Single Atomic Iron Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media: Particle Size Control and Thermal Activation

Zhang, Hanguang; Hwang, Sooyeon; Wang, Maoyu; Feng, Zhenxing; Karakalos, Stavros; Luo, Langli; Qiao, Zhi; Xie, Xiaohong; Wang, Chongmin; Su, Dong; Shao, Yuyan; Wu, Gang

doi:10.1021/jacs.7b06514

Title: Single Atomic Iron Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media: Particle Size Control and Thermal Activation

Journal Article · Tue Sep 26 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b06514· OSTI ID:1406795

Zhang, Hanguang ^[1]; Hwang, Sooyeon ^[2]; Wang, Maoyu ^[3];

^[3];

^[4];

^[5]; Qiao, Zhi ^[1]; Xie, Xiaohong ^[5];

^[5];

^[2]; Shao, Yuyan ^[5];

^[1]

Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States

To significantly reduce the cost of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, current Pt must be replaced by platinum-metal-group (PGM)-free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid. We report here a new class of high-performance atomic iron dispersed carbon catalysts through controlled chemical doping of iron ions into zinc-zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF), a type of metal-organic framework (MOF). The novel synthetic chemistry enables accurate size control of Fe-doped ZIF catalyst particles with a wide range from 20 to 1000 nm without changing chemical properties, which provides a great opportunity to increase the density of active sites that is determined by the particle size. We elucidated the active site formation mechanism by correlating the chemical and structural changes with thermal activation process for the conversion from Fe-N4 complex containing hydrocarbon networks in ZIF to highly active FeNx sites embedded into carbon. A temperature of 800oC was identified as the critical point to start forming pyridinic nitrogen doping at the edge of the graphitized carbon planes. Further increasing heating temperature to 1100oC leads to increase of graphitic nitrogen, generating possible synergistic effect with FeNx sites to promote ORR activity. The best performing catalyst, which has well-defined particle size around 50 nm and abundance of atomic FeNx sites embedded into carbon structures, achieve a new performance milestone for the ORR in acid including a half-wave potential of 0.85 V vs RHE and only 20 mV loss after 10,000 cycles in O2 saturated H2SO4 electrolyte. The new class PGM-free catalyst with approaching activity to Pt holds great promise for future PEM fuel cells.

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Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies Office

DOE Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 1406795

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-126535; 48877; HT0201000

Journal Information:: Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 40; ISSN 0002-7863

