Measurement of Small Molecular Dopant F4TCNQ and C60F36 Diffusion in Organic Bilayer Architectures

Li, Jun; Rochester, Chris W.; Jacobs, Ian E.; Friedrich, Stephan; Stroeve, Pieter; Riede, Moritz; Moule, Adam J.

doi:10.1021/acsami.5b09216

Title: Measurement of Small Molecular Dopant F4TCNQ and C₆₀F₃₆ Diffusion in Organic Bilayer Architectures

Journal Article · Thu Dec 03 00:00:00 EST 2015 · ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b09216· OSTI ID:1438680

Li, Jun ^[1]; Rochester, Chris W. ^[1]; Jacobs, Ian E. ^[1]; Friedrich, Stephan ^[2]; Stroeve, Pieter ^[1]; Riede, Moritz ^[3]; Moule, Adam J. ^[1]

Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Univ. of Oxford (United Kingdom). Dept. of Physics

The diffusion of molecules through and between organic layers is a serious stability concern in organic electronic devices. In this paper, the temperature-dependent diffusion of molecular dopants through small molecule hole transport layers is observed. Specifically we investigate bilayer stacks of small molecules used for hole transport (MeO-TPD) and p-type dopants (F4TCNQ and C₆₀F₃₆) used in hole injection layers for organic light emitting diodes and hole collection electrodes for organic photovoltaics. With the use of absorbance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, neutron reflectometry, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, we are able to obtain a comprehensive picture of the diffusion of fluorinated small molecules through MeO-TPD layers. F4TCNQ spontaneously diffuses into the MeO-TPD material even at room temperature, while C₆₀F₃₆, a much bulkier molecule, is shown to have a substantially higher morphological stability. Finally, this study highlights that the differences in size/geometry and thermal properties of small molecular dopants can have a significant impact on their diffusion in organic device architectures.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; AC52-06NA25396; SC0010419

OSTI ID:: 1438680

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-736459

Journal Information:: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 51; ISSN 1944-8244

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 71 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (52)

