Phase-Transfer Ligand Exchange of Lead Chalcogenide Quantum Dots for Direct Deposition of Thick, Highly Conductive Films

Lin, Qianglu; Yun, Hyeong Jin; Liu, Wenyong; Song, Hyung -Jun; Makarov, Nikolay S.; Isaienko, Oleksandr; Nakotte, Tom; Chen, Gen; Luo, Hongmei; Klimov, Victor Ivanovich; Pietryga, Jeffrey Michael

doi:10.1021/jacs.7b01327

Phase-Transfer Ligand Exchange of Lead Chalcogenide Quantum Dots for Direct Deposition of Thick, Highly Conductive Films

Journal Article · Fri Apr 21 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b01327· OSTI ID:1459632

Lin, Qianglu ^[1]; ^[1]; Liu, Wenyong ^[1]; Song, Hyung -Jun ^[1]; Makarov, Nikolay S. ^[1]; Isaienko, Oleksandr ^[1]; Nakotte, Tom ^[2]; Chen, Gen ^[2]; Luo, Hongmei ^[2]; ^[1]; ^[1]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM (United States)

Here, the use of semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) in optoelectronic devices typically requires postsynthetic chemical surface treatments to enhance electronic coupling between QDs and allow for efficient charge transport in QD films. Despite their importance in solar cells and infrared (IR) light-emitting diodes and photodetectors, advances in these chemical treatments for lead chalcogenide (PbE; E = S, Se, Te) QDs have lagged behind those of, for instance, II–VI semiconductor QDs. Here, we introduce a method for fast and effective ligand exchange for PbE QDs in solution, resulting in QDs completely passivated by a wide range of small anionic ligands. Due to electrostatic stabilization, these QDs are readily dispersible in polar solvents, in which they form highly concentrated solutions that remain stable for months. QDs of all three Pb chalcogenides retain their photoluminescence, allowing for a detailed study of the effect of the surface ionic double layer on electronic passivation of QD surfaces, which we find can be explained using the hard/soft acid–base theory. Importantly, we prepare highly conductive films of PbS, PbSe, and PbTe QDs by directly casting from solution without further chemical treatment, as determined by field-effect transistor measurements. This method allows for precise control over the surface chemistry, and therefore the transport properties of deposited films. It also permits single-step deposition of films of unprecedented thickness via continuous processing techniques, as we demonstrate by preparing a dense, smooth, 5.3-μm-thick PbSe QD film via doctor-blading. As such, it offers important advantages over laborious layer-by-layer methods for solar cells and photodetectors, while opening the door to new possibilities in ionizing-radiation detectors.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Advanced Solar Photophysics (CASP); Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396

OSTI ID:: 1459632

Report Number(s):: LA-UR--17-22680

Journal Information:: Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Name: Journal of the American Chemical Society Journal Issue: 19 Vol. 139; ISSN 0002-7863

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (52)