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Dispersive Single-Atom Metals Anchored on Functionalized Nanocarbons for Electrochemical Reactions Li, Jin-Cheng; Wei, Zidong; Liu, Dong Topics in Current Chemistry, Vol. 377, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-018-0229-9	journal	January 2019
Anchoring ultrafine Pt nanoparticles on the 3D hierarchical self-assembly of graphene/functionalized carbon black as a highly efficient oxygen reduction catalyst for PEMFCs Tang, Xuejun; Zeng, Yachao; Cao, Longsheng Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02453g	journal	January 2018
A Graphene‐Supported Single‐Atom FeN ₅ Catalytic Site for Efficient Electrochemical CO ₂ Reduction Zhang, Huinian; Li, Jing; Xi, Shibo Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201906079	journal	October 2019
Dual active sites of the Co ₂ N and single-atom Co–N ₄ embedded in nitrogen-rich nanocarbons: a robust electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reactions Ke, Qian; Yang, Liu; Gao, Yubei Nanotechnology, Vol. 31, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab6471	journal	January 2020
Activity and selectivity regulation through varying the size of cobalt active sites in photocatalytic CO ₂ reduction Mu, Qiaoqiao; Zhu, Wei; Yan, Gangbin Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta06151c	journal	January 2018
Fe, Cu-Coordinated ZIF-Derived Carbon Framework for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Zinc-Air Batteries Wang, Zhihao; Jin, Huihui; Meng, Tian Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201802596	journal	August 2018
Ambient Synthesis of Single‐Atom Catalysts from Bulk Metal via Trapping of Atoms by Surface Dangling Bonds Qu, Yunteng; Wang, Liguang; Li, Zhijun Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201904496	journal	September 2019
An efficient carbon-based ORR catalyst from low-temperature etching of ZIF-67 with ultra-small cobalt nanoparticles and high yield Guo, Jian; Gadipelli, Srinivas; Yang, Yuchen Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta10925g	journal	January 2019
Low Loading of Rh _x P and RuP on N, P Codoped Carbon as Two Trifunctional Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen and Hydrogen Electrode Reactions Qin, Qing; Jang, Haeseong; Chen, Lulu Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801478	journal	August 2018
Atomic Fe-N _x Coupled Open-Mesoporous Carbon Nanofibers for Efficient and Bioadaptable Oxygen Electrode in Mg-Air Batteries Cheng, Chong; Li, Shuang; Xia, Yi Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802669	journal	August 2018
Harnessing the Wisdom in Colloidal Chemistry to Make Stable Single-Atom Catalysts Hülsey, Max J.; Zhang, Jiaguang; Yan, Ning Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802304	journal	July 2018
Atomic Platinum Anchored on Fe-N-C Material for High Performance Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Atomic Platinum Anchored on Fe-N-C Material for High Performance Oxygen Reduction Reaction Sha, Ying; Ji, Jiapeng; Li, Siyuan European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 2020, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201901027	journal	January 2020
Carbon-Rich Nanomaterials: Fascinating Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrocatalysts Zhang, Jian; Chen, Guangbo; Müllen, Klaus Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800528	journal	July 2018
UIO-66-NH ₂ -Derived Mesoporous Carbon Catalyst Co-Doped with Fe/N/S as Highly Efficient Cathode Catalyst for PEMFCs Zheng, Long; Dong, Yuanyuan; Chi, Bin Small, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201803520	journal	December 2018
Selective Electrochemical H ₂ O ₂ Production through Two-Electron Oxygen Electrochemistry Jiang, Yuanyuan; Ni, Pengjuan; Chen, Chuanxia Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801909	journal	September 2018
Rational design and construction of nanoporous iron- and nitrogen-doped carbon electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction Tan, Haibo; Tang, Jing; Kim, Jeonghun Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08870e	journal	January 2019
Recent Approaches to Design Electrocatalysts Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Derivatives Liu, Juan; Hou, Shujin; Li, Weijin Chemistry – An Asian Journal, Vol. 14, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201900748	journal	September 2019
Atomically dispersed Fe–N _x active sites within hierarchical mesoporous carbon as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction Gu, Wenling; Wu, Maochun; Sun, Jing Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06128b	journal	January 2019
Recent Advances of MOFs and MOF-Derived Materials in Thermally Driven Organic Transformations Yang, Shuliang; Peng, Li; Bulut, Safak Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201803157	journal	November 2018
Iron‐Free Cathode Catalysts for Proton‐Exchange‐Membrane Fuel Cells: Cobalt Catalysts and the Peroxide Mitigation Approach Wang, Xiao Xia; Prabhakaran, Venkateshkumar; He, Yanghua Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201805126	journal	December 2018
