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Title: Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

Journal Article · · The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online)
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Here, on 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of $$\sim 1.7\,{\rm{s}}$$ with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of $${40}_{-8}^{+8}$$ Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 $$\,{M}_{\odot }$$. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at $$\sim 40\,{\rm{Mpc}}$$) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position $$\sim 9$$ and $$\sim 16$$ days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta.

Research Organization:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Contributing Organization:
LIGO Scientific Collaboration; Virgo Collaboration; Fermi GBM; INTEGRAL; IceCube Collaboration; AstroSat Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager Team; IPN Collaboration; The Insight-Hxmt Collaboration; ANTARES Collaboration; The Swift Collaboration; AGILE Team; The 1M2H Team; The Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaboration; the DES Collaboration; The DLT40 Collaboration; LIGO Scientific; Virgo; IceCube; IPN; Insight-Hxmt; ANTARES; Swift; 1M2H Team; Dark Energy Camera GW-EM; DES; DLT40; GRAWITA; Fermi-LAT; ATCA; ASKAP; Las Cumbres Observatory Group; OzGrav; DWF (Deeper Wider Faster Program); AST3; CAASTRO; VINROUGE; MASTER; J-GEM; GROWTH; JAGWAR; CaltechNRAO; TTU-NRAO; NuSTAR; Pan-STARRS; MAXI Team; TZAC Consortium; KU; Nordic Optical Telescope; ePESSTO; GROND; Texas Tech University; SALT Group; TOROS; BOOTES; MWA; CALET; IKI-GW Follow-up; H.E.S.S.; LOFAR; LWA; HAWC; Pierre Auger; ALMA; Euro VLBI Team; Pi of Sky; Chandra Team at McGill University; DFN; ATLAS Telescopes; High Time Resolution Universe Survey; RIMAS; RATIR; SKA South Africa/MeerKAT; LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration; The Insight-HXMT Collaboration; The Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaboration and the DES Collaboration
Grant/Contract Number:
AC05-00OR22725; AC02-07CH11359; SC0012704; AC02-05CH11231; AC52-06NA25396
OSTI ID:
1422482
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1404883; OSTI ID: 1416314; OSTI ID: 1424961; OSTI ID: 1456964; OSTI ID: 1597335
Report Number(s):
LIGO-P1700294; VIR-0802A-17; FERMILAB-PUB-17-478-A-AE-CD; arXiv:1710.05833; LA-UR-17-29426; BNL-114856-2017-JAAM
Journal Information:
The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online), Vol. 848, Issue 2; ISSN 2041-8213
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 1900 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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A kilonova as the electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational-wave source journal October 2017
The Afterglow, Energetics, and Host Galaxy of the Short‐Hard Gamma‐Ray Burst 051221a journal October 2006
Kilonova/Macronova Emission from Compact Binary Mergers journal January 2016
Radiative Transfer Simulations of Neutron star Merger Ejecta journal September 2013
A ‘kilonova’ associated with the short-duration γ-ray burst GRB 130603B journal August 2013
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A new test of general relativity - Gravitational radiation and the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16 journal February 1982
Experimental constraints on strong-field relativistic gravity journal January 1992
The Murchison Widefield Array: The Square Kilometre Array Precursor at Low Radio Frequencies journal January 2013
Different progenitors of short hard gamma-ray bursts journal March 2008
An Achromatic Break in the Afterglow of the Short grb 140903a: Evidence for a Narrow jet journal August 2016
On the nature of the ‘hostless’ short GRBs journal November 2013
IBIS: The Imager on-board INTEGRAL journal November 2003
LOFAR: The LOw-Frequency ARray journal July 2013
SPI: The spectrometer aboard INTEGRAL journal November 2003
Discovery of the short γ-ray burst GRB 050709 journal October 2005
INTEGRAL Spectrometer SPI's GRB detection capabilities: GRBs detected inside SPI's FoV and with the anticoincidence system ACS journal November 2003
A list of galaxies for gravitational wave searches journal March 2011
The Australia Telescope Compact Array Broad-band Backend: description and first results★: The Compact Array Broad-band Backend (CABB) journal August 2011
