Information theoretical approach to discovering solar wind drivers of the outer radiation belt

Wing, Simon; Johnson, Jay R.; Camporeale, Enrico; Reeves, Geoffrey D.

doi:10.1002/2016JA022711

Title: Information theoretical approach to discovering solar wind drivers of the outer radiation belt

Journal Article · Fri Jul 29 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022711· OSTI ID:1402657

Wing, Simon ^[1]; Johnson, Jay R. ^[2];

^[3];

^[4]

The Johns Hopkins Univ. Applied Physics Lab., Laurel, MD (United States)
Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ (United States); Andrews Univ., Berrien Springs, MI (United States)
Center for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI), Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Abstract The solar wind‐magnetosphere system is nonlinear. The solar wind drivers of geosynchronous electrons with energy range of 1.8–3.5 MeV are investigated using mutual information, conditional mutual information (CMI), and transfer entropy (TE). These information theoretical tools can establish linear and nonlinear relationships as well as information transfer. The information transfer from solar wind velocity ( V _sw ) to geosynchronous MeV electron flux ( J _e ) peaks with a lag time of 2 days. As previously reported, J _e is anticorrelated with solar wind density ( n _sw ) with a lag of 1 day. However, this lag time and anticorrelation can be attributed at least partly to the J _e ( t + 2 days) correlation with V _sw ( t ) and n _sw ( t + 1 day) anticorrelation with V _sw ( t ). Analyses of solar wind driving of the magnetosphere need to consider the large lag times, up to 3 days, in the ( V _sw , n _sw ) anticorrelation. Using CMI to remove the effects of V _sw , the response of J _e to n _sw is 30% smaller and has a lag time < 24 h, suggesting that the MeV electron loss mechanism due to n _sw or solar wind dynamic pressure has to start operating in < 24 h. n _sw transfers about 36% as much information as V _sw (the primary driver) to J _e . Nonstationarity in the system dynamics is investigated using windowed TE. When the data are ordered according to transfer entropy value, it is possible to understand details of the triangle distribution that has been identified between J _e ( t + 2 days) versus V _sw ( t ).

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396; AGS‐1058456; DE‐AC02‐09CH11466

OSTI ID:: 1402657

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1402205

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-17-28042; TRN: US1703021

Journal Information:: Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 10; ISSN 2169-9380

Publisher:: American Geophysical UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 67 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (73)

