Gel phase formation in dilute triblock copolyelectrolyte complexes

Srivastava, Samanvaya; Andreev, Marat; Levi, Adam E.; Goldfeld, David J.; Mao, Jun; Heller, William T.; Prabhu, Vivek M.; de Pablo, Juan J.; Tirrell, Matthew V.

doi:10.1038/ncomms14131

Title: Gel phase formation in dilute triblock copolyelectrolyte complexes

Journal Article · Thu Feb 23 00:00:00 EST 2017 · Nature Communications

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14131· OSTI ID:1345009

Srivastava, Samanvaya ^[1]; Andreev, Marat ^[2]; Levi, Adam E. ^[2]; Goldfeld, David J. ^[2]; Mao, Jun ^[1]; Heller, William T. ^[3]; Prabhu, Vivek M. ^[4]; de Pablo, Juan J. ^[1]; Tirrell, Matthew V. ^[1]

The Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)
The Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (United States)

Assembly of oppositely charged triblock copolyelectrolytes into phase-separated gels at low polymer concentrations (<1% by mass) has been observed in scattering experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. Here we show that in contrast to uncharged, amphiphilic block copolymers that form discrete micelles at low concentrations and enter a phase of strongly interacting micelles in a gradual manner with increasing concentration, the formation of a dilute phase of individual micelles is prevented in polyelectrolyte complexation-driven assembly of triblock copolyelectrolytes. Gel phases form and phase separate almost instantaneously on solvation of the copolymers. Furthermore, molecular models of self-assembly demonstrate the presence of oligo-chain aggregates in early stages of copolyelectrolyte assembly, at experimentally unobservable polymer concentrations. Finally, our discoveries contribute to the fundamental understanding of the structure and pathways of complexation-driven assemblies, and raise intriguing prospects for gel formation at extraordinarily low concentrations, with applications in tissue engineering, agriculture, water purification and theranostics.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Spallation Neutron Source (SNS); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division; US Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Center for Hierarchical Materials Design (CHiMaD)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1345009

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1421606

Journal Information:: Nature Communications, Vol. 8; ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 89 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (60)

