarily intergranular in both poly and nanocrystalline samples is strong evidence for higher growth rates of intergranular voids, which have a distinctly oblate spheroid shape in contrast with intragranular voids, which are more spherical. The length geometrically-necessary dislocations required to form a grain-boundary (intergranular) void is lower than that of grain-interior (intragranular) void with the same maximum diameter; thus, the energy required is lower. Consistent with prior literature and theory we also identify an increase with spall strength with strain rate from 6x10⁶ to 5x10⁷ s^-1. Molecular dynamics calculations agree with the experimental results and also predict grain-boundary separation in the spalling of polycrystals as well as an increase in spall strength with strain rate. Finally, an analytical model based on the kinetics of nucleation and growth of intra and intergranular voids and extending the Curran-Seaman-Shockey theory is applied which shows the competition between the two processes for polycrystals.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); Univ. of California; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0002930; FG52-09NA29043; AC52-07NA27344

OSTI ID:: 1462277

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1548094
OSTI ID: 1883433
OSTI ID: 22744797

Journal Information:: Acta Materialia, Journal Name: Acta Materialia Vol. 158; ISSN 1359-6454

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (71)

Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics Plimpton, Steve Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 117, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1995.1039	journal	March 1995
A criterion for the time dependence of dynamic fracture Tuler, Floyd R.; Butcher, Barry M. International Journal of Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 4, Issue 4, p. 431-437 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00186808	journal	December 1968
Quantitative description of damage evolution in ductile fracture of tantalum Rivas, J. M.; Zurek, A. K.; Thissell, W. R. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-000-0028-z	journal	March 2000
Materials science under extreme conditions of pressure and strain rate Remington, B. A.; Bazan, G.; Belak, J. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 35, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0205-6	journal	September 2004
Effect of microstructural length scales on spall behavior of copper Minich, Roger W.; Cazamias, James U.; Kumar, Mukui Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 35, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0212-7	journal	September 2004
A Study of Pb-Rich Dendrites in a Near-Eutectic 63Sn-37Pb Solder Microstructure via Laboratory-Scale Micro X-ray Computed Tomography (μXCT) Mertens, J. C. E.; Williams, J. J.; Chawla, Nikhilesh Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 43, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-014-3382-0	journal	September 2014
Short-pulse fracture mechanics Shockey, D. A.; Erlich, D. C.; Kalthoff, J. F. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 23, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(86)90195-5	journal	January 1986
HYADES—A plasma hydrodynamics code for dense plasma studies Larsen, Jon T.; Lane, Stephen M. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 51, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4073(94)90078-7	journal	January 1994
The spall strength of condensed matter Grady, D. E. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(88)90015-4	journal	January 1988
Dynamic fracture (spalling) of metals Meyers, Marc André; Taylor Aimone, Catherine Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6425(83)90003-8	journal	January 1983
Dynamic failure of solids Curran, D. Physics Reports, Vol. 147, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(87)90049-4	journal	March 1987
Micromechanics of spall and damage in tantalum Zurek, A. K.; Thissell, W. R.; Johnson, J. N. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 60, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(96)02340-0	journal	June 1996
Critical issues and current status of vanadium alloys for fusion energy applications Kurtz, R. J.; Abe, K.; Chernov, V. M. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 283-287 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00351-2	journal	December 2000
Grain boundary chemistry and heat treatment effects on the ductile-to-brittle transition behavior of vanadium alloys Kurtz, R. J.; Hamilton, M. L.; Li, H. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 258-263 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00161-5	journal	October 1998
Research and development on vanadium alloys for fusion applications Zinkle, S. J.; Matsui, H.; Smith, D. L. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 258-263 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00269-4	journal	October 1998
Void growth by dislocation emission Lubarda, V. A.; Schneider, M. S.; Kalantar, D. H. Acta Materialia, Vol. 52, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2003.11.022	journal	April 2004
Microstructure and mechanical properties of super-strong nanocrystalline tungsten processed by high-pressure torsion Wei, Q.; Zhang, H.; Schuster, B. Acta Materialia, Vol. 54, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.05.005	journal	September 2006
Laser shock-induced spalling and fragmentation in vanadium Jarmakani, H.; Maddox, B.; Wei, C. T. Acta Materialia, Vol. 58, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.04.027	journal	August 2010
Growth and collapse of nanovoids in tantalum monocrystals Tang, Yizhe; Bringa, Eduardo M.; Remington, Bruce A. Acta Materialia, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.11.001	journal	February 2011
Microstructure and mechanical properties at different length scales and strain rates of nanocrystalline tantalum produced by high-pressure torsion Wei, Q.; Pan, Z. L.; Wu, X. L. Acta Materialia, Vol. 59, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.12.042	journal	April 2011