THREE YEARS OF FERMI GBM EARTH OCCULTATION MONITORING: OBSERVATIONS OF HARD X-RAY/SOFT GAMMA-RAY SOURCES journal August 2012
The INTEGRAL mission journal November 2003
The Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array journal August 2009
Gravitational Radiation from Post-Newtonian Sources and Inspiralling Compact Binaries journal April 2002
Improved limit to the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy neutrinos from the Pierre Auger Observatory text January 2015
GW170817: Observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral text January 2017
The Evolution of Compact Binary Star Systems journal December 2006
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A comparison between SALT/SAAO observations and kilonova models for AT 2017gfo: the first electromagnetic counterpart of a gravitational wave transient − GW170817 journal December 2017
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Uniformly rotating, axisymmetric, and triaxial quark stars in general relativity journal January 2018
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Relativistic stars in degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor theories after GW170817 journal May 2018
Infrared modified gravity with propagating torsion: Instability of torsionfull de Sitter-like solutions journal June 2018
Characterizing Earth gravity field fluctuations with the MIGA antenna for future gravitational wave detectors journal May 2019
Generalized framework for testing gravity with gravitational-wave propagation. III. Future prospect journal May 2019
Constraining Alternative Theories of Gravity Using Pulsar Timing Arrays journal May 2018
Fundamentals of numerical relativity for gravitational wave sources journal July 2018
Towards understanding astrophysical effects of nuclear symmetry energy journal July 2019
Neutron stars in frames of R2-gravity and gravitational waves journal January 2019
Simulating Binary Neutron Stars with Hybrid Equation of States: Gravitational Waves, Electromagnetic Signatures and Challenges for Numerical Relativity journal August 2019
Detecting the Hadron-Quark Phase Transition with Gravitational Waves journal June 2019
Investigation of Infrasound Background Noise at Mátra Gravitational and Geophysical Laboratory (MGGL) journal January 2020
A Simultaneous Search for Prompt Radio Emission Associated with the Short GRB 170112A Using the All-sky Imaging Capability of the OVRO-LWA journal August 2018
Optimized Radio Follow-up of Binary Neutron-star Mergers journal November 2018
Finding the Remnants of the Milky Way's Last Neutron Star Mergers journal July 2019
Toward Rate Estimation for Transient Surveys. I. Assessing Transient Detectability and Volume Sensitivity for iPTF journal August 2019
The Lanthanide Fraction Distribution in Metal-poor Stars: A Test of Neutron Star Mergers as the Dominant r -process Site journal August 2019
The Equation of State and Some Key Parameters of Neutron Stars: Constraints from GW170817, the Nuclear Data, and the Low-mass X-Ray Binary Data journal October 2019
The First Day in the Life of a Magnetar: Evolution of the Inclination Angle, Magnetic Dipole Moment, and Braking Index of Millisecond Magnetars during Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows journal November 2019
Calibrating the Cosmic Distance Ladder Using Gravitational-wave Observations journal November 2019
Deep ATCA and VLA Radio Observations of Short-GRB Host Galaxies. Constraints on Star Formation Rates, Afterglow Flux, and Kilonova Radio Flares journal December 2019
Comparing Treatments of Weak Reactions with Nuclei in Simulations of Core-collapse Supernovae journal February 2019
ν bhlight : Radiation GRMHD for Neutrino-driven Accretion Flows journal April 2019
Magnetically Inspired Explosive Outflows from Neutron-star Mergers journal January 2019
Implications from GW170817 for Δ-isobar Admixed Hypernuclear Compact Stars journal April 2019
Follow-up of the Neutron Star Bearing Gravitational-wave Candidate Events S190425z and S190426c with MMT and SOAR journal July 2019
The Complete Evolution of a Neutron-star Binary through a Common Envelope Phase Using 1D Hydrodynamic Simulations journal October 2019
The Reliability of the Low-latency Estimation of Binary Neutron Star Chirp Mass journal October 2019
Filling the Mass Gap: How Kilonova Observations Can Unveil the Nature of the Compact Object Merging with the Neutron Star journal December 2019