Formation of Polyion Complex Micelles in an Aqueous Milieu from a Pair of Oppositely-Charged Block Copolymers with Poly(ethylene glycol) Segments Harada, Atsushi; Kataoka, Kazunori Macromolecules, Vol. 28, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00119a019	journal	July 1995
Direct formation of giant unilamellar vesicles from microparticles of polyion complexes and investigation of their properties using a microfluidic chamber Oana, Hidehiro; Morinaga, Mutsuki; Kishimura, Akihiro Soft Matter, Vol. 9, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sm00089c	journal	January 2013
Structural Evolution of Polyelectrolyte Complex Core Micelles and Ordered-Phase Bulk Materials Krogstad, Daniel V.; Lynd, Nathaniel A.; Miyajima, Daigo Macromolecules, Vol. 47, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma5017852	journal	November 2014
Precise Engineering of siRNA Delivery Vehicles to Tumors Using Polyion Complexes and Gold Nanoparticles Kim, Hyun Jin; Takemoto, Hiroyasu; Yi, Yu ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn502125h	journal	August 2014
Double-Faced Micelles from Water-Soluble Polymers Voets, Ilja K.; de Keizer, Arie; de Waard, Pieter Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 45, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200601000	journal	October 2006
Interfacial Tension of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervate Phases Qin, Jian; Priftis, Dimitrios; Farina, Robert ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/mz500190w	journal	May 2014
Cationic drug-based self-assembled polyelectrolyte complex micelles: Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and anticancer activity analysis Ramasamy, Thiruganesh; Poudel, Bijay Kumar; Ruttala, Himabindu Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.06.004	journal	October 2016
Binodal Compositions of Polyelectrolyte Complexes Spruijt, Evan; Westphal, Adrie H.; Borst, Jan Willem Macromolecules, Vol. 43, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma101031t	journal	August 2010
Spontaneous Formation of Polyion Complex Micelles with Narrow Distribution from Antisense Oligonucleotide and Cationic Block Copolymer in Physiological Saline Kataoka, Kazunori; Togawa, Hideyuki; Harada, Atsushi Macromolecules, Vol. 29, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma961217+	journal	January 1996
Chain Length Recognition: Core-Shell Supramolecular Assembly from Oppositely Charged Block Copolymers Harada, A. Science, Vol. 283, Issue 5398 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5398.65	journal	January 1999
Polyion Complex Vesicles for Photoinduced Intracellular Delivery of Amphiphilic Photosensitizer Chen, Huabing; Xiao, Ling; Anraku, Yasutaka Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja406992w	journal	December 2013
Hydrogels with Controlled, Surface Erosion Characteristics from Self-Assembly of Fluoroalkyl-Ended Poly(ethylene glycol) Tae, Giyoong; Kornfield, Julia A.; Hubbell, Jeffrey A. Macromolecules, Vol. 34, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0107511	journal	August 2001
Entropy and enthalpy of polyelectrolyte complexation: Langevin dynamics simulations Ou, Zhaoyang; Muthukumar, M. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2178803	journal	April 2006
Molecular Dynamics Studies of Polyethylene Oxide and Polyethylene Glycol: Hydrodynamic Radius and Shape Anisotropy Lee, Hwankyu; Venable, Richard M.; MacKerell, Alexander D. Biophysical Journal, Vol. 95, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.108.133025	journal	August 2008
Disorder-order transitions in soft sphere polymer micelles McConnell, Glen A.; Gast, Alice P.; Huang, John S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 71, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.2102	journal	September 1993
Micelle formation of BAB triblock copolymers in solvents that preferentially dissolve the A block Balsara, N. P.; Tirrell, M.; Lodge, T. P. Macromolecules, Vol. 24, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00008a040	journal	April 1991
Morphology Control in Water of Polyion Complex Nanoarchitectures of Double-Hydrophilic Charged Block Copolymers through Composition Tuning and Thermal Treatment Wibowo, Arie; Osada, Kensuke; Matsuda, Hiroyuki Macromolecules, Vol. 47, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma500314d	journal	April 2014
Effects of Polymer and Salt Concentration on the Structure and Properties of Triblock Copolymer Coacervate Hydrogels Krogstad, Daniel V.; Lynd, Nathaniel A.; Choi, Soo-Hyung Macromolecules, Vol. 46, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma302299r	journal	February 2013
The influence of charge ratio on transient networks of polyelectrolyte complex micelles Lemmers, Marc; Spruijt, Evan; Beun, Lennart Soft Matter, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C1SM06281F	journal	January 2012
Spherocylindrical coacervate core micelles formed by a supramolecular coordination polymer and a diblock copolymer Yan, Yun; Harnau, Ludger; Besseling, Nicolaas A. M. Soft Matter, Vol. 4, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/b808151d	journal	January 2008