Using finite element modeling to examine the temperature distribution in quasi-constrained high-pressure torsion Figueiredo, Roberto B.; Pereira, Pedro Henrique R.; Aguilar, Maria Teresa P. Acta Materialia, Vol. 60, Issue 6-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.02.027	journal	April 2012
Ductile tensile failure in metals through initiation and growth of nanosized voids Tang, Yizhe; Bringa, Eduardo M.; Meyers, Marc A. Acta Materialia, Vol. 60, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.05.030	journal	July 2012
Correlation between the microstructure studied by X-ray line profile analysis and the strength of high-pressure-torsion processed Nb and Ta Jóni, B.; Schafler, E.; Zehetbauer, M. Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.008	journal	January 2013
Laser compression of nanocrystalline tantalum Lu, C. H.; Remington, B. A.; Maddox, B. R. Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.09.016	journal	December 2013
On the ultimate tensile strength of tantalum Hahn, Eric N.; Germann, Timothy C.; Ravelo, Ramon Acta Materialia, Vol. 126 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.12.033	journal	March 2017
The defect evolution in shock loaded tantalum single crystals Pang, B.; Case, S.; Jones, I. P. Acta Materialia, Vol. 148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.11.052	journal	April 2018
Intragranular void formation in shock-spalled tantalum: Mechanisms and governing factors Cheng, M.; Li, C.; Tang, M. X. Acta Materialia, Vol. 148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.01.029	journal	April 2018
Plastic deformation of a porous bcc metal containing nanometer sized voids Ruestes, C. J.; Bringa, E. M.; Stukowski, A. Computational Materials Science, Vol. 88 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.02.047	journal	June 2014
Pressure and shear-induced amorphization of silicon Zhao, S.; Kad, B.; Hahn, E. N. Extreme Mechanics Letters, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2015.10.001	journal	December 2015
Laser shock compression of copper and copper–aluminum alloys Schneider, Matthew S.; Kad, Bimal; Kalantar, Daniel H. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 32, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.05.010	journal	December 2005
Emission of dislocations from nanovoids under combined loading Lubarda, Vlado A. International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2010.04.005	journal	February 2011
Development of a lab-scale, high-resolution, tube-generated X-ray computed-tomography system for three-dimensional (3D) materials characterization Mertens, J. C. E.; Williams, J. J.; Chawla, Nikhilesh Materials Characterization, Vol. 92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2014.03.002	journal	June 2014
Deformation twinning in explosively-driven tantalum Livescu, V.; Bingert, J. F.; Mason, T. A. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 556 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.06.071	journal	October 2012
A critical examination of pure tantalum processed by high-pressure torsion Maury, Nicolas; Zhang, Nian Xian; Huang, Yi Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 638 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.04.053	journal	June 2015
Deformation and failure in extreme regimes by high-energy pulsed lasers: A review Remington, Tane P.; Remington, Bruce A.; Hahn, Eric N. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 688 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.01.114	journal	March 2017
Transition in the deformation mode of nanocrystalline tantalum processed by high-pressure torsion Ligda, J. P.; Schuster, B. E.; Wei, Q. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 67, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.04.031	journal	August 2012
Atomistic simulation of the mechanical response of a nanoporous body-centered cubic metal Ruestes, C. J.; Bringa, E. M.; Stukowski, A. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 68, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.01.035	journal	May 2013
Three-dimensional dislocation dynamics analysis of size effects on void growth Chang, Hyung-Jun; Segurado, Javier; LLorca, Javier Scripta Materialia, Vol. 95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.09.018	journal	January 2015
Kinetics of Phase Change. I General Theory Avrami, Melvin The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 12, p. 1103-1112 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1750380	journal	December 1939
Kinetics of Phase Change. II Transformation‐Time Relations for Random Distribution of Nuclei Avrami, Melvin The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1750631	journal	February 1940
Granulation, Phase Change, and Microstructure Kinetics of Phase Change. III Avrami, Melvin The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 2, p. 177-184 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1750872	journal	February 1941
Computational models for ductile and brittle fracture Seaman, Lynn; Curran, Donald R.; Shockey, Donald A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 47, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.322523	journal	November 1976
Comparison Between Experiments and Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Spallation Induced by Ultra-Short Laser Shock on Micrometric Tantalum Targets Cuq-Lelandais, J. -P.; Boustie, M.; Soulard, L. SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER 2009: Proceedings of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3295270	conference	January 2009
Laser‐induced spall in metals: Experiment and simulation Eliezer, Shalom; Gilath, Irith; Bar‐Noy, Tuvia Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 67, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.345777	journal	January 1990
Shock wave decay and spall strength in laser‐matter interaction Eliezer, S.; Gazit, Y.; Gilath, I. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 68, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.347142	journal	July 1990
Spall strength of molybdenum single crystals Kanel, G. I.; Razorenov, S. V.; Utkin, A. V. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 74, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.355032	journal	December 1993