Distributions of pseudo-redshifts and durations (observed and intrinsic) of Fermi GRBs journal October 2018
Physics Needs Philosophy. Philosophy Needs Physics journal May 2018
Extreme gravity tests with gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences: (I) inspiral–merger journal April 2018
Nucleosynthesis in Supernovae journal March 2018
r -Process Nucleosynthesis in the Early Universe Through Fast Mergers of Compact Binaries in Triple Systems journal January 2018
The Phase II Murchison Widefield Array: Design overview journal January 2018
Reanalysis of LIGO black-hole coalescences with alternative prior assumptions journal October 2017
Mass transfer on a nuclear timescale in models of supergiant and ultra-luminous X-ray binaries journal July 2019
Upgraded antennas for pulsar observations in the Argentine Institute of Radio astronomy journal January 2020
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Gravitational wave signature of a mini creation event (MCE) journal June 2018
A Simflowny-based finite-difference code for high-performance computing in numerical relativity journal August 2018
CoRe database of binary neutron star merger waveforms journal November 2018
Imprints of the nuclear symmetry energy on the tidal deformability of neutron stars journal May 2019
Spectral classification of gravitational-wave emission and equation of state constraints in binary neutron star mergers journal September 2019
Horndeski theory and beyond: a review journal July 2019
On the merger rate of primordial black holes: effects of nearest neighbours distribution and clustering journal October 2018
Echoes from the abyss: a highly spinning black hole remnant for the binary neutron star merger GW170817 journal November 2019
Measurement of marked correlation functions in SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey using LOWZ galaxies in Data Release 12 journal January 2019
Mergers of black hole–neutron star binaries and rates of associated electromagnetic counterparts journal April 2019
An interacting dark sector and the implications of the first gravitational-wave standard siren detection on current constraints journal May 2019
Constraining coherent low-frequency radio flares from compact binary mergers journal August 2019
Cosmological constraints from galaxy–lensing cross-correlations using BOSS galaxies with SDSS and CMB lensing journal October 2019
The early optical afterglow and non-thermal components of GRB 060218 journal February 2019
A luminosity distribution for kilonovae based on short gamma-ray burst afterglows journal March 2019
Quasi-monolithic mirror suspensions in ground-based gravitational-wave detectors: an overview and look to the future journal April 2018
Role of the symmetry energy and the neutron-matter stiffness on the tidal deformability of a neutron star with unified equations of state journal September 2019
Black hole discharge: Very-high-energy gamma rays from black hole-neutron star mergers journal August 2019
Physics of eccentric binary black hole mergers: A numerical relativity perspective journal September 2019
Gravitational wave observations, distance measurement uncertainties, and cosmology journal October 2019
Particle swarm optimization based search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences: Performance improvements journal August 2018
Frequency-domain waveform approximants capturing Doppler shifts journal January 2019
Exact black hole solutions in shift-symmetric quadratic degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor theories journal March 2019
Mapping nonlinear gravity into General Relativity with nonlinear electrodynamics journal October 2018
Multipole analysis for linearized $$f(R,{\mathcal {G}})$$ gravity with irreducible Cartesian tensors journal June 2019
Short-lived radioactivities in the early solar system: A fossil record of our origins in stars journal July 2018
Interaction between gravitational radiation and electromagnetic radiation journal April 2019
Multi-Messenger Physics With the Pierre Auger Observatory text January 2019
Neutron Star Mergers: Probing the EoS of Hot, Dense Matter by Gravitational Waves journal January 2019
Electromagnetic Chirps from Neutron Star–Black Hole Mergers journal January 2018
Accurate Ray-tracing of Realistic Neutron Star Atmospheres for Constraining Their Parameters journal March 2018
The Redshift Completeness of Local Galaxy Catalogs journal June 2018
Numerical Simulations of the Jet Dynamics and Synchrotron Radiation of Binary Neutron Star Merger Event GW170817/GRB 170817A journal August 2018