Dielectric constants of liquid formamide, N-methylformamide and dimethylformamide via molecular Ornstein-Zernike theory Richardi, Johannes; Krienke, Hartmut; Fries, Pascal H. Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 273, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(97)00588-5	journal	July 1997
New materials for radiation hard semiconductor dectectors Sellin, P. J.; Vaitkus, J. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 557, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.10.128	journal	February 2006
Stable Dispersion of Iodide-Capped PbSe Quantum Dots for High-Performance Low-Temperature Processed Electronics and Optoelectronics Sayevich, Vladimir; Gaponik, Nikolai; Plötner, Matthias Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00793	journal	June 2015
Solution-Processed Transistors Using Colloidal Nanocrystals with Composition-Matched Molecular “Solders”: Approaching Single Crystal Mobility Jang, Jaeyoung; Dolzhnikov, Dmitriy S.; Liu, Wenyong Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01258	journal	September 2015
Lead Telluride Quantum Dot Solar Cells Displaying External Quantum Efficiencies Exceeding 120% Böhm, Marcus L.; Jellicoe, Tom C.; Tabachnyk, Maxim Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03161	journal	November 2015
Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics Enhanced by Perovskite Shelling Yang, Zhenyu; Janmohamed, Alyf; Lan, Xinzheng Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03271	journal	October 2015
Air-Stable and Efficient PbSe Quantum-Dot Solar Cells Based upon ZnSe to PbSe Cation-Exchanged Quantum Dots Kim, Sungwoo; Marshall, Ashley R.; Kroupa, Daniel M. ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02326	journal	July 2015
Carrier Multiplication in Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Influence of Size, Shape, and Composition Padilha, Lazaro A.; Stewart, John T.; Sandberg, Richard L. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 46, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar300228x	journal	March 2013
The Electrical Double Layer and the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids. Verwey, E. J. W. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60055a002	journal	June 1935
Prospects of Colloidal Nanocrystals for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications Talapin, Dmitri V.; Lee, Jong-Soo; Kovalenko, Maksym V. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 110, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr900137k	journal	January 2010
Absolute hardness: companion parameter to absolute electronegativity Parr, Robert G.; Pearson, Ralph G. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 105, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00364a005	journal	December 1983
Hard and Soft Acids and Bases Pearson, Ralph G. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 85, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00905a001	journal	November 1963
Self-Assembly of PbTe Quantum Dots into Nanocrystal Superlattices and Glassy Films Urban, Jeffrey J.; Talapin, Dmitri V.; Shevchenko, Elena V. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 128, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja058269b	journal	March 2006
Metal-free Inorganic Ligands for Colloidal Nanocrystals: S^2–, HS^–, Se^2–, HSe^–, Te^2–, HTe^–, TeS₃^2–, OH^–, and NH^2– as Surface Ligands Nag, Angshuman; Kovalenko, Maksym V.; Lee, Jong-Soo Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 27, p. 10612-10620 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2029415	journal	July 2011
Thiocyanate-Capped Nanocrystal Colloids: Vibrational Reporter of Surface Chemistry and Solution-Based Route to Enhanced Coupling in Nanocrystal Solids Fafarman, Aaron T.; Koh, Weon-kyu; Diroll, Benjamin T. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja206303g	journal	October 2011
Effect of Metal Ions on Photoluminescence, Charge Transport, Magnetic and Catalytic Properties of All-Inorganic Colloidal Nanocrystals and Nanocrystal Solids Nag, Angshuman; Chung, Dae Sung; Dolzhnikov, Dmitriy S. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja301285x	journal	August 2012
Highly Effective Surface Passivation of PbSe Quantum Dots through Reaction with Molecular Chlorine Bae, Wan Ki; Joo, Jin; Padilha, Lazaro A. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja309783v	journal	November 2012
Lead Halide Perovskites and Other Metal Halide Complexes As Inorganic Capping Ligands for Colloidal Nanocrystals Dirin, Dmitry N.; Dreyfuss, Sébastien; Bodnarchuk, Maryna I. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja5006288	journal	April 2014
Ultrastable PbSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots via in Situ Formation of Atomically Thin Halide Adlayers on PbSe(100) Woo, Ju Young; Ko, Jae-Hyeon; Song, Jung Hoon Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja503957r	journal	June 2014
Utilizing the Lability of Lead Selenide to Produce Heterostructured Nanocrystals with Bright, Stable Infrared Emission Pietryga, Jeffrey M.; Werder, Donald J.; Williams, Darrick J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja710437r	journal	April 2008
Ultrathin Gold Nanowires Can Be Obtained by Reducing Polymeric Strands of Oleylamine−AuCl Complexes Formed via Aurophilic Interaction Lu, Xianmao; Yavuz, Mustafa S.; Tuan, Hsing-Yu Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja803343m	journal	July 2008
Synthesis of Monodisperse PbSe Nanorods: A Case for Oriented Attachment Koh, Weon-kyu; Bartnik, Adam C.; Wise, Frank W. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9105682	journal	March 2010
ZnO Nanowire Transistors Goldberger, Josh; Sirbuly, Donald J.; Law, Matt The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 109, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0452599	journal	January 2005
Determination of Exciton Diffusion Length by Transient Photoluminescence Quenching and Its Application to Quantum Dot Films Lee, Elizabeth M. Y.; Tisdale, William A. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp512634c	journal	April 2015
Absolute Photoluminescence Quantum Yields of IR-26 Dye, PbS, and PbSe Quantum Dots Semonin, Octavi E.; Johnson, Justin C.; Luther, Joseph M. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz100830r	journal	July 2010
