Electrical control of 2D magnetism in bilayer CrI3

Huang, Bevin; Clark, Genevieve; Klein, Dahlia R.; MacNeill, David; Navarro-Moratalla, Efren; Seyler, Kyle L.; Wilson, Nathan; McGuire, Michael A.; Cobden, David H.; Xiao, Di; Yao, Wang; Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo; Xu, Xiaodong

doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0121-3

Electrical control of 2D magnetism in bilayer CrI₃

Journal Article · Mon Apr 23 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Nature Nanotechnology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-018-0121-3· OSTI ID:1436027

Huang, Bevin ^[1]; Clark, Genevieve ^[1]; Klein, Dahlia R. ^[2]; MacNeill, David ^[2]; Navarro-Moratalla, Efren ^[3]; Seyler, Kyle L. ^[1]; Wilson, Nathan ^[1]; McGuire, Michael A. ^[4]; Cobden, David H. ^[1]; Xiao, Di ^[5]; Yao, Wang ^[6]; Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo ^[2]; Xu, Xiaodong ^[1]

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
Univ. de Valencia, Paterna (Spain)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (China)

Controlling magnetism via electric fields addresses fundamental questions of magnetic phenomena and phase transitions, and enables the development of electrically coupled spintronic devices, such as voltage-controlled magnetic memories with low operation energy. Previous studies on dilute magnetic semiconductors such as (Ga,Mn)As and (In,Mn)Sb have demonstrated large modulations of the Curie temperatures and coercive fields by altering the magnetic anisotropy and exchange interaction. Owing to their unique magnetic properties, the recently reported two-dimensional magnets provide a new system for studying these features. For instance, a bilayer of chromium triiodide (CrI₃) behaves as a layered antiferromagnet with a magnetic field-driven metamagnetic transition. Here, we demonstrate electrostatic gate control of magnetism in CrI₃ bilayers, probed by magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy. At fixed magnetic fields near the metamagnetic transition, we realize voltage-controlled switching between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic states. At zero magnetic field, we demonstrate a time-reversal pair of layered antiferromagnetic states that exhibit spin-layer locking, leading to a linear dependence of their MOKE signals on gate voltage with opposite slopes. Here, our results allow for the exploration of new magnetoelectric phenomena and van der Waals spintronics based on 2D materials.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Excitonics (CE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1436027

Journal Information:: Nature Nanotechnology, Journal Name: Nature Nanotechnology Journal Issue: 30 Vol. 3; ISSN 1748-3387