The Impact of Vector Resonant Relaxation on the Evolution of Binaries near a Massive Black Hole: Implications for Gravitational-wave Sources journal September 2018
On GW170817 and the Galactic Binary Neutron Star Population journal October 2018
Future Prospects for Ground-based Gravitational-wave Detectors: The Galactic Double Neutron Star Merger Rate Revisited journal January 2019
On Neutron Star Mergers as the Source of r -process-enhanced Metal-poor Stars in the Milky Way journal April 2019
Late-time Afterglow from Double-sided Structured Jets: Application to GRB 170817A journal July 2019
Short GRB 160821B: A Reverse Shock, a Refreshed Shock, and a Well-sampled Kilonova journal September 2019
Neutron Stars and Black Holes in the Small Magellanic Cloud: The SMC NuSTAR Legacy Survey journal October 2019
Line Expansion Opacity in Relativistically Expanding Media journal December 2019
On Using Inspiraling Supermassive Binary Black Holes in the PTA Frequency Band as Standard Sirens to Constrain Dark Energy journal January 2020
Characteristics and Performance of the CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) Calorimeter for Gamma-Ray Observations journal September 2018
Skynet Algorithm for Single-dish Radio Mapping. I. Contaminant-cleaning, Mapping, and Photometering Small-scale Structures journal January 2019
Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Pulsating Variable Stars, Rotation, Convective Boundaries, and Energy Conservation journal July 2019
Estimating the Contribution of Dynamical Ejecta in the Kilonova Associated with GW170817 journal December 2017
Hidden-sector Spectroscopy with Gravitational Waves from Binary Neutron Stars journal April 2018
Observational Implications of Lowering the LIGO-Virgo Alert Threshold journal July 2018
The Search for Extra-Galactic Intelligence Signals Synchronized with Binary Neutron Star Mergers journal August 2018
The Multi-messenger Matrix: The Future of Neutron Star Merger Constraints on the Nuclear Equation of State journal July 2019
Gravitational wave standard sirens and cosmological parameter measurement journal August 2019
Optical emission from a kilonova following a gravitational-wave-detected neutron-star merger journal October 2017
Quantum expander for gravitational-wave observatories journal December 2019
A fast-evolving luminous transient discovered by K2/Kepler journal March 2018
The environment of the SN-less GRB 111005A at z = 0.0133 journal July 2018
Search for transient optical counterparts to high-energy IceCube neutrinos with Pan-STARRS1 journal June 2019
Equation-of-state constraints and the QCD phase transition in the era of gravitational-wave astronomy
  • Bauswein, Andreas; Bastian, Niels-Uwe Friedrich; Blaschke, David
  • XIAMEN-CUSTIPEN WORKSHOP ON THE EQUATION OF STATE OF DENSE NEUTRON-RICH MATTER IN THE ERA OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVE ASTRONOMY, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5117803
conference January 2019
Measuring cosmic distances with standard sirens journal December 2018
Light propagation in 2PN approximation in the field of one moving monopole II. Boundary value problem journal December 2018
Hamiltonians and canonical coordinates for spinning particles in curved space-time journal February 2019
The impact of the crust equation of state on the analysis of GW170817 journal December 2019
Strong gravitational lensing of explosive transients journal November 2019
Observational status of the Galileon model general solution from cosmological data and gravitational waves journal May 2019
Cosmology and dark energy from joint gravitational wave-GRB observations journal August 2019
Prospects of the local Hubble parameter measurement using gravitational waves from double neutron stars journal January 2018
The cosmic merger rate of neutron stars and black holes journal June 2018
The progenitors of compact-object binaries: impact of metallicity, common envelope and natal kicks journal July 2018
Disc formation in the collapse of supramassive neutron stars journal August 2018
Progenitors of gravitational wave mergers: binary evolution with the stellar grid-based code ComBinE journal August 2018
A long-lived neutron star merger remnant in GW170817: constraints and clues from X-ray observations journal November 2018
The radius of the quiescent neutron star in the globular cluster M13 journal March 2018