One-Step Deposition of Photovoltaic Layers Using Iodide Terminated PbS Quantum Dots Kim, Sungwoo; Noh, Jaehong; Choi, Hyekyoung The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz502092x	journal	November 2014
Nanocrystal Inks without Ligands: Stable Colloids of Bare Germanium Nanocrystals Holman, Zachary C.; Kortshagen, Uwe R. Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl200774y	journal	May 2011
Size- and Temperature-Dependent Charge Transport in PbSe Nanocrystal Thin Films Kang, Moon Sung; Sahu, Ayaskanta; Norris, David J. Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl2020153	journal	September 2011
PbSe Quantum Dot Field-Effect Transistors with Air-Stable Electron Mobilities above 7 cm ² V ^–1 s ^–1 Liu, Yao; Tolentino, Jason; Gibbs, Markelle Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl304753n	journal	March 2013
Designing High-Performance PbS and PbSe Nanocrystal Electronic Devices through Stepwise, Post-Synthesis, Colloidal Atomic Layer Deposition Oh, Soong Ju; Berry, Nathaniel E.; Choi, Ji-Hyuk Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl404818z	journal	February 2014
Multiexciton Dynamics in Infrared-Emitting Colloidal Nanostructures Probed by a Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector Sandberg, Richard L.; Padilha, Lazaro A.; Qazilbash, Muhammad M. ACS Nano, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3043226	journal	October 2012
Stoichiometric Control of Lead Chalcogenide Nanocrystal Solids to Enhance Their Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Performance Oh, Soong Ju; Berry, Nathaniel E.; Choi, Ji-Hyuk ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3057356	journal	February 2013
Stoichiometry Control in Quantum Dots: A Viable Analog to Impurity Doping of Bulk Materials Luther, Joseph M.; Pietryga, Jeffrey M. ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn401100n	journal	March 2013
Diffusion-Controlled Synthesis of PbS and PbSe Quantum Dots with in Situ Halide Passivation for Quantum Dot Solar Cells Zhang, Jianbing; Gao, Jianbo; Miller, Elisa M. ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn405236k	journal	December 2013
Energy Level Modification in Lead Sulfide Quantum Dot Thin Films through Ligand Exchange Brown, Patrick R.; Kim, Donghun; Lunt, Richard R. ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn500897c	journal	May 2014
Colloidal Nanocrystals with Inorganic Halide, Pseudohalide, and Halometallate Ligands Zhang, Hao; Jang, Jaeyoung; Liu, Wenyong ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn502470v	journal	June 2014
Electrical Transport and Grain Growth in Solution-Cast, Chloride-Terminated Cadmium Selenide Nanocrystal Thin Films Norman, Zachariah M.; Anderson, Nicholas C.; Owen, Jonathan S. ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn502829s	journal	June 2014
Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of Self-Assembled Films of PbSe Nanocrystals Treated with 1,2-Ethanedithiol Luther, Joseph M.; Law, Matt; Song, Qing ACS Nano, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn7003348	journal	January 2008
Ultrasensitive solution-cast quantum dot photodetectors Konstantatos, Gerasimos; Howard, Ian; Fischer, Armin Nature, Vol. 442, Issue 7099 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04855	journal	July 2006
Materials interface engineering for solution-processed photovoltaics Graetzel, Michael; Janssen, René A. J.; Mitzi, David B. Nature, Vol. 488, Issue 7411 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11476	journal	August 2012
Engineering colloidal quantum dot solids within and beyond the mobility-invariant regime Zhitomirsky, David; Voznyy, Oleksandr; Levina, Larissa Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4803	journal	May 2014
Bright infrared quantum-dot light-emitting diodes through inter-dot spacing control Sun, Liangfeng; Choi, Joshua J.; Stachnik, David Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.63	journal	May 2012
Charge transport in strongly coupled quantum dot solids Kagan, Cherie R.; Murray, Christopher B. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.247	journal	November 2015
Metal Halide Solid-State Surface Treatment for High Efficiency PbS and PbSe QD Solar Cells Crisp, Ryan W.; Kroupa, Daniel M.; Marshall, Ashley R. Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09945	journal	April 2015
Evidence against existing x-ray-energy response theories for silicon-surface-barrier semiconductor detectors Cho, T.; Takahashi, E.; Hirata, M. Physical Review A, Vol. 46, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.46.R3024	journal	September 1992
An Investigation of Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Assemblies as a Material Basis for Ionizing-Radiation Detectors Kim, Geehyun; Huang, James; Hammig, Mark D. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 56, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2008.2009447	journal	June 2009
PbSe Nanocrystal Solids for n- and p-Channel Thin Film Field-Effect Transistors Talapin, D. V. Science, Vol. 310, Issue 5745, p. 86-89 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1116703	journal	October 2005
Colloidal Nanocrystals with Molecular Metal Chalcogenide Surface Ligands Kovalenko, M. V.; Scheele, M.; Talapin, D. V. Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5933 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170524	journal	June 2009
Peak External Photocurrent Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in a Quantum Dot Solar Cell Semonin, O. E.; Luther, J. M.; Choi, S. Science, Vol. 334, Issue 6062 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1209845	journal	December 2011
Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber Stranks, S. D.; Eperon, G. E.; Grancini, G. Science, Vol. 342, Issue 6156, p. 341-344 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243982	journal	October 2013
Composition-matched molecular "solders" for semiconductors Dolzhnikov, D. S.; Zhang, H.; Jang, J. Science, Vol. 347, Issue 6220 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260501	journal	January 2015
Critical compilation of scales of solvent parameters. Part I. Pure, non-hydrogen bond donor solvents Abboud, J. -L. M.; Notari, R. Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 71, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199971040645	journal	January 1999

