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Title: Nucleon effective masses in neutron-rich matter

Journal Article · · Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

Various kinds of isovector nucleon effective masses are used in the literature to characterize the momentum/energy dependence of the nucleon symmetry potential or self-energy due to the space/time non-locality of the underlying isovector strong interaction in neutron-rich nucleonic matter. The multifaceted studies on nucleon isovector effective masses are multi-disciplinary in nature. Besides structures, masses and low-lying excited states of nuclei as well as nuclear reactions, studies of the isospin dependence of short-range correlations in nuclei from scatterings of high-energy electrons and protons on heavy nuclei also help understand nucleon effective masses especially the so-called E-mass in neutron-rich matter. A thorough understanding of all kinds of nucleon effective masses has multiple impacts on many interesting issues in both nuclear physics and astrophysics. Indeed, essentially all microscopic many-body theories and phenomenological models with various nuclear forces available in the literature have been used to calculate single-nucleon potentials and the associated nucleon effective masses in neutron-rich matter. There are also fundamental principles connecting different aspects and impacts of isovector strong interactions. In particular, the Hugenholtz–Van Hove theorem connects analytically nuclear symmetry energy with both isoscalar and isovector nucleon effective masses as well as their own momentum dependences. It also reveals how the isospin-quartic term in the equation of state of neutron-rich matter depends on the high-order momentum-derivatives of both isoscalar and isovector nucleon potentials. The Migdal–Luttinger theorem facilitates the extraction of nucleon E-mass and its isospin dependence from experimentally constrained single-nucleon momentum distributions. The momentum/energy dependence of the symmetry potential and the corresponding neutron–proton effective mass splitting also affect transport properties and the liquid–gas phase transition in neutron-rich matter. Moreover, they influence the dynamics and isospin-sensitive observables of heavy-ion collisions through both the Vlasov term and the collision integrals of the Boltzmann–Uehling–Uhlenbeck transport equation. We review here some of the significant progresses made in recent years by the nuclear physics community in resolving some of the hotly debated and longstanding issues regarding nucleon effective masses especially in dense neutron-rich matter. We also point out some of the remaining key issues requiring further investigations in the era of high precision experiments using advanced rare isotope beams.

Research Organization:
Texas A & M Univ., Commerce, TX (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); Major State Basic Research Development Program in China; Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Cosmology
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0009971; SC0013702; 11320101004; 2013CB834405; 2015CB856904; 11625521; 11275125; 11135011; 2014CB845401; 11475243; 11421505; Y290061011; Y526011011; 15DZ2272100
OSTI ID:
1421771
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1658223
Journal Information:
Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Journal Name: Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics Vol. 99 Journal Issue: C; ISSN 0146-6410
Publisher:
ElsevierCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United Kingdom
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 123 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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Properties of nuclear and neutron matter in a relativistic Hartree-Fock theory journal May 1983
Superscaling in nuclei: A search for a scaling function beyond the relativistic Fermi gas model journal April 2004
Generalized nuclear contacts and momentum distributions journal November 2015
Symmetry energy III: Isovector skins journal February 2017
Caloric curves and nuclear expansion journal September 2002
Topical issue on nuclear symmetry energy journal February 2014
Nuclear symmetry energy and structure of dense matter in neutron stars journal December 1994
Momentum, density, and isospin dependence of symmetric and asymmetric nuclear matter properties journal December 2005
Isospin splitting of the nucleon mean field journal July 2005
Low-energy density correlation function of a degenerate unitary Fermi gas from the ɛ expansion journal April 2010
Why is the equation of state for tin so soft? journal September 2007
One-dimensional Anderson localization in certain correlated random potentials journal August 2009
Probing the symmetry energy with heavy ions journal April 2009
Supersoft Symmetry Energy Encountering Non-Newtonian Gravity in Neutron Stars journal November 2009
Elliptic flow and the Symmetry Energy at Supra-Saturation Density journal June 2012
Temperature Dependence of the Universal Contact Parameter in a Unitary Fermi Gas journal April 2011
Self-consistent Green's function method for nuclei and nuclear matter journal April 2004
Superscaling of inclusive electron scattering from nuclei journal November 1999
n p Short-Range Correlations from ( p , 2 p + n ) Measurements journal January 2003
A Skyrme parametrization from subnuclear to neutron star densities Part II. Nuclei far from stabilities journal May 1998
y -scaling analysis of quasielastic electron scattering and nucleon momentum distributions in few-body systems, complex nuclei, and nuclear matter journal March 1991
Reexamination of the neutron-to-proton-ratio puzzle in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions journal April 2015
Nucleon effective E-mass in neutron-rich matter from the Migdal–Luttinger jump journal June 2016