High-Performance Organic Field-Effect Transistors Braga, Daniele; Horowitz, Gilles Advanced Materials, Vol. 21, Issue 14-15 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802733	journal	April 2009
Molecular Semiconductors in Organic Photovoltaic Cells Hains, Alexander W.; Liang, Ziqi; Woodhouse, Michael A. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 110, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9002984	journal	November 2010
Aqueous Solution-Processed GeO ₂ : An Anode Interfacial Layer for High Performance and Air-Stable Organic Solar Cells Xu, Mei-Feng; Shi, Xiao-Bo; Jin, Zhi-Ming ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/am4030565	journal	October 2013
Degradation Mechanism of Small Molecule-Based Organic Light-Emitting Devices Aziz, H. Science, Vol. 283, Issue 5409 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5409.1900	journal	March 1999
Efficiency and Air-Stability Improvement of Flexible Inverted Polymer Solar Cells Using ZnO/Poly(ethylene glycol) Hybrids as Cathode Buffer Layers Hu, Ting; Li, Fan; Yuan, Kai ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/am4013038	journal	June 2013
Stability of Polymer Solar Cells Jørgensen, Mikkel; Norrman, Kion; Gevorgyan, Suren A. Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104187	journal	December 2011
Degradation and stability of polymer-based solar cells Lee, Jea Uk; Jung, Jae Woong; Jo, Jea Woong Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm33645f	journal	January 2012
Electron transporting semiconducting polymers in organic electronics Zhao, Xingang; Zhan, Xiaowei Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 40, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cs00194e	journal	January 2011
High-efficiency hole extraction/electron-blocking layer to replace poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrene sulfonate) in bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells Hains, Alexander W.; Marks, Tobin J. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 92, Issue 2, Article No. 023504 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2834697	journal	January 2008
Low-voltage organic electroluminescent devices using pin structures Huang, Jingsong; Pfeiffer, Martin; Werner, Ansgar Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 80, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1432110	journal	January 2002
Doping of organic semiconductors Lüssem, B.; Riede, M.; Leo, K. physica status solidi (a), Vol. 210, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201228310	journal	December 2012
Fermi level shift and doping efficiency in $p$ -doped small molecule organic semiconductors: A photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study Tietze, Max L.; Burtone, Lorenzo; Riede, Moritz Physical Review B, Vol. 86, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.035320	journal	July 2012
Enhanced Hole Injection into Amorphous Hole-Transport Layers of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Controlled p-Type Doping Zhou, X.; Blochwitz, J.; Pfeiffer, M. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/1616-3028(200108)11:4<310::AID-ADFM310>3.3.CO;2-4	journal	August 2001
n-Doping of Organic Electronic Materials using Air-Stable Organometallics Guo, Song; Kim, Sang Bok; Mohapatra, Swagat K. Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 5, p. 699-703 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201103238	journal	November 2011
Ultrastable and efficient red organic light emitting diodes with doped transport layers Meerheim, Rico; Walzer, Karsten; Pfeiffer, Martin Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2268354	journal	August 2006
p-type doping in organic light emitting diodes based on fluorinated C60 Yu, Young-Jun; Solomeshch, Olga; Chechik, Helena Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 104, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3043872	journal	December 2008
Mechanistic Study on the Solution-Phase n-Doping of 1,3-Dimethyl-2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1 H -benzoimidazole Derivatives Naab, Benjamin D.; Guo, Song; Olthof, Selina Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja403906d	journal	September 2013
A novel p-dopant with low diffusion tendency and its application to organic light-emitting diodes Bruder, Ingmar; Watanabe, Soichi; Qu, Jianqiang Organic Electronics, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2009.12.019	journal	April 2010
Quenching of excitons in doped disordered organic semiconductors Arkhipov, V.; Emelianova, E.; Bässler, H. Physical Review B, Vol. 70, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.70.205205	journal	November 2004
Polarons and bipolarons in doped polythiophene: A theoretical investigation Brédas, J. L.; Wudl, F.; Heeger, A. J. Solid State Communications, Vol. 63, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(87)90856-8	journal	August 1987
Bipolarons in poly(3-methylthiophene): Spectroscopic, magnetic, and electrochemical measurements Colaneri, N.; Nowak, M.; Spiegel, D. Physical Review B, Vol. 36, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.36.7964	journal	November 1987
Lithium doping of semiconducting organic charge transport materials Parthasarathy, G.; Shen, C.; Kahn, A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 89, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1359161	journal	May 2001
Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layer Kido, Junji; Matsumoto, Toshio Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 73, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.122612	journal	November 1998
Controllable Molecular Doping and Charge Transport in Solution-Processed Polymer Semiconducting Layers Zhang, Yuan; de Boer, Bert; Blom, Paul W. M. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 12, p. 1901-1905 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200801761	journal	June 2009
The chemical and structural origin of efficient p-type doping in P3HT Duong, Duc T.; Wang, Chenchen; Antono, Erin Organic Electronics, Vol. 14, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2013.02.028	journal	May 2013
Introducing Solubility Control for Improved Organic P-Type Dopants Li, Jun; Zhang, Guangwu; Holm, Daniella M. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02340	journal	August 2015
Organic light-emitting diodes using 3,6-difluoro-2,5,7,7,8,8-hexacyanoquinodimethane as p-type dopant Mi, Bao Xiu; Gao, Zhi Qiang; Cheah, Kok Wai Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 94, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3073719	journal	February 2009