Regulating the Coordination Environment of MOF‐Templated Single‐Atom Nickel Electrocatalysts for Boosting CO ₂ Reduction Gong, Yun‐Nan; Jiao, Long; Qian, Yunyang Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 132, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201914977	journal	January 2020
Stable and size-controllable ultrafine Pt nanoparticles derived from a MOF-based single metal ion trap for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution Li, Jian; Huang, Hongliang; Li, Yang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06184c	journal	January 2019
Effects of Crystallographic Structures of Metal-Phthalocyanine on Electrocatalytic Properties of Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Condition Takase, Satoko; Aoto, Yuki; Ikeda, Daiki Electrocatalysis, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-019-00553-2	journal	August 2019
Atomically Dispersed Metal Sites in MOF-Based Materials for Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Energy Conversion Liang, Zibin; Qu, Chong; Xia, Dingguo Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201800269	journal	June 2018
Thermally Driven Structure and Performance Evolution of Atomically Dispersed FeN ₄ Sites for Oxygen Reduction Li, Jiazhan; Zhang, Hanguang; Samarakoon, Widitha Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201909312	journal	November 2019
Single Atom Catalysts on Carbon-Based Materials Rivera-Cárcamo, Camila; Serp, Philippe ChemCatChem, Vol. 10, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801174	journal	November 2018
Anion exchange of a cationic Cd( ii )-based metal–organic framework with potassium ferricyanide towards highly active Fe ₃ C-containing Fe/N/C catalysts for oxygen reduction Huang, Jia-Wei; Chen, Yu-Bin; Liu, Xiao Chemical Communications, Vol. 55, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cc02390a	journal	January 2019
Influence of 3d transition-metal substitution on the oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysis of ternary nitrides in acid Fritz, Kevin E.; Yan, Yichen; Suntivich, Jin Nano Research, Vol. 12, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2440-6	journal	June 2019
Rational design of double-shelled Fe-, N-, and S-tridoped hollow mesoporous carbon spheres as high-performance catalysts for organic reactions Zeng, Tao; Hu, Xiaojie; Feng, Hongru Chemical Communications, Vol. 54, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cc09773e	journal	January 2018
A Single‐Atom Nanozyme for Wound Disinfection Applications Xu, Bolong; Wang, Hui; Wang, Weiwei Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201813994	journal	March 2019
Fe Isolated Single Atoms on S, N Codoped Carbon by Copolymer Pyrolysis Strategy for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Li, Qiheng; Chen, Wenxing; Xiao, Hai Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800588	journal	May 2018
In situ derived Fe/N/S-codoped carbon nanotubes from ZIF-8 crystals as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction and zinc–air batteries Jin, Huihui; Zhou, Huang; Li, Wenqiang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07849a	journal	January 2018
Metal–organic frameworks: a promising platform for constructing non-noble electrocatalysts for the oxygen-reduction reaction Li, Liangjun; He, Jiangxiu; Wang, Ying Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11704g	journal	January 2019
Confined Co ₉ S ₈ into a defective carbon matrix as a bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable zinc–air batteries Meng, Lu; Zhan, Ling; Jiang, Hongliang Catalysis Science & Technology, Vol. 9, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cy01717h	journal	January 2019
The Challenge of Achieving a High Density of Fe-Based Active Sites in a Highly Graphitic Carbon Matrix Li, Jingkun; Jia, Qingying; Mukerjee, Sanjeev Catalysts, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9020144	journal	February 2019
Modulating Electronic Structures of Inorganic Nanomaterials for Efficient Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Du, Xinchuan; Huang, Jianwen; Zhang, Junjun Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201810104	journal	March 2019
Fabricating Single‐Atom Catalysts from Chelating Metal in Open Frameworks Lin, Yichao; Liu, Pingying; Velasco, Ever Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201808193	journal	February 2019
Atomic Fe Dispersed on N-Doped Carbon Hollow Nanospheres for High-Efficiency Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Chen, Yifan; Li, Zhijuan; Zhu, Yanbo Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806312	journal	December 2018
Atomar dispergierte Metallzentren in Metall-organischen Gerüststrukturen für die elektrokatalytische und photokatalytische Energieumwandlung Liang, Zibin; Qu, Chong; Xia, Dingguo Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201800269	journal	June 2018
Identification of Catalytic Sites for Oxygen Reduction in Metal/Nitrogen‐Doped Carbons with Encapsulated Metal Nanoparticles Chen, Ming‐Xi; Zhu, Mengzhao; Zuo, Ming Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 59, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201912275	journal	January 2020
Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Catalysts Based on Single Iron Atoms Dispersed on a Hierarchically Structured Porous Carbon Framework Zhang, Zhengping; Sun, Junting; Wang, Feng Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201804958	journal	June 2018
Elucidation of The Influence of Cu Promoter on Carburization Prior to Iron-Based Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: an In situ X-Ray Diffraction Study Sun, Xiaodong; Liu, Xingwu; Liu, Jinjia ChemCatChem, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801706	journal	December 2018
Toward Efficient Carbon and Water Cycles: Emerging Opportunities with Single‐Site Catalysts Made of 3d Transition Metals Wan, Gang; Zhang, Guanghui; Lin, Xiao‐Min Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905548	journal	November 2019
Hierarchically Ordered Porous Carbon with Atomically Dispersed FeN ₄ for Ultraefficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Proton‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Qiao, Mengfei; Wang, Ying; Wang, Quan Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 132, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201914123	journal	January 2020
Modulierung der elektronischen Strukturen anorganischer Nanomaterialien für eine effiziente elektrokatalytische Wasserspaltung Du, Xinchuan; Huang, Jianwen; Zhang, Junjun Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201810104	journal	February 2019
Self‐Supported ZIF‐Derived Co ₃ O ₄ Nanoparticles‐Decorated Porous N‐Doped Carbon Fibers as Oxygen Reduction Catalyst Song, Li; Tang, Jing; Wang, Tao Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201900197	journal	April 2019
Highlights of Major Progress on Single-Atom Catalysis in 2017 Guo, Yalin; Lang, Rui; Qiao, Botao Catalysts, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9020135	journal	February 2019
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From Metal-Organic Frameworks to Single-Atom Fe Implanted N-doped Porous Carbons: Efficient Oxygen Reduction in Both Alkaline and Acidic Media Jiao, Long; Wan, Gang; Zhang, Rui Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201803262	journal	June 2018
Ordered mesoporous FeN x -doped carbon: a class of highly active and stable catalysts in acids, bases and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells Jiang, Rongzhong; Tran, Dat T.; McClure, Joshua P. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta10555j	journal	January 2018
Nanoporous bimetallic Zn/Fe–N–C for efficient oxygen reduction in acidic and alkaline media Xue, Jinling; Li, Yinshi; Hu, Jue Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta13471a	journal	January 2020
Creation of oxygen reduction reaction active sites on titanium oxynitride without increasing the nitrogen doping level Chisaka, Mitsuharu Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp01420e	journal	January 2018
Transition Metal‐Nitrogen‐Carbon Active Site for Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis: Beyond the Fascinations of TM‐N₄ Zhang, Cai; Zhang, Wei; Zheng, Weitao ChemCatChem, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801679	journal	November 2018
Cage-confinement of gas-phase ferrocene in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks to synthesize high-loading and atomically dispersed Fe–N codoped carbon for efficient oxygen reduction reaction Ye, Guanying; He, Qian; Liu, Suqin Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta04954a	journal	January 2019
Efficient Fe‐Co‐N‐C Electrocatalyst Towards Oxygen Reduction Derived from a Cationic Co ^II ‐based Metal–Organic Framework Modified by Anion‐Exchange with Potassium Ferricyanide Chen, Xiang‐Lan; Huang, Jia‐Wei; Huang, Yi‐Chen Chemistry – An Asian Journal, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201801776	journal	February 2019
Thermolysis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles into Electron‐Rich Phosphorus‐Coordinated Noble Metal Single Atoms at Low Temperature Zhou, Peng; Li, Ning; Chao, Yuguang Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201908351	journal	August 2019
MOF nanoleaves as new sacrificial templates for the fabrication of nanoporous Co–N _x /C electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction Li, Jingjing; Xia, Wei; Tang, Jing Nanoscale Horizons, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nh00095j	journal	January 2019
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−60 °C solution synthesis of atomically dispersed cobalt electrocatalyst with superior performance Huang, Kai; Zhang, Le; Xu, Ting Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08484-8	journal	February 2019
A review of non-precious metal single atom confined nanomaterials in different structural dimensions (1D–3D) as highly active oxygen redox reaction electrocatalysts Liu, Jin; Zhang, Hao; Qiu, Ming Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta11852g	journal	January 2020
Engineering Single-Atom Cobalt Catalysts toward Improved Electrocatalysis Wan, Gang; Yu, Pengfei; Chen, Hangrong Small, Vol. 14, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201704319	journal	March 2018
