A programmable two-qubit quantum processor in silicon

Watson, T. F.; Philips, S. G.  J.; Kawakami, E.; Ward, D. R.; Scarlino, P.; Veldhorst, M.; Savage, D. E.; Lagally, M. G.; Friesen, Mark; Coppersmith, S. N.; Eriksson, M. A.; Vandersypen, L. M.  K.

doi:10.1038/nature25766

A programmable two-qubit quantum processor in silicon

Journal Article · Thu Mar 29 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Nature (London)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25766· OSTI ID:1460099

Watson, T. F. ^[1]; Philips, S. G. J. ^[2]; Kawakami, E. ^[2]; Ward, D. R. ^[3]; Scarlino, P. ^[2]; Veldhorst, M. ^[2]; Savage, D. E. ^[3]; Lagally, M. G. ^[3]; Friesen, Mark ^[3]; Coppersmith, S. N. ^[3]; Eriksson, M. A. ^[3]; Vandersypen, L. M. K. ^[2]

Delft Univ. of Technology (Netherlands). QuTech and the Kavli Inst. of Nanoscience; QuTech and the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology
Delft Univ. of Technology (Netherlands). QuTech and the Kavli Inst. of Nanoscience
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)

Now that it is possible to achieve measurement and control fidelities for individual quantum bits (qubits) above the threshold for fault tolerance, attention is moving towards the difficult task of scaling up the number of physical qubits to the large numbers that are needed for fault-tolerant quantum computing (1,2). In this context, quantum-dot-based spin qubits could have substantial advantages over other types of qubit owing to their potential for all-electrical operation and ability to be integrated at high density onto an industrial platform (3,4,5). Initialization, readout and single- and two-qubit gates have been demonstrated in various quantum-dot-based qubit representations (6,7,8,9). However, as seen with small-scale demonstrations of quantum computers using other types of qubit (10,11,12,13), combining these elements leads to challenges related to qubit crosstalk, state leakage, calibration and control hardware. We overcome these challenges by using carefully designed control techniques to demonstrate a programmable two-qubit quantum processor in a silicon device that can perform the Deutsch–Josza algorithm and the Grover search algorithm—canonical examples of quantum algorithms that outperform their classical analogues. We characterize the entanglement in our processor by using quantum-state tomography of Bell states, measuring state fidelities of 85–89 per cent and concurrences of 73–82 per cent. These results pave the way for larger-scale quantum computers that use spins confined to quantum dots.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22); US Army Research Office (ARO); National Science Foundation (NSF); Heiwa Nakajima Foundation; European Union (EU)-European Commission (EC). Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions (MSCA)