Interfacial tension between a complex coacervate phase and its coexisting aqueous phase Spruijt, Evan; Sprakel, Joris; Cohen Stuart, Martien A. Soft Matter, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/B911541B	journal	January 2010
Block copolymer micelles for drug delivery: Design, characterization and biological significance Kataoka, Kazunori; Harada, Atsushi; Nagasaki, Yukio Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.013	journal	December 2012
Phase separation in polyelectrolyte solutions. Theory of complex coacervation Overbeek, J. T. G.; Voorn, M. J. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 49, Issue S1 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030490404	journal	May 1957
Physical Gels Based on Charge-Driven Bridging of Nanoparticles by Triblock Copolymers Lemmers, Marc; Spruijt, Evan; Akerboom, Sabine Langmuir, Vol. 28, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/la301917e	journal	August 2012
High performance and reversible ionic polypeptide hydrogel based on charge-driven assembly for biomedical applications Cui, Haitao; Zhuang, Xiuli; He, Chaoliang Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.017	journal	January 2015
Micellar Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes with a Compartmentalized Shell Synatschke, Christopher V.; Löbling, Tina I.; Förtsch, Melanie Macromolecules, Vol. 46, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma400934n	journal	August 2013
Phase behavior of electrostatically complexed polyelectrolyte gels using an embedded fluctuation model Audus, Debra J.; Gopez, Jeffrey D.; Krogstad, Daniel V. Soft Matter, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4SM02299H	journal	January 2015
Inhibition of atherosclerosis-promoting microRNAs via targeted polyelectrolyte complex micelles Kuo, Cheng-Hsiang; Leon, Lorraine; Chung, Eun Ji J. Mater. Chem. B, Vol. 2, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TB00977K	journal	January 2014
Novel Polyion Complex Micelles Entrapping Enzyme Molecules in the Core: Preparation of Narrowly-Distributed Micelles from Lysozyme and Poly(ethylene glycol)−Poly(aspartic acid) Block Copolymer in Aqueous Medium Harada, Atsushi; Kataoka, Kazunori Macromolecules, Vol. 31, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma971277v	journal	January 1998
Switching by Pulse Electric Field of the Elevated Enzymatic Reaction in the Core of Polyion Complex Micelles Harada, Atsushi; Kataoka, Kazunori Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 125, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja038572h	journal	December 2003
Interfacial Energy of Polypeptide Complex Coacervates Measured via Capillary Adhesion Priftis, Dimitrios; Farina, Robert; Tirrell, Matthew Langmuir, Vol. 28, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/la300769d	journal	May 2012
Complex coacervate core micelles Voets, Ilja K.; de Keizer, Arie; Cohen Stuart, Martien A. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 147-148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2008.09.012	journal	March 2009
Protein Encapsulation via Polypeptide Complex Coacervation Black, Katie A.; Priftis, Dimitrios; Perry, Sarah L. ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/mz500529v	journal	October 2014
Multiresponsive Reversible Gels Based on Charge-Driven Assembly Lemmers, Marc; Sprakel, Joris; Voets, Ilja K. Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 122, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200905515	journal	December 2009
Equilibrium Self-Assembly, Structure, and Dynamics of Clusters of Star-Like Micelles Prabhu, Vivek M.; Venkataraman, Shrinivas; Yang, Yi Yan ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00507	journal	September 2015
Three-layered polyplex micelle as a multifunctional nanocarrier platform for light-induced systemic gene transfer Nomoto, Takahiro; Fukushima, Shigeto; Kumagai, Michiaki Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4545	journal	April 2014
Intermolecular Interactions and Self-Assembly in Aqueous Solution of a Mixture of Anionic–Neutral and Cationic–Neutral Block Copolymers Takahashi, Rintaro; Sato, Takahiro; Terao, Ken Macromolecules, Vol. 48, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01368	journal	September 2015
Thermodynamic Characterization of Polypeptide Complex Coacervation Priftis, Dimitrios; Laugel, Nicolas; Tirrell, Matthew Langmuir, Vol. 28, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/la302729r	journal	October 2012
Supramolecular Nanodevices: From Design Validation to Theranostic Nanomedicine Cabral, Horacio; Nishiyama, Nobuhiro; Kataoka, Kazunori Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 44, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar200094a	journal	October 2011
Tunable, High Modulus Hydrogels Driven by Ionic Coacervation Hunt, Jasmine N.; Feldman, Kathleen E.; Lynd, Nathaniel A. Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201004230	journal	April 2011