Investigation of C ₆₀ F ₃₆ as low-volatility p -dopant in organic optoelectronic devices Meerheim, Rico; Olthof, Selina; Hermenau, Martin Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 109, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3590142	journal	May 2011
Ground-State Interaction and Electrical Doping of Fluorinated C ₆₀ in Conjugated Polymers Solomeshch, Olga; Yu, Young Jun; Goryunkov, Alexey A. Advanced Materials, Vol. 21, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200900798	journal	November 2009
SPEAR — ToF neutron reflectometer at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center Dubey, M.; Jablin, M. S.; Wang, P. The European Physical Journal Plus, Vol. 126, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2011-11110-1	journal	November 2011
Co-refinement of multiple-contrast neutron/X-ray reflectivity data using MOTOFIT Nelson, Andrew Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 39, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889806005073	journal	March 2006
Calibrated NEXAFS spectra of common conjugated polymers Watts, B.; Swaraj, S.; Nordlund, D. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 134, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3506636	journal	January 2011
The effect of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane charge transfer dopants on the conformation and aggregation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) Gao, Jian; Roehling, John D.; Li, Yongle Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 1, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tc31047g	journal	January 2013
Doping of Organic Semiconductors: Impact of Dopant Strength and Electronic Coupling Méndez, Henry; Heimel, Georg; Opitz, Andreas Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 52, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201302396	journal	June 2013
Effect of trap states on the electrical doping of organic semiconductors Lee, Jae-Hyun; Lee, Jonghee; Kim, Yong Hyun Organic Electronics, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2013.10.011	journal	January 2014
Substituted Quinodimethans. II. Anion-radical Derivatives and Complexes of 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethan Melby, L. R.; Harder, R. J.; Hertler, W. R. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 84, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00876a029	journal	September 1962
Leuco Crystal Violet as a Dopant for n-Doping of Organic Thin Films of Fullerene C ₆₀ Li, Fenghong; Werner, Ansgar; Pfeiffer, Martin The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 108, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0478615	journal	November 2004
p-Doped p-phenylenediamine-substituted fluorenes for organic electroluminescent devices Gao, Zhi Qiang; Xia, Ping Fan; Lo, Pik Kwan Organic Electronics, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2009.02.025	journal	July 2009
2-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1 H -benzoimidazol-3-ium Iodide as a New Air-Stable n-Type Dopant for Vacuum-Processed Organic Semiconductor Thin Films Wei, Peng; Menke, Torben; Naab, Benjamin D. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja211382x	journal	February 2012
An organic p-type dopant with high thermal stability for an organic semiconductor Gao, Zhi Qiang; Mi, Bao Xiu; Xu, Gui Zhen Chem. Commun., Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/B713566A	journal	January 2008
Doped organic semiconductors: Physics and application in light emitting diodes Pfeiffer, M.; Leo, K.; Zhou, X. Organic Electronics, Vol. 4, Issue 2-3, p. 89-103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2003.08.004	journal	September 2003
High-efficiency p-i-n organic light-emitting diodes with long lifetime Wellmann, Philipp; Hofmann, Michael; Zeika, Olaf Journal of the Society for Information Display, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1889/1.1927730	journal	January 2005
Controlling Electrical Properties of Conjugated Polymers via a Solution-Based p-Type Doping Yim, Keng-Hoong; Whiting, Gregory L.; Murphy, Craig E. Advanced Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 17, p. 3319-3324 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200800735	journal	September 2008
Effect of Crystallization on the Electronic Energy Levels and Thin Film Morphology of P3HT:PCBM Blends Tsoi, Wing C.; Spencer, Steve J.; Yang, Li Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma102841e	journal	April 2011
The Consequences of Interface Mixing on Organic Photovoltaic Device Characteristics Huang, David M.; Mauger, Scott A.; Friedrich, Stephan Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 21, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201002014	journal	March 2011
High work-function hole transport layers by self-assembly using a fluorinated additive Mauger, Scott A.; Li, Jun; Özmen, Özge Tüzün J. Mater. Chem. C, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TC30973H	journal	January 2014
Intraphase Microstructure-Understanding the Impact on Organic Solar Cell Performance Scholes, Fiona H.; Ehlig, Tino; James, Michael Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300726	journal	May 2013
DV-Xα calculation of electron energy-loss near edge-structures of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) Koshino, Masanori; Kurata, Hiroki; Isoda, Seiji Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 135, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2004.04.001	journal	April 2004
Electronic structure of C60F36 studied by quantum-chemical modeling of experimental photoemission and x-ray absorption spectra Bulusheva, L. G.; Okotrub, A. V.; Shnitov, V. V. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 130, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3043812	journal	January 2009
Controlled p doping of the hole-transport molecular material N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine with tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane Gao, Weiying; Kahn, Antoine Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 94, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1577400	journal	July 2003
Highly Efficient Organic Devices Based on Electrically Doped Transport Layers Walzer, K.; Maennig, B.; Pfeiffer, M. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 107, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050156n	journal	April 2007
Photoelectron spectroscopy study of systematically varied doping concentrations in an organic semiconductor layer using a molecular p-dopant Olthof, S.; Tress, W.; Meerheim, R. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 106, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3259436	journal	November 2009