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-03ER46028

OSTI ID:: 1460099

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Journal Name: Nature (London) Journal Issue: 7698 Vol. 555; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Tunneling Statistics for Analysis of Spin-Readout Fidelity Gorman, S. K.; He, Y.; House, M. G. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.034019	journal	September 2017
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Optimal choice of state tomography quorum formed by projection operators Ivanova-Rohling, Violeta N.; Rohling, Niklas Physical Review A, Vol. 100, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.100.032332	journal	September 2019
Analytically parametrized solutions for robust quantum control using smooth pulses Güngördü, Utkan; Kestner, J. P. Physical Review A, Vol. 100, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.100.062310	journal	December 2019
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Radio-Frequency Capacitive Gate-Based Sensing Ahmed, Imtiaz; Haigh, James A.; Schaal, Simon Physical Review Applied, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.10.014018	journal	July 2018
Assessment of a Silicon Quantum Dot Spin Qubit Environment via Noise Spectroscopy Chan, K. W.; Huang, W.; Yang, C. H. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.10.044017	journal	October 2018
Tuning Methods for Semiconductor Spin Qubits Botzem, Tim; Shulman, Michael D.; Foletti, Sandra Physical Review Applied, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.10.054026	journal	November 2018
Experimental Realization of a Fast Controlled- Z Gate via a Shortcut to Adiabaticity Wang, Tenghui; Zhang, Zhenxing; Xiang, Liang Physical Review Applied, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.11.034030	journal	March 2019
Single-Spin Relaxation in a Synthetic Spin-Orbit Field Borjans, F.; Zajac, D. M.; Hazard, T. M. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.11.044063	journal	April 2019
Site-Selective Quantum Control in an Isotopically Enriched Si 28 / Si 0.7 Ge 0.3 Quadruple Quantum Dot Sigillito, A. J.; Loy, J. C.; Zajac, D. M. Physical Review Applied, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.11.061006	journal	June 2019
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Splitting of conductance resonance through a magnetic quantum dot in graphene Myoung, Nojoon; Ryu, Jung-Wan; Park, Hee Chul Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.045427	journal	July 2019
Optimized cavity-mediated dispersive two-qubit gates between spin qubits Benito, M.; Petta, J. R.; Burkard, Guido Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.081412	journal	August 2019
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Spin-phonon relaxation times in centrosymmetric materials from first principles Park, Jinsoo; Zhou, Jin-Jian; Bernardi, Marco Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.045202	journal	January 2020
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Spin Lifetime and Charge Noise in Hot Silicon Quantum Dot Qubits Petit, L.; Boter, J. M.; Eenink, H. G. J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.121.076801	journal	August 2018
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Excited States in Bilayer Graphene Quantum Dots Kurzmann, A.; Eich, M.; Overweg, H. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.123.026803	journal	July 2019
Direct Randomized Benchmarking for Multiqubit Devices Proctor, Timothy J.; Carignan-Dugas, Arnaud; Rudinger, Kenneth Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.123.030503	journal	July 2019
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Spin of a Multielectron Quantum Dot and Its Interaction with a Neighboring Electron Malinowski, Filip K.; Martins, Frederico; Smith, Thomas B. Physical Review X, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.8.011045	journal	March 2018
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Single-photon emission from single-electron transport in a SAW-driven lateral light-emitting diode. Hsiao, Tzu-Kan; Rubino, Antonio; Chung, Yousun Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.48008	text	January 2020
Single-photon emission from single-electron transport in a SAW-driven lateral light-emitting diode Hsiao, Tzu-Kan; Rubino, Antonio; Chung, Yousun Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.64723	text	January 2020
Spin Qubits Confined to a Silicon Nano-Ridge Klos, J.; Sun, B.; Beyer, Jürgen RWTH Aachen University https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-2019-09864	text	January 2019
Low-frequency spin qubit energy splitting noise in highly purified 28Si/SiGe Struck, Tom; Hollmann, Arne; Schauer, Floyd RWTH Aachen University https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-2020-05697	text	January 2020
A Silicon Surface Code Architecture Resilient Against Leakage Errors Cai, Zhenyu; Fogarty, Michael A.; Schaal, Simon Quantum, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-12-09-212	journal	December 2019
Quantum Bits with Macroscopic Topologically Protected States in Semiconductor Devices Jaworowski, Błażej; Hawrylak, Paweł Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030474	journal	January 2019
