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Title: Empirically assessing the potential release of rare earth elements from black shale under simulated hydraulic fracturing conditions

Journal Article · · Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering
ORCiD logo [1];  [2];  [1];  [3]
  1. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States)
  2. National Energy Technology Lab. (NETL), Albany, OR (United States)
  3. National Energy Technology Lab. (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, (United States)
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Rare earth elements (REEs) are economically important to modern society and the rapid growth of technologies dependent on REEs has placed considerable economic pressure on their sourcing. This study addresses whether REEs could be released as a byproduct of natural gas extraction from a series of experiments that were designed to simulate hydraulic fracturing of black shale under various pressure (25 and 27.5 MPa) and temperature (50, 90, 130 °C) conditions. The dissolved REEs in the reacted fluids displayed no propensity for the REEs to be released from black shale under high pressure and temperature conditions, a result that is consistent across the different types of fluids investigated. Overall, there was a net loss of REEs from the fluid. These changes in dissolved REEs were greatest at the moment the fluids first contacted the shale and before the high temperature and high pressure conditions were imposed, although the magnitude of these changes (10-4 μg/g) were small compared to the magnitude of the total REE content present in the solid shale samples (102 μg/g). These results highlight the variability and complexity of hydraulic fracturing systems and indicate that REE may not serve as robust tracers for fracturing fluid-shale reactions. Additionally, the results suggest that significant quantities of REEs may not be byproducts of hydraulically fractured shales.

Research Organization:
National Energy Technology Lab. (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
OSTI ID:
1433641
Report Number(s):
NETL-PUB-20593; PII: S1875510017304407
Journal Information:
Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, Vol. 50, Issue C; ISSN 1875-5100
Publisher:
ElsevierCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 3 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Figures / Tables (11)

Table 1(p. 5)table Table 1
Figure 1(p. 6)figure Figure 1
Figure 2(p. 10)figure Figure 2
Figure 3(p. 13)figure Figure 3
Figure 4(p. 14)figure Figure 4
Figure 5(p. 15)figure Figure 5
Figure 6(p. 17)figure Figure 6
Figure 7(p. 18)figure Figure 7
Figure A1(p. 30)figure Figure A1
Table A1(p. 31)table Table A1
Table A1(p. 32)table Table A1

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