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Two-dimensional van der Waals spinterfaces and magnetic-interfaces Dayen, Jean-Francois; Ray, Soumya J.; Karis, Olof Applied Physics Reviews, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112171	journal	March 2020
Switching of the magnetic anisotropy via strain in two dimensional multiferroic materials: CrSX (X = Cl, Br, I) Xu, Bo; Li, Shenchang; Jiang, Kun Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5140644	journal	February 2020
Substrate-modulated ferromagnetism of two-dimensional Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ Zhang, Luman; Song, Luyao; Dai, Hongwei Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142077	journal	January 2020
Evolution of interlayer and intralayer magnetism in three atomically thin chromium trihalides Kim, Hyun Ho; Yang, Bowen; Li, Siwen Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902100116	journal	May 2019
Electrically controllable magnetic properties of Fe-doped GaSe monolayer Ke, Congming; Wu, Yaping; Guo, Guang-Yu Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab03e9	journal	February 2019
Driving the magnetic phase transition of graphene nanoribbons with fluctuation fields and doping Wang, Yuan; Chen, Wenchao; Wang, Jianjun Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab2fae	journal	August 2019
Anisotropic magnetoresistance behaviors in the layered ferromagnetic Cr ₂ Ge ₂ Te ₆ Liu, Wei; Wang, Yamei; Han, Yuyan Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 53, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab4a38	journal	October 2019
Strain induced electronic and magnetic properties of 2D magnet CrI ₃ : a DFT approach Mukherjee, Tista; Chowdhury, Suman; Jana, Debnarayan Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab1fcf	journal	May 2019
Topological phase transition induced by magnetic proximity effect in two dimensions Zeng, Yijie; Wang, Luyang; Li, Song Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab28d1	journal	July 2019
Antiferromagnetic coupling of van der Waals ferromagnetic Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ Kim, Dongseuk; Park, Sijin; Lee, Jinhwan Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab0a37	journal	March 2019
Raman spectroscopy of two-dimensional magnetic van der Waals materials Kim, Kangwon; Lee, Jae-Ung; Cheong, Hyeonsik Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab37a4	journal	August 2019
Calculating critical temperatures for ferromagnetic order in two-dimensional materials Torelli, Daniele; Olsen, Thomas 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aaf06d	journal	December 2018
Control of magnetism in bilayer CrI ₃ by an external electric field Suárez Morell, E.; León, Andrea; Miwa, R. Hiroki 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab04fb	journal	February 2019
Highly tunable Raman scattering and transport in layered magnetic Cr ₂ S ₃ nanoplates grown by sulfurization Yang, Wencao; Coughlin, Amanda L.; Webster, Lucas 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab1bc0	journal	May 2019
Chemical and structural stability of 2D layered materials Wang, Xuewen; Sun, Yinghui; Liu, Kai 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab20d6	journal	July 2019
High throughput computational screening for 2D ferromagnetic materials: the critical role of anisotropy and local correlations Torelli, Daniele; Thygesen, Kristian S.; Olsen, Thomas 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab2c43	journal	July 2019
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of few-layer Cr ₂ Ge ₂ Te ₆ : the key role of nonlocal electron–electron interaction effects Menichetti, Guido; Calandra, Matteo; Polini, Marco 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab2f06	journal	September 2019
Magnetic proximity in a van der Waals heterostructure of magnetic insulator and graphene Karpiak, Bogdan; Cummings, Aron W.; Zollner, Klaus 2D Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab5915	journal	December 2019
Recent progress of spintronics based on emerging 2D materials: CrI ₃ and Xenes Wei, Songrui; Tang, Xian; Liao, Xiaoqi Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab5d45	journal	December 2019
Van der Waals Spin Valves Cardoso, C.; Soriano, D.; García-Martínez, N. A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.067701	journal	August 2018
Strain-Induced Room-Temperature Ferromagnetic Semiconductors with Large Anomalous Hall Conductivity in Two-Dimensional Cr 2 Ge 2 Se 6 Dong, Xue-Juan; You, Jing-Yang; Gu, Bo Physical Review Applied, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.12.014020	journal	July 2019
Magnetic Proximity Effect in a van der Waals Moiré Superlattice Tong, Qingjun; Chen, Mingxing; Yao, Wang Physical Review Applied, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.12.024031	journal	August 2019
Anomalous Hall effect mechanisms in the quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnet F e 0.29 Ta S 2 Cai, Ranran; Xing, Wenyu; Zhou, Huibin Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.054430	journal	August 2019
Anomalous ferromagnetism and magneto-optical Kerr effect in semiconducting double perovskite Ba 2 NiOsO 6 and its (111) ( Ba 2 NiOsO 6 ) / ( BaTiO 3 ) 10 superlattice Lu, Hai-Shuang; Guo, Guang-Yu Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.054443	journal	August 2019
Proximity exchange effects in MoSe 2 and WSe 2 heterostructures with CrI 3 : Twist angle, layer, and gate dependence Zollner, Klaus; Faria Junior, Paulo E.; Fabian, Jaroslav Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.085128	journal	August 2019
Anisotropic magnetic entropy change in the hard ferromagnetic semiconductor V I 3 Yan, J.; Luo, X.; Chen, F. C. Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.094402	journal	September 2019
Field-dependent anisotropic magnetic coupling in layered ferromagnetic Fe 3 − x GeTe 2 Liu, Wei; Wang, Yamei; Fan, Jiyu Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.104403	journal	September 2019
Magnetic anisotropy of the two-dimensional ferromagnetic insulator MnBi 2 Te 4 Li, Yang; Jiang, Zeyu; Li, Jiaheng Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.134438	journal	October 2019
Strain-tunable orbital, spin-orbit, and optical properties of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides Zollner, Klaus; Junior, Paulo E. Faria; Fabian, Jaroslav Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.195126	journal	November 2019