Single‐Atom Fe‐N _x ‐C as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Zinc–Air Batteries Han, Junxing; Meng, Xiaoyi; Lu, Liang Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201808872	journal	February 2019
Embedding RhP _x in N, P Co‐Doped Carbon Nanoshells Through Synergetic Phosphorization and Pyrolysis for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Chi, Jing‐Qi; Zeng, Xiao‐Jun; Shang, Xiao Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201901790	journal	May 2019
Single‐Atomic‐Co Electrocatalysts with Self‐Supported Architecture toward Oxygen‐Involved Reaction Xie, Wenfu; Song, Yuke; Li, Shijin Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906477	journal	September 2019
Iron Single Clusters Anchored on N-Doped Porous Carbon as Superior Trace-Metal Catalysts toward Oxygen Reduction Xue, Hui; He, Ting; Chabu, Johnny Muya Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201701345	journal	January 2018
Atomic‐ and Molecular‐Level Design of Functional Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Derivatives for Energy and Environmental Applications Yilmaz, Gamze; Peh, Shing Bo; Zhao, Dan Advanced Science, Vol. 6, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201901129	journal	August 2019
Atomic Fe‐Doped MOF‐Derived Carbon Polyhedrons with High Active‐Center Density and Ultra‐High Performance toward PEM Fuel Cells Deng, Yijie; Chi, Bin; Li, Jing Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802856	journal	February 2019
Tailoring FeN ₄ Sites with Edge Enrichment for Boosted Oxygen Reduction Performance in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Fu, Xiaogang; Li, Na; Ren, Bohua Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201803737	journal	January 2019
Molecular Design of Single‐Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Wan, Chengzhang; Duan, Xiangfeng; Huang, Yu Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903815	journal	February 2020
Hierarchically Ordered Porous Carbon with Atomically Dispersed FeN ₄ for Ultraefficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Proton‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Qiao, Mengfei; Wang, Ying; Wang, Quan Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 59, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201914123	journal	February 2020
Regulating the Coordination Environment of MOF‐Templated Single‐Atom Nickel Electrocatalysts for Boosting CO ₂ Reduction Gong, Yun‐Nan; Jiao, Long; Qian, Yunyang Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 59, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201914977	journal	February 2020
POM & MOF-based Electrocatalysts for Energy-related Reactions Freire, Cristina; Fernandes, Diana M.; Nunes, Marta ChemCatChem, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201701926	journal	March 2018
Recent Progress of Carbon-Based Materials in Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysis Wang, Yao; Li, Jing; Wei, Zidong ChemElectroChem, Vol. 5, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201701335	journal	January 2018
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Tunable Olive‐Like Ni _0.8 Co _0.1 Mn _0.1 CO ₃ and its Transformation to LiNi _0.8 Co _0.1 Mn _0.1 O ₂ Cathode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries Lu, Yan; Gan, Zhanggen; Xia, Jin ChemElectroChem, Vol. 6, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201901539	journal	October 2019
Towards High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction: Inducing Atomic-Level Reconstruction of Fe-N _x Site for Atomically Dispersed Fe/N-Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbon Li, Hanyu; Zhang, Zhengping; Dou, Meiling Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 24, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201800937	journal	June 2018
Ice/Salt‐Assisted Synthesis of Ultrathin Two‐Dimensional Micro/Mesoporous Iron and Nitrogen Co‐Doped Carbon as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Li, Hanyu; Zhang, Zhengping; Iyoda, Tomokazu Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201900306	journal	March 2019
Recent Progress in Precious Metal‐Free Carbon‐Based Materials towards the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Activity, Stability, and Anti‐Poisoning Zhang, Ling; Li, Li; Chen, Hongmei Chemistry – A European Journal https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201904233	journal	November 2019
Freestanding 1D Hierarchical Porous Fe‐N‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for Zn–Air Batteries Wu, Mengchen; Li, Congling; Liu, Rui Energy Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201800790	journal	March 2019
Pearl Necklace Fibrous Carbon Sharing Fe–N/Fe–P Dual Active Sites as Efficient Oxygen Reduction Catalyst in Broad Media and for Liquid/Solid‐State Rechargeable Zn–Air Battery Wu, Mengchen; Liu, Rui Energy Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201901263	journal	December 2019
Ultrathin‐Carbon‐Layer‐Protected PtCu Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Carbon Capsules: A Structure Engineering of the Anode Electrocatalyst for Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells Xu, Min; Chen, Hong; Zhao, Yufei Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, Vol. 36, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201900100	journal	May 2019