Magnetized hybrid stars: effects of slow and rapid phase transitions at the quark–hadron interface journal September 2019
An insight into the extragalactic transient and variable microJy radio sky across multiple decades journal October 2019
Gravitational-wave follow-up with CTA after the detection of GRBs in the TeV energy domain journal October 2019
Learning the relationship between galaxies spectra and their star formation histories using convolutional neural networks and cosmological simulations journal October 2019
Neutron star collapse and gravitational waves with a non-convex equation of state journal January 2019
Absorption by black hole remnants in metric-affine gravity journal July 2019
Repeated faint quasinormal bursts in extreme-mass-ratio inspiral waveforms: Evidence from frequency-domain scalar self-force calculations on generic Kerr orbits journal September 2019
Inspiralling eccentric binary neutron stars: Orbital motion and tidal resonance journal September 2019
Vector disformal transformation of cosmological perturbations journal March 2018
Constraints on the hybrid equation of state with a crossover hadron-quark phase transition in the light of GW170817 journal October 2018
GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the First and Second Observing Runs journal September 2019
Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova journal October 2017
Dense matter equation of state for neutron star mergers journal January 2019
Gravitational slingshots around black holes in a binary journal January 2020
Gravitational Collider Physics text January 2020
LOFAR 144-MHz follow-up observations of GW170817 text January 2020
AMON Multimessenger Alerts: Past and Future journal January 2019
Kinematics of Highly r -process-enhanced Field Stars: Evidence for an Accretion Origin and Detection of Several Groups from Disrupted Satellites journal October 2018
Properties of Short Gamma-ray Burst Pulses from a BATSE TTE GRB Pulse Catalog journal March 2018
Constraints on Short, Hard Gamma-Ray Burst Beaming Angles from Gravitational Wave Observations journal May 2018
Three-dimensional GRMHD Simulations of Neutrino-cooled Accretion Disks from Neutron Star Mergers journal May 2018
Mass Ejection from the Remnant of a Binary Neutron Star Merger: Viscous-radiation Hydrodynamics Study journal June 2018
β -decay Rates for Exotic Nuclei and r-process Nucleosynthesis up to Thorium and Uranium journal June 2018
SN 2017ein and the Possible First Identification of a Type Ic Supernova Progenitor journal June 2018
Analysis of Sub-threshold Short Gamma-Ray Bursts in Fermi GBM Data journal August 2018
A New AGILE MCAL Configuration to Detect Gamma-Ray Bursts and Sub-threshold Events in the Multimessenger Era journal January 2019
The Short GRB 170817A: Modeling the Off-axis Emission and Implications on the Ejecta Magnetization journal January 2019
The Origin of r -process Enhanced Metal-poor Halo Stars In Now-destroyed Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies journal February 2019
Neutron Star Mergers Might Not Be the Only Source of r -process Elements in the Milky Way journal April 2019
Constraining the Neutron Star Radius with Joint Gravitational-wave and Short Gamma-Ray Burst Observations of Neutron Star–Black Hole Coalescing Binaries journal May 2019
Signatures from a Quasi-spherical Outflow and an Off-axis Top-hat Jet Launched in a Merger of Compact Objects: An Analytical Approach journal October 2019
Can Neutron-star Mergers Explain the r -process Enrichment in Globular Clusters? journal November 2019
MASTER Optical Detection of the First LIGO/Virgo Neutron Star Binary Merger GW170817 journal November 2017
Constraining the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars from Multi-messenger Observations of GW170817 journal November 2017
Brightening X-Ray Emission from GW170817/GRB 170817A: Further Evidence for an Outflow journal January 2018
The First Hours of the GW170817 Kilonova and the Importance of Early Optical and Ultraviolet Observations for Constraining Emission Models journal March 2018
A Strong Jet Signature in the Late-time Light Curve of GW170817 journal November 2018
Measuring the Delay Time Distribution of Binary Neutron Stars. I. Through Scaling Relations of the Host Galaxies of Gravitational-wave Events journal June 2019
Did GW170817 Harbor a Pulsar? journal September 2019
Electromagnetic Emission Post Spinning Black Hole Magnetized Neutron Star Mergers journal September 2019

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