Curie temperature of emerging two-dimensional magnetic structures Lu, Xiaobo; Fei, Ruixiang; Yang, Li Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.205409	journal	November 2019
Quantum critical point and ferromagnetic semiconducting behavior in p -type FeAs 2 Lei, Bing-Hua; Fu, Yuhao; Feng, Zhenzhen Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.020404	journal	January 2020
Magnetic polaron and antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic transition in doped bilayer CrI 3 Soriano, D.; Katsnelson, M. I. Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.041402	journal	January 2020
Anisotropic magnetocaloric effect in single crystals of CrI 3 Liu, Yu; Petrovic, C. Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.97.174418	journal	May 2018
Strain-tunable magnetic anisotropy in monolayer CrCl 3 , CrBr 3 , and CrI 3 Webster, Lucas; Yan, Jia-An Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.98.144411	journal	October 2018
CoB 6 monolayer: A robust two-dimensional ferromagnet Tang, Xiao; Sun, Weiguo; Gu, Yuantong Physical Review B, Vol. 99, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.99.045445	journal	January 2019
Stacking tunable interlayer magnetism in bilayer CrI 3 Jiang, Peiheng; Wang, Cong; Chen, Dachuan Physical Review B, Vol. 99, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.99.144401	journal	April 2019
Current Control of Magnetism in Two-Dimensional Fe 3 GeTe 2 Johansen, Øyvind; Risinggård, Vetle; Sudbø, Asle Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.122.217203	journal	May 2019
Linear Magnetoelectric Phase in Ultrathin MnPS 3 Probed by Optical Second Harmonic Generation Chu, Hao; Roh, Chang Jae; Island, Joshua O. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 124, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.124.027601	journal	January 2020
Anisotropic magnetic entropy change in Cr 2 X 2 Te 6 ( X = Si and Ge ) Liu, Yu; Petrovic, C. Physical Review Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.3.014001	journal	January 2019
Electronic structure and magnetism of transition metal dihalides: Bulk to monolayer Botana, A. S.; Norman, M. R. Physical Review Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.3.044001	journal	April 2019
Atomic-resolution visualization and doping effects of complex structures in intercalated bilayer graphene Bonacum, Jason P.; O’Hara, Andrew; Bao, De-Liang Physical Review Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.3.064004	journal	June 2019
2D ferromagnetism in layered inorganic-organic hybrid perovskites Nafday, Dhani; Sen, Dipayan; Kaushal, Nitin Physical Review Research, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.1.032034	journal	December 2019
Critical behavior and magnetocaloric effect in VI 3 Liu, Yu; Abeykoon, Milinda; Petrovic, C. Physical Review Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.2.013013	journal	January 2020
Magnon Transport in Quasi-Two-Dimensional van der Waals Antiferromagnets Xing, Wenyu; Qiu, Luyi; Wang, Xirui Physical Review X, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.9.011026	journal	February 2019
Antisymmetric magnetoresistance in van der Waals Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ /graphite/Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ trilayer heterostructures Albarakati, Sultan; Tan, Cheng; Chen, Zhong-Jia Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0409	journal	July 2019
Current-driven magnetization switching in a van der Waals ferromagnet Fe ₃ GeTe ₂ Wang, Xiao; Tang, Jian; Xia, Xiuxin Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw8904	journal	August 2019
Direct observation of van der Waals stacking–dependent interlayer magnetism Chen, Weijong; Sun, Zeyuan; Wang, Zhongjie Science, Vol. 366, Issue 6468 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav1937	journal	November 2019
Two-dimensional magnetic crystals and emergent heterostructure devices Gong, Cheng; Zhang, Xiang Science, Vol. 363, Issue 6428 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav4450	journal	February 2019
Probing magnetism in 2D materials at the nanoscale with single-spin microscopy Thiel, L.; Wang, Z.; Tschudin, M. A. Science, Vol. 364, Issue 6444 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav6926	journal	April 2019
Electron Spin Resonance Properties of CrI3 and CrCl3 Single Crystals Saiz, C. L.; McGuire, M. A.; Hennadige, S. R. J. MRS Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.241	journal	January 2019
Theory and simulations of critical temperatures in CrI ₃ and other 2D materials: easy-axis magnetic order and easy-plane Kosterlitz–Thouless transitions Olsen, Thomas MRS Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2019.117	journal	September 2019
Van der Waals spin valves Cardoso, C.; Soriano, D.; García-Martínez, N. A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1804.03021	text	January 2018
Magnon transport in quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals antiferromagnets Xing, Wenyu; Qiu, Luyi; Wang, Xirui arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.04719	text	January 2019
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of few-layer Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$: the key role of nonlocal electron-electron interaction effects Menichetti, Guido; Calandra, Matteo; Polini, Marco arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.10993	text	January 2019
Direct observation of van der Waals stacking dependent interlayer magnetism Chen, Weijong; Sun, Zeyuan; Gu, Lehua arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.03383	text	January 2019
Thickness-dependent magnetic order in CrI$_3$ single crystals Liu, Yu; Wu, Lijun; Tong, Xiao arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.09969	text	January 2019
Advanced Materials and Device Architectures for Magnetooptical Spatial Light Modulators Kharratian, Soheila; Urey, Hakan; Onbaşlı, Mehmet C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.07494	text	January 2019
Strain-tunable orbital, spin-orbit, and optical properties of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides Zollner, Klaus; Faria Junior, Paulo E.; Fabian, Jaroslav Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.41297	text	January 2019
Magnetic proximity in a van der Waals heterostructure of magnetic insulator and graphene Karpiak, Bogdan; Cummings, Aron W.; Zollner, Klaus Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.41300	text	January 2019

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