Energy efficiency evaluation of a stationary lithium-ion battery container storage system via electro-thermal modeling and detailed component analysis

Schimpe, Michael; Naumann, Maik; Truong, Nam; Hesse, Holger C.; Santhanagopalan, Shriram; Saxon, Aron; Jossen, Andreas

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.129

Energy efficiency evaluation of a stationary lithium-ion battery container storage system via electro-thermal modeling and detailed component analysis

Journal Article · Wed Nov 08 00:00:00 EST 2017 · Applied Energy

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.129· OSTI ID:1409737

^[1]; Naumann, Maik ^[1]; Truong, Nam ^[1]; Hesse, Holger C. ^[1]; Santhanagopalan, Shriram ^[2]; Saxon, Aron ^[2]; Jossen, Andreas ^[1]

Technical Univ. of Munich (TUM), Munich (Germany). Inst. for Electrical Energy Storage Technology (EES)
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Transportation and Hydrogen Systems Center

Energy efficiency is a key performance indicator for battery storage systems. A detailed electro-thermal model of a stationary lithium-ion battery system is developed and an evaluation of its energy efficiency is conducted. The model offers a holistic approach to calculating conversion losses and auxiliary power consumption. Sub-models for battery rack, power electronics, thermal management as well as the control and monitoring components are developed and coupled to a comprehensive model. The simulation is parametrized based on a prototype 192 kWh system using lithium iron phosphate batteries connected to the low voltage grid. The key loss mechanisms are identified, thoroughly analyzed and modeled. Generic profiles featuring various system operation modes are evaluated to show the characteristics of stationary battery systems. Typically the losses in the power electronics outweigh the losses in the battery at low power operating points. The auxiliary power consumption dominates for low system utilization rates. For estimation of real-world performance, the grid applications Primary Control Reserve, Secondary Control Reserve and the storage of surplus photovoltaic power are evaluated. Conversion round-trip efficiency is in the range of 70-80%. Finally, overall system efficiency, which also considers system power consumption, is 8-13 percentage points lower for Primary Control Reserve and the photovoltaic-battery application. However, for Secondary Control Reserve, the total round-trip efficiency is found to be extremely low at 23% due to the low energy throughput of this application type.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1409737

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1549090
OSTI ID: 22764746

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA--5400-70546

Journal Information:: Applied Energy, Journal Name: Applied Energy Journal Issue: C Vol. 210; ISSN 0306-2619

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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