Cited By (21)

Different Modes of Anion Response Cause Circulatory Phase Transfer of a Coordination Cage with Controlled Directionality Mihara, Nozomi; Ronson, Tanya K.; Nitschke, Jonathan R. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201906644	journal	September 2019
Colloidal Quantum Dot Inks for Single-Step-Fabricated Field-Effect Transistors: The Importance of Postdeposition Ligand Removal Balazs, Daniel M.; Rizkia, Nisrina; Fang, Hong-Hua ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16882	journal	January 2018
Comparing Halide Ligands in PbS Colloidal Quantum Dots for Field-Effect Transistors and Solar Cells Bederak, Dmytro; Balazs, Daniel M.; Sukharevska, Nataliia V. ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b01696	journal	November 2018
Surface-Modified Substrates for Quantum Dot Inks in Printed Electronics Meng, Lingju; Zeng, Tao; Jin, Yihan ACS Omega, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00195	journal	February 2019
Ligands as a universal molecular toolkit in synthesis and assembly of semiconductor nanocrystals Lee, Hyeonjun; Yoon, Da-Eun; Koh, Sungjun Chemical Science, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9sc05200c	journal	January 2020
Lead Selenide (PbSe) Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells with >10% Efficiency Ahmad, Waqar; He, Jungang; Liu, Zhitian Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201900593	journal	June 2019
Enhancing Quantum Dot Solar Cells Stability with a Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Interlayer Below the Top Anode Salazar‐Rios, Jorge Mario; Sukharevska, Nataliia; Speirs, Mark Jonathan Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201801155	journal	October 2018
In Situ Fabricated Perovskite Nanocrystals: A Revolution in Optical Materials Chang, Shuai; Bai, Zelong; Zhong, Haizheng Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201800380	journal	June 2018
Giant Photo‐Induced Current Enhancement in a Core–Shell‐Type Quantum‐Dot Thin Film Shimizu, Sunao; Matsuki, Keiichiro; Miwa, Kazumoto Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201901069	journal	January 2020
Different Modes of Anion Response Cause Circulatory Phase Transfer of a Coordination Cage with Controlled Directionality Mihara, Nozomi; Ronson, Tanya K.; Nitschke, Jonathan R. Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201906644	journal	July 2019
Interfacial N→Sb Nonbonded Interaction Enhances the Photoelectronic Performance of PVP-Capped Sb ₂ S ₃ Amorphous Colloids Wang, Junli; Feng, Ying; Wang, Tingting ChemNanoMat, Vol. 4, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201800303	journal	August 2018
PbSe Quantum Dot Passivated Via Mixed Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Solar Cells With Over 9% Efficiency Hu, Long; Zhang, Zhilong; Patterson, Robert J. Solar RRL, Vol. 2, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.201800234	journal	October 2018
Copper-on-nitride enhances the stable electrosynthesis of multi-carbon products from CO2 Liang, Zhi-Qin; Zhuang, Tao-Tao; Seifitokaldani, Ali Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06311-0	journal	September 2018
Highly photoluminescent, dense solid films from organic-capped CH ₃ NH ₃ PbBr ₃ perovskite colloids González-Carrero, Soranyel; Martínez-Sarti, Laura; Sessolo, Michele Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc01344f	journal	January 2018
Enhanced mobility in PbS quantum dot films via PbSe quantum dot mixing for optoelectronic applications Hu, Long; Huang, Shujuan; Patterson, Robert Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc06495d	journal	January 2019
Photoexcited carrier dynamics in colloidal quantum dot solar cells: insights into individual quantum dots, quantum dot solid films and devices Zhang, Yaohong; Wu, Guohua; Liu, Feng Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 49, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00560a	journal	January 2020
Colloidal PbS nanoplatelets synthesized via cation exchange for electronic applications Sonntag, Luisa; Shamraienko, Volodymyr; Fan, Xuelin Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr02437a	journal	January 2019
Pressure-enhanced electronic coupling of highly passivated quantum dot films to improve photovoltaic performance Wang, Yinglin; An, Meiqi; Jia, Yuwen Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110749	journal	November 2019
Photophysical and electronic properties of bismuth-perovskite shelled lead sulfide quantum dots Abdu-Aguye, Mustapha; Bederak, Dmytro; Kahmann, Simon The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 151, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5128885	journal	December 2019
PbE (E = S, Se) Colloidal Quantum Dot-Layered 2D Material Hybrid Photodetectors Nakotte, Tom; Luo, Hongmei; Pietryga, Jeff Nanomaterials, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010172	journal	January 2020
Enhancing Quantum Dot Solar Cells Stability with a Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Interlayer Below the Top Anode Salazar‐Rios, Jorge M.; Sukharevska, Nataliia; Speirs, Mark J. ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000307935	text	January 2018