Crab Shell-Templated Fe and N Co-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Nanofibers as a Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst Li, Zhenyi; Hassan, Mehboob; Sun, An ChemistrySelect, Vol. 3, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201800251	journal	April 2018
ZIF-8 with Ferrocene Encapsulated: A Promising Precursor to Single-Atom Fe Embedded Nitrogen-Doped Carbon as Highly Efficient Catalyst for Oxygen Electroreduction Wang, Jinpeng; Han, Guokang; Wang, Liguang Small, Vol. 14, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201704282	journal	March 2018
π‐Conjugated Molecule Boosts Metal–Organic Frameworks as Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts Zhu, Rongmei; Ding, Jiawei; Xu, Yuxia Small, Vol. 14, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201803576	journal	October 2018
A Freestanding Flexible Single‐Atom Cobalt‐Based Multifunctional Interlayer toward Reversible and Durable Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries Li, Yiju; Zhou, Peng; Li, Hui Small Methods, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201900701	journal	January 2020
Atomically Dispersed Single Ni Site Catalysts for Nitrogen Reduction toward Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis Using N ₂ and H ₂ O Mukherjee, Shreya; Yang, Xiaoxuan; Shan, Weitao Small Methods, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201900821	journal	February 2020
2D Single‐Atom Catalyst with Optimized Iron Sites Produced by Thermal Melting of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Liu, Dong; Li, Jin‐Cheng; Ding, Shichao Small Methods, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201900827	journal	February 2020
Carbon nanotube@ZIF–derived Fe-N-doped carbon electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions Xiong, Juan; Zhao, Jing; Xiang, Zhen Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Vol. 23, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04317-2	journal	June 2019
Metal-organic framework based nanomaterials for electrocatalytic oxygen redox reaction Zhang, Kexin; Guo, Wenhan; Liang, Zibin Science China Chemistry, Vol. 62, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-018-9441-4	journal	March 2019
Oxygen Reduction Reactions of Fe-N-C Catalysts: Current Status and the Way Forward Shen, Hangjia; Thomas, Tiju; Rasaki, Sefiu Abolaji Electrochemical Energy Reviews, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-019-00030-w	journal	March 2019
Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cells: Self-Template Synthesis Approach to Enhancing Catalytic Activity and Stability He, Yanghua; Tan, Qiang; Lu, Leilei Electrochemical Energy Reviews, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-019-00031-9	journal	March 2019
Fe–N–C electrocatalyst with dense active sites and efficient mass transport for high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells Wan, Xin; Liu, Xiaofang; Li, Yongcheng Nature Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-019-0237-3	journal	March 2019
Achievements, challenges and perspectives on cathode catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells for transportation Wang, Xiao Xia; Swihart, Mark T.; Wu, Gang Nature Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-019-0304-9	journal	July 2019
Facile synthesis of N-doped graphene supported porous cobalt molybdenum oxynitride nanodendrites for the oxygen reduction reaction Sharma, Kamaldeep; Hui, David; Kim, Nam Hoon Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr06780e	journal	January 2019
3-Layer conductive metal–organic nanosheets as electrocatalysts to enable an ultralow detection limit of H ₂ O ₂ Zhang, Mingdao; Wang, Gang; Zheng, Baohui Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr08686a	journal	January 2019
Tailoring the nano heterointerface of hematite/magnetite on hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages for superb oxygen reduction Fan, Hao; Mao, Kun; Liu, Meng Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta06442c	journal	January 2018
N-Doped porous tremella-like Fe ₃ C/C electrocatalysts derived from metal–organic frameworks for oxygen reduction reaction Yang, Xinxin; Sun, Xiang; Rauf, Muhammad Dalton Transactions, Vol. 49, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9dt03923f	journal	January 2020
A cobalt hydroxide nanosheet-mediated synthesis of core–shell-type Mn _0.005 Co _2.995 O ₄ spinel nanocubes as efficient oxygen electrocatalysts Kwon, Sunglun; Lee, Jong Hyeon Dalton Transactions, Vol. 49, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9dt04009a	journal	January 2020
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Single iron atoms stabilized by microporous defects of biomass-derived carbon aerogels as high-performance cathode electrocatalysts for aluminum–air batteries He, Ting; Zhang, Yaqian; Chen, Yang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta05981d	journal	January 2019
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