Effects of grain size and boundary structure on the dynamic tensile response of copper Escobedo, J. P.; Dennis-Koller, D.; Cerreta, E. K. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 110, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3607294	journal	August 2011
Spall fracture properties of aluminum and magnesium at high temperatures Kanel, G. I.; Razorenov, S. V.; Bogatch, A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 79, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.362542	journal	June 1996
Study of the laser-driven spallation process by the velocity interferometer system for any reflector interferometry technique. I. Laser-shock characterization Tollier, L.; Fabbro, R.; Bartnicki, E. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 83, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.366819	journal	February 1998
Stress relaxation and precursor decay in laser shock-loaded iron de Rességuier, T.; Hallouin, M. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 84, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.368322	journal	August 1998
Spallation model for the high strain rates range Dekel, E.; Eliezer, S.; Henis, Z. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 84, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.368727	journal	November 1998
The role of cold work on the shock response of tantalum Millett, J. C. F.; Whiteman, G.; Park, N. T. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 113, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4810896	journal	June 2013
Note: Design and construction of a multi-scale, high-resolution, tube-generated X-Ray computed-tomography system for three-dimensional (3D) imaging Mertens, J. C. E.; Williams, J. J.; Chawla, Nikhilesh Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4861924	journal	January 2014
Response and representation of ductile damage under varying shock loading conditions in tantalum Bronkhorst, C. A.; Gray, G. T.; Addessio, F. L. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4941823	journal	February 2016
Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of spall in single crystal tantalum Hahn, Eric N.; Germann, Timothy C.; Ravelo, Ramon J. SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2015: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4971594	conference	January 2017
Spall response of single-crystal copper Turley, W. D.; Fensin, S. J.; Hixson, R. S. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 123, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5012267	journal	February 2018
Specific features of the behaviour of targets under negative pressures created by a picosecond laser pulse Abrosimov, S. A.; Bazhulin, A. P.; Voronov, Valerii V. Quantum Electronics, Vol. 43, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1070/QE2013v043n03ABEH015106	journal	March 2013
The deformation of plastically non-homogeneous materials Ashby, M. F. The Philosophical Magazine: A Journal of Theoretical Experimental and Applied Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 170 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786437008238426	journal	February 1970
Spallation generated by femtosecond laser driven shocks in thin metallic targets Cuq-Lelandais, J. P.; Boustie, M.; Berthe, L. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 42, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/6/065402	journal	February 2009
Correction for beam hardening in computed tomography Herman, G. T. Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/24/1/008	journal	January 1979
Comparison of ring artifact correction methods for flat-detector CT Prell, Daniel; Kyriakou, Yiannis; Kalender, Willi A. Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 54, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/54/12/018	journal	June 2009
Extracting dislocations and non-dislocation crystal defects from atomistic simulation data Stukowski, Alexander; Albe, Karsten Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 18, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/18/8/085001	journal	September 2010
Dynamic strength of tantalum under impact Glam, B.; Werdiger, M.; Horovitz, Y. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 500, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/500/11/112029	journal	May 2014
The influence of shock-loading path on the spallation response of Ta Gray, G. T.; Bourne, N. K.; Livescu, V. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 500, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/500/11/112031	journal	May 2014
The behavior of tantalum under ultrashort loads induced by femtosecond laser Ashitkov, S. I.; Komarov, P. S.; Struleva, E. V. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 653 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/653/1/012001	journal	November 2015
Nanovoid nucleation by vacancy aggregation and vacancy-cluster coarsening in high-purity metallic single crystals Reina, C.; Marian, J.; Ortiz, M. Physical Review B, Vol. 84, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.104117	journal	September 2011
Shock-induced plasticity in tantalum single crystals: Interatomic potentials and large-scale molecular-dynamics simulations Ravelo, R.; Germann, T. C.; Guerrero, O. Physical Review B, Vol. 88, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.88.134101	journal	October 2013
Unraveling the Anomalous Grain Size Dependence of Cavitation Wilkerson, J. W.; Ramesh, K. T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 117, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.215503	journal	November 2016
Dynamic fracture of tantalum under extreme tensile stress Albertazzi, Bruno; Ozaki, Norimasa; Zhakhovsky, Vasily Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602705	journal	June 2017
Resistance to dynamic deformation and fracture of tantalum with different grain and defect structures Razorenov, S. V.; Kanel’, G. I.; Garkushin, G. V. Physics of the Solid State, Vol. 54, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063783412040233	journal	April 2012
Experimental and numerical study of the tantalum single crystal spallation Soulard, L.; Bontaz-Carion, J.; Cuq-Lelandais, J. P. The European Physical Journal B, Vol. 85, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2012-30269-9	journal	September 2012