Cited By (21)

The Effects of Crystallinity on Charge Transport and the Structure of Sequentially Processed F ₄ TCNQ-Doped Conjugated Polymer Films Scholes, D. Tyler; Yee, Patrick Y.; Lindemuth, Jeffrey R. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201702654	journal	September 2017
p-Doping of Copper(I) Thiocyanate (CuSCN) Hole-Transport Layers for High-Performance Transistors and Organic Solar Cells Wijeyasinghe, Nilushi; Eisner, Flurin; Tsetseris, Leonidas Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201802055	journal	June 2018
A Solvent‐Free Solution: Vacuum‐Deposited Organic Monolayers Modify Work Functions of Noble Metal Electrodes Widdascheck, Felix; Hauke, Alrun Aline; Witte, Gregor Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808385	journal	February 2019
Controlling Molecular Doping in Organic Semiconductors Jacobs, Ian E.; Moulé, Adam J. Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703063	journal	September 2017
Chemical and Morphological Control of Interfacial Self-Doping for Efficient Organic Electronics Liu, Yao; Cole, Marcus D.; Jiang, Yufeng Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705976	journal	March 2018
Enhanced Charge Injection Properties of Organic Field-Effect Transistor by Molecular Implantation Doping Kim, Youngrok; Chung, Seungjun; Cho, Kyungjune Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806697	journal	January 2019
Trade-Off between Trap Filling, Trap Creation, and Charge Recombination Results in Performance Increase at Ultralow Doping Levels in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Shang, Zhengrong; Heumueller, Thomas; Prasanna, Rohit Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601149	journal	August 2016
Solution-based electrical doping of semiconducting polymer films over a limited depth Kolesov, Vladimir A.; Fuentes-Hernandez, Canek; Chou, Wen-Fang Nature Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4818	journal	December 2016
Elementary steps in electrical doping of organic semiconductors Tietze, Max L.; Benduhn, Johannes; Pahner, Paul Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03302-z	journal	March 2018
Uniform doping of graphene close to the Dirac point by polymer-assisted assembly of molecular dopants He, Hans; Kim, Kyung Ho; Danilov, Andrey Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06352-5	journal	September 2018
Ground-state electron transfer in all-polymer donor–acceptor heterojunctions Xu, Kai; Sun, Hengda; Ruoko, Tero-Petri Nature Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0618-7	journal	March 2020
Organic/Organic Heterointerface Engineering to Boost Carrier Injection in OLEDs Fathollahi, Mohammadreza; Ameri, Mohsen; Mohajerani, Ezeddin Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42787	journal	February 2017
Comparison of solution-mixed and sequentially processed P3HT:F4TCNQ films: effect of doping-induced aggregation on film morphology Jacobs, Ian E.; Aasen, Erik W.; Oliveira, Julia L. J. Mater. Chem. C, Vol. 4, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5tc04207k	journal	January 2016
Stable solvent for solution-based electrical doping of semiconducting polymer films and its application to organic solar cells Larrain, Felipe A.; Fuentes-Hernandez, Canek; Chou, Wen-Fang Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ee00811f	journal	January 2018
A photo-crosslinkable bis-triarylamine side-chain polymer as a hole-transport material for stable perovskite solar cells Tremblay, Marie-Hélène; Schutt, Kelly; Zhang, Yadong Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9se00513g	journal	January 2020
Sequential molecular doping of non-fullerene organic solar cells without hole transport layers Zhang, Dongyang; Wang, Jianqiu; Zhang, Xuning Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04969j	journal	January 2020
Utilizing Diels–Alder “click” chemistry to functionalize the organic–organic interface of semiconducting polymers Burmeister, David; Ahrens, Lukas; Opitz, Andreas Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc06180k	journal	January 2020
Thermal stability and interlayer exchange processes in heterolayers of TiOPc and PTCDA on Ag(1 1 1) Thussing, S.; Fernández, L.; Jakob, P. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aafcf8	journal	February 2019
Energy-level alignment at strongly coupled organic–metal interfaces Chen, Meng-Ting; Hofmann, Oliver T.; Gerlach, Alexander Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab0171	journal	March 2019
Morphology controls the thermoelectric power factor of a doped semiconducting polymer Patel, Shrayesh N.; Glaudell, Anne M.; Peterson, Kelly A. Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700434	journal	June 2017
Publisher Correction: Elementary steps in electrical doping of organic semiconductors Tietze, Max L.; Benduhn, Johannes; Pahner, Paul Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04275-9	journal	June 2018

Similar Records

The effect of thermal annealing on dopant site choice in conjugated polymers

Journal Article · Mon Mar 14 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Organic Electronics · OSTI ID:1438680

Li, Jun; Rochester, Christopher W.; Jacobs, Ian E.; +4 more

Structural insights into Lewis acid- and F4TCNQ-doped conjugated polymers by solid-state magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Journal Article · Mon Dec 20 00:00:00 EST 2021 · Materials Horizons · OSTI ID:1438680

Dixon, Alana L.; Vezin, Hervé; Nguyen, Thuc-Quyen; +1 more

Quantitative Measurements of the Temperature-Dependent Microscopic and Macroscopic Dynamics of a Molecular Dopant in a Conjugated Polymer

Journal Article · Fri Jul 14 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Macromolecules · OSTI ID:1438680

Li, Jun; Koshnick, Correy; Diallo, Souleymane O.; +9 more

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
device stability
diffusion
dopant
organic light emitting diodes
organic photovoltaics

Title: Measurement of Small Molecular Dopant F4TCNQ and C60F36 Diffusion in Organic Bilayer Architectures

Citation Formats

References (52)

Cited By (21)

Similar Records

Related Subjects

Title: Measurement of Small Molecular Dopant F4TCNQ and C₆₀F₃₆ Diffusion in Organic Bilayer Architectures