Spin Qubits Confined to a Silicon Nano-Ridge Klos, J.; Sun, B.; Beyer, J. Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183823	journal	September 2019
The quantum technologies roadmap: a European community view Acín, Antonio; Bloch, Immanuel; Buhrman, Harry ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000286964	text	January 2018
Loading a quantum-dot based "Qubyte" register Volk, Christian; Zwerver, Anne-Marije J.; Mukhopadhyay, Uditendu ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000342513	text	January 2019
Coherent microwave-photon-mediated coupling between a semiconductor and a superconducting qubit Scarlino, Pasquale; Van Woerkom, David J.; Mendes, Udson C. ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000353939	text	January 2019
Spin of a multielectron quantum dot and its interaction with a neighboring electron Malinowski, Filip K.; Martins, Frederico; Smith, Thomas B. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1710.10012	text	January 2017
Gate-controlled quantum dots and superconductivity in planar germanium Hendrickx, N. W.; Franke, D. P.; Sammak, A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.08869	text	January 2018
Assessment of a silicon quantum dot spin qubit environment via noise spectroscopy Chan, K. W.; Huang, W.; Yang, C. H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.01609	text	January 2018
High-temperature operation of a silicon qubit Ono, Keiji; Mori, Takahiro; Moriyama, Satoshi arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1804.03364	text	January 2018
Pulse sequence designed for robust C-phase gates in SiMOS and Si/SiGe double quantum dots Güngördü, Utkan; Kestner, J. P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.01262	text	January 2018
A new class of efficient randomized benchmarking protocols Helsen, Jonas; Xue, Xiao; Vandersypen, Lieven M. K. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.02048	preprint	January 2018
Direct randomized benchmarking for multi-qubit devices Proctor, Timothy J.; Carignan-Dugas, Arnaud; Rudinger, Kenneth arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.07975	text	January 2018
Ballistic supercurrent discretization and micrometer-long Josephson coupling in germanium Hendrickx, N. W.; Tagliaferri, M. L. V.; Kouwenhoven, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.00763	text	January 2018
A programmable two-qubit solid-state quantum processor under ambient conditions Wu, Yang; Wang, Ya; Qin, Xi arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.05733	text	January 2018
Single and Double Hole Quantum Dots in Strained Ge/SiGe Quantum Wells Hardy, Will J.; Harris, C. Thomas; Su, Yi-Hsin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.07077	text	January 2018
Gate-Based High Fidelity Spin Read-out in a CMOS Device Urdampilleta, Matias; Niegemann, David J.; Chanrion, Emmanuel arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.04584	preprint	January 2018
A low-disorder Metal-Oxide-Silicon double quantum dot Kim, Jin-Sung; Hazard, Thomas M.; Houck, Andrew A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1810.06516	text	January 2018
Optimized electrical control of a Si/SiGe spin qubit in the presence of an induced frequency shift Takeda, K.; Yoneda, J.; Otsuka, T. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1810.12040	text	January 2018
Splitting of conductance resonance through a magnetic quantum dot in graphene Myoung, Nojoon; Ryu, Jung-Wan; Park, Hee Chul arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.00750	text	January 2018
Microwave-to-optics conversion using a mechanical oscillator in its quantum groundstate Forsch, Moritz; Stockill, Robert; Wallucks, Andreas arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.07588	text	January 2018
Few-electrode design for silicon MOS quantum dots Ramirez, Eduardo B.; Sfigakis, Francois; Kudva, Sukanya arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.09643	text	January 2018
Fast high-fidelity entangling gates for spin qubits in Si double quantum dots Calderon-Vargas, F. A.; Barron, George S.; Deng, Xiu-Hao arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.02350	text	January 2019
Optimized cavity-mediated dispersive two-qubit gates between spin qubits Benito, M.; Petta, J. R.; Burkard, Guido arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.07649	text	January 2019
A Silicon Surface Code Architecture Resilient Against Leakage Errors Cai, Zhenyu; Fogarty, Michael A.; Schaal, Simon arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.10378	text	January 2019
Electric-field control and noise protection of the flopping-mode spin qubit Benito, Monica; Croot, Xanthe; Adelsberger, Christoph arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.13117	text	January 2019
Computer-automated tuning procedures for semiconductor quantum dot arrays Mills, A. R.; Feldman, M. M.; Monical, C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.10775	text	January 2019
High-Fidelity Entangling Gates for Quantum-Dot Hybrid Qubits Based on Exchange Interactions Yang, Yuan-Chi; Coppersmith, S. N.; Friesen, Mark arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.03427	text	January 2019
Tuning Methods for Semiconductor Spin Qubits Botzem, Tim; Shulman, Michael D.; Foletti, Sandra Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.38422	text	January 2018

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