Cited By (6)

Microstructure and Microhardness Evolution in Pure Molybdenum Processed by High‐Pressure Torsion Wang, Xue; Li, Ping; Huang, Yi Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901022	journal	December 2019
Challenges to model the role of heterogeneities on the shock response and spall failure of metallic materials at the mesoscales Dongare, Avinash M. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 55, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04260-7	journal	December 2019
Laser-Driven Flyers and Nanosecond-Resolved Velocimetry for Spall Studies in Thin Metal Foils Mallick, D. D.; Zhao, M.; Parker, J. Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 59, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-019-00519-x	journal	May 2019
Influence of defects on the shock Hugoniot of tantalum Hahn, Eric N.; Fensin, Saryu J. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5096526	journal	June 2019
Understanding and predicting damage and failure at grain boundaries in BCC Ta Chen, J.; Hahn, E. N.; Dongare, A. M. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5111837	journal	October 2019
Intensification of shock damage through heterogeneous phase transition and dislocation loop formation due to presence of pre-existing line defects in single crystal Cu Reddy, K. Vijay; Deng, Chuang; Pal, Snehanshu Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5121841	journal	November 2019

Similar Records

Subgrain geometrically necessary dislocation density mapping in spalled Ta in three dimensions

Journal Article · Tue Nov 01 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Acta Materialia · OSTI ID:2417899

Microdamage in polycrystalline ceramics under dynamic compression and tension

Journal Article · Fri Jul 15 00:00:00 EDT 2005 · Journal of Applied Physics · OSTI ID:20713985

Laser-induced spallation of aluminum and Al alloys at strain rates above 2x10{sup 6} s{sup -1}

Journal Article · Tue Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 2008 · Journal of Applied Physics · OSTI ID:21137380

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
grain size
spall strength
strain rate
texture
void growth

Spall strength dependence on grain size and strain rate in tantalum

Citation Formats

References (71)

Cited By (6)

Similar Records

Related Subjects