Wormlike Aggregates from a Supramolecular Coordination Polymer and a Diblock Copolymer Yan, Yun; de Keizer, Arie The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 111, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0718146	journal	October 2007
Chirality-selected phase behaviour in ionic polypeptide complexes Perry, Sarah L.; Leon, Lorraine; Hoffmann, Kyle Q. Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7052	journal	January 2015
Micellar interpolyelectrolyte complexes Pergushov, Dmitry V.; Müller, Axel H. E.; Schacher, Felix H. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 41, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35135h	journal	January 2012
Transient network topology of interconnected polyelectrolyte complex micelles Lemmers, Marc; Voets, Ilja K.; Cohen Stuart, Martien A. Soft Matter, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0sm00767f	journal	January 2011
Plasmid-Templated Shape Control of Condensed DNA-Block Copolymer Nanoparticles Jiang, Xuan; Qu, Wei; Pan, Deng Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202932	journal	October 2012
Small-Angle X-ray Scattering of Concentration Dependent Structures in Block Copolymer Solutions Choi, Soo-Hyung; Bates, Frank S.; Lodge, Timothy P. Macromolecules, Vol. 47, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma5016819	journal	November 2014
Tethered PEG Crowdedness Determining Shape and Blood Circulation Profile of Polyplex Micelle Gene Carriers Tockary, Theofilus A.; Osada, Kensuke; Chen, Qixian Macromolecules, Vol. 46, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma401093z	journal	August 2013
Micellar Solutions of Associative Triblock Copolymers: Entropic Attraction and Gas−Liquid Transition Pham, Q. T.; Russel, W. B.; Thibeault, J. C. Macromolecules, Vol. 32, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma982007v	journal	May 1999
Spontaneous Formation of Nanosized Unilamellar Polyion Complex Vesicles with Tunable Size and Properties Anraku, Yasutaka; Kishimura, Akihiro; Oba, Makoto Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja908350e	journal	February 2010
Polymeric micelles from poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(amino acid) block copolymer for drug and gene delivery Osada, Kensuke; Christie, R. James; Kataoka, Kazunori Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 6, Issue suppl_3 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0547.focus	journal	April 2009
Structure of Poly(styrene- b -ethylene- alt -propylene) Diblock Copolymer Micelles in Squalane ^† Choi, Soo-Hyung; Bates, Frank S.; Lodge, Timothy P. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 113, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8111149	journal	October 2009
Micellar Solutions of Associative Triblock Copolymers: The Relationship between Structure and Rheology Pham, Q. T.; Russel, W. B.; Thibeault, J. C. Macromolecules, Vol. 32, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma990215x	journal	July 1999
Ordering Transitions of Fluoroalkyl-Ended Poly(ethylene glycol): Rheology and SANS Tae, Giyoong; Kornfield, Julia A.; Hubbell, Jeffrey A. Macromolecules, Vol. 35, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma011809e	journal	May 2002
On the Stability and Morphology of Complex Coacervate Core Micelles: From Spherical to Wormlike Micelles van der Kooij, Hanne M.; Spruijt, Evan; Voets, Ilja K. Langmuir, Vol. 28, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1021/la303211b	journal	September 2012
Small Angle Neutron Scattering Study of Complex Coacervate Micelles and Hydrogels Formed from Ionic Diblock and Triblock Copolymers Krogstad, Daniel V.; Choi, Soo-Hyung; Lynd, Nathaniel A. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 118, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp509175a	journal	October 2014
Bulk and nanoscale polypeptide based polyelectrolyte complexes Marciel, Amanda B.; Chung, Eun Ji; Brettmann, Blair K. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 239 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2016.06.012	journal	January 2017
Spontaneous symmetry breaking: formation of Janus micelles Voets, Ilja K.; Fokkink, Remco; Hellweg, Thomas Soft Matter, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/B812793J	journal	January 2009
Polymeric Micelles for siRNA Delivery Pittella, Frederico; Kataoka, Kazunori RNA Interference from Biology to Therapeutics. Advances in Delivery Science and Technology https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4744-3_8	book	September 2012
Polyion complex micelles from plasmid DNA and poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(l-lysine) block copolymer as serum-tolerable polyplex system: physicochemical properties of micelles relevant to gene transfection efficiency Itaka, Keiji; Yamauchi, Kyosuke; Harada, Atsushi Biomaterials, Vol. 24, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00347-8	journal	November 2003
Micellar interpolyelectrolyte complexes Pergushov, Dmitry V.; Müller, Axel H. E.; Schacher, Felix H. University of Bayreuth https://doi.org/10.15495/epub_ubt_00004722	text	January 2012

Cited By (14)

Coarse-grained modelling of self-assembling poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(lactic acid) diblock copolymers Prasitnok, Khongvit Journal of Polymer Research, Vol. 25, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-018-1457-y	journal	February 2018
Sequence and entropy-based control of complex coacervates Chang, Li-Wei; Lytle, Tyler K.; Radhakrishna, Mithun Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01249-1	journal	November 2017
Topologically frustrated dynamics of crowded charged macromolecules in charged hydrogels Jia, Di; Muthukumar, Murugappan Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04661-3	journal	June 2018
Solvent-non-solvent rapid-injection for preparing nanostructured materials from micelles to hydrogels Lang, Chao; LaNasa, Jacob A.; Utomo, Nyalaliska Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11804-7	journal	August 2019
New frontiers for the materials genome initiative de Pablo, Juan J.; Jackson, Nicholas E.; Webb, Michael A. npj Computational Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-019-0173-4	journal	April 2019
Dynamics of bridge–loop transformation in a membrane with mixed monolayer/bilayer structures Yang, Yan-Ling; Chen, Min-Yi; Tsao, Heng-Kwong Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cp08107c	journal	January 2018
Molecular engineering solutions for therapeutic peptide delivery Acar, Handan; Ting, Jeffrey M.; Srivastava, Samanvaya Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 46, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00536a	journal	January 2017
Structure and rheology of polyelectrolyte complex coacervates Marciel, Amanda B.; Srivastava, Samanvaya; Tirrell, Matthew V. Soft Matter, Vol. 14, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7sm02041d	journal	January 2018
Mapping the phase behavior of coacervate-driven self-assembly in diblock copolyelectrolytes Ong, Gary M. C.; Sing, Charles E. Soft Matter, Vol. 15, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9sm00741e	journal	January 2019
Tardigrade inspired polyelectrolyte complexation and functional materials Zhang, Fang; Song, Changyuan; Zhu, Xiangwei Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta10931e	journal	January 2019
Effect of temperature on the structure and dynamics of triblock polyelectrolyte gels Rahalkar, Anand; Wei, Guangmin; Nieuwendaal, Ryan The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 149, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5035083	journal	October 2018
Micro- to macro-phase separation transition in sequence-defined coacervates Sing, Charles E. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 152, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5140756	journal	January 2020
Advances in medical adhesives inspired by aquatic organisms’ adhesion Park, Kyu Ha; Seong, Keum-Yong; Yang, Seung Yun Biomaterials Research, Vol. 21, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-017-0101-y	journal	October 2017
Relaxation Behavior by Time-Salt and Time-Temperature Superpositions of Polyelectrolyte Complexes from Coacervate to Precipitate Ali, Samim; Prabhu, Vivek Gels, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/gels4010011	journal	January 2018

Similar Records

Gel phase formation in dilute triblock copolyelectrolyte complexes

Journal Article · Thu Feb 23 00:00:00 EST 2017 · Nature Communications · OSTI ID:1345009

Srivastava, Samanvaya; Andreev, Marat; Levi, Adam E.; +6 more

Effects of Solvent Composition on the Assembly and Relaxation of Triblock Copolymer-Based Polyelectrolyte Gels

Journal Article · Mon Mar 26 00:00:00 EDT 2012 · Macromolecules · OSTI ID:1345009

Henderson, Kevin J; Shull, Kenneth R

Translating Thermal Response of Triblock Copolymer Assemblies in Dilute Solution to Macroscopic Gelation and Phase Separation

Journal Article · Wed Dec 28 00:00:00 EST 2016 · Angewandte Chemie (International Edition) · OSTI ID:1345009

Sun, Zhe; Tian, Ye; Hom, Wendy L.; +3 more

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
gels and hydrogels
molecular self-assembly
self-assembly

Title: Gel phase formation in dilute triblock copolyelectrolyte complexes

Citation Formats

References (60)

Cited By (14)

Similar Records

Related Subjects