Analysis of the effectiveness of ground-based VLF wave observations for predicting or nowcasting relativistic electron flux at geostationary orbit: Predicting Flux with VLF Waves Simms, Laura E.; Engebretson, Mark J.; Smith, A. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 120, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020337	journal	March 2015
On the origin of relativistic electrons in the magnetosphere associated with some geomagnetic storms Rostoker, Gordon; Skone, Susan; Baker, Daniel N. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 25, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL02801	journal	October 1998
Solar wind proton properties: Vela 3 observations from July 1965 to June 1967 Hundhausen, A. J.; Bame, S. J.; Asbridge, J. R. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 75, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA075i025p04643	journal	September 1970
On the solar wind control of Pc5 ULF pulsation power at mid-latitudes: Implications for MeV electron acceleration in the outer radiation belt Mathie, R. A.; Mann, I. R. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 106, Issue A12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA000002	journal	December 2001
Estimation of the information by an adaptive partitioning of the observation space Darbellay, G. A.; Vajda, I. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 45, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/18.761290	journal	May 1999
Evolution of electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt computed with the VERB code: VERB CODE Shprits, Yuri Y.; Subbotin, Dmitri; Ni, Binbin Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 114, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013784	journal	November 2009
Limit on stably trapped particle fluxes Kennel, C. F.; Petschek, H. E. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 71, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ071i001p00001	journal	January 1966
Observations of discrete, global magnetospheric oscillations directly driven by solar wind density variations Kepko, L. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009676	journal	January 2003
A solar cycle dependence of nonlinearity in magnetospheric activity: SOLAR CYCLE DEPENDENCE Johnson, Jay R.; Wing, Simon Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 110, Issue A4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010638	journal	April 2005
The Choice of a Class Interval Sturges, Herbert A. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 21, Issue 153 https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1926.10502161	journal	March 1926
Data-derived forecasting model for relativistic electron intensity at geosynchronous orbit: MEV ELECTRON FLUX FORECASTING Ukhorskiy, A. Y.; Sitnov, M. I.; Sharma, A. S. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019616	journal	May 2004
A correlation between extended intervals of Ulf wave power and storm-time geosynchronous relativistic electron flux enhancements Mathie, R. A.; Mann, I. R. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 27, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL003822	journal	October 2000
Steady magnetospheric convection and stream interfaces: Relationship over a solar cycle: SMC-SI RELATIONSHIP OVER A SOLAR CYCLE Kissinger, J.; McPherron, R. L.; Hsu, T. -S. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 116, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015763	journal	January 2011
Timescales for radiation belt electron acceleration and loss due to resonant wave-particle interactions: 1. Theory: RADIATION BELT ELECTRON TIMESCALES Summers, Danny; Ni, Binbin; Meredith, Nigel P. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 112, Issue A4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011801	journal	April 2007
Explaining sudden losses of outer radiation belt electrons during geomagnetic storms Turner, Drew L.; Shprits, Yuri; Hartinger, Michael Nature Physics, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2185	journal	January 2012
On Thermodynamic Interpretation of Transfer Entropy Prokopenko, Mikhail; Lizier, Joseph; Price, Don Entropy, Vol. 15, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/e15020524	journal	February 2013
Radiation belt dynamics: The importance of wave-particle interactions: FRONTIER Thorne, Richard Mansergh Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044990	journal	November 2010
Flux enhancement of the outer radiation belt electrons after the arrival of stream interaction regions: RADIATION BELT RESPONSE TO SIR Miyoshi, Yoshizumi; Kataoka, Ryuho Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 113, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012506	journal	January 2008
Relativistic turning acceleration of resonant electrons by coherent whistler mode waves in a dipole magnetic field: RELATIVISTIC TURNING ACCELERATION BY WHISTLER WAVE Omura, Yoshiharu; Furuya, Naoki; Summers, Danny Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 112, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012243	journal	June 2007
Impact of toroidal ULF waves on the outer radiation belt electrons Ukhorskiy, A. Y. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue A10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011017	journal	January 2005
The dependence of high-latitude PcS wave power on solar wind velocity and on the phase of high-speed solar wind streams Engebretson, Mark; Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz; Stellmacher, Martin Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 103, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA03143	journal	November 1998
Kp forecast models: Kp FORECAST MODELS Wing, S.; Johnson, J. R.; Jen, J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 110, Issue A4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010500	journal	April 2005
Relativistic theory of wave-particle resonant diffusion with application to electron acceleration in the magnetosphere Summers, Danny; Thorne, Richard M.; Xiao, Fuliang Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 103, Issue A9 https://doi.org/10.1029/98JA01740	journal	September 1998
Dayside magnetic ULF power at high latitudes: A possible long-term proxy for the solar wind velocity? Vennerstrøm, Susanne Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 104, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA900015	journal	May 1999
Energetic electrons, 50 keV to 6 MeV, at geosynchronous orbit: Their responses to solar wind variations: ENERGETIC ELECTRONS AT GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT Li, Xinlin; Baker, D. N.; Temerin, M. Space Weather, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004SW000105	journal	April 2005
Resonant and nonresonant whistlers-particle interaction in the radiation belts: WAVE-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS WITH WHISTLER WAVES Camporeale, Enrico Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 42, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063874	journal	May 2015
On the influence of solar wind conditions on the outer-electron radiation belt: SOLAR WIND AND OUTER-RADIATION BELT ELECTRONS Kellerman, A. C.; Shprits, Y. Y. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 117, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017253	journal	May 2012
On the relationship between relativistic electron flux and solar wind velocity: Paulikas and Blake revisited: RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS AND VSW 1989-2010 Reeves, Geoffrey D.; Morley, Steven K.; Friedel, Reiner H. W. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 116, Issue A2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015735	journal	February 2011
A definition of conditional mutual information for arbitrary ensembles Wyner, A. D. Information and Control, Vol. 38, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(78)90026-8	journal	July 1978
The driving of the plasma sheet by the solar wind Borovsky, Joseph E.; Thomsen, Michelle F.; Elphic, Richard C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 103, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA02986	journal	August 1998
Generalized redundancies for time series analysis Prichard, Dean; Theiler, James Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, Vol. 84, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(95)00041-2	journal	July 1995
Relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt: Differentiating between acceleration mechanisms Green, Janet C. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010153	journal	January 2004
Linear prediction filter analysis of relativistic electron properties at 6.6 R _E Baker, D. N.; McPherron, R. L.; Cayton, T. E. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A9 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA09p15133	journal	January 1990
Long-term variations in solar wind velocity and radiation belt electrons: Vsw-RADIATION BELT: LONG-TERM VARIATIONS Reeves, Geoff; Morley, Steve; Cunningham, Greg Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50126	journal	March 2013
Timescale for radiation belt electron acceleration by whistler mode chorus waves Horne, Richard B. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010811	journal	January 2005
The Electron Radiation Belt Li, Xinlin; Temerin, Michael A. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 95, Issue 1/2, p. 569-580 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005221108016	journal	January 2001
A coronal hole and its identification as the source of a high velocity solar wind stream Krieger, A. S.; Timothy, A. F.; Roelof, E. C. Solar Physics, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00150828	journal	April 1973
Predictive Space Weather: An information theory approach Materassi, Massimo; Ciraolo, Luigi; Consolini, Giuseppe Advances in Space Research, Vol. 47, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.10.026	journal	March 2011
Mutual information functions versus correlation functions Li, Wentian Journal of Statistical Physics, Vol. 60, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01025996	journal	September 1990
High- Z energetic particles at geosynchronous orbit during the Great Solar Proton Event Series of October 1989 Belian, R. D.; Gisler, G. R.; Cayton, T. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/92JA01139	journal	January 1992
Strong electron acceleration in the Earth's magnetosphere Baker, D. N.; Li, X.; Blake, J. B. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 21, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00970-8	journal	January 1998
Dawn-dusk asymmetries, ion spectra, and sources in the northward interplanetary magnetic field plasma sheet: NORTHWARD IMF PLASMA SHEET DAWN-DUSK ASYMMETRY Wing, S.; Johnson, J. R.; Newell, P. T. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 110, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011086	journal	August 2005
A comprehensive high-throughput analysis of substorms observed by IMAGE magnetometer network: Years 1993-2003 examined: SUBSTORM NUMBER Tanskanen, E. I. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 114, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013682	journal	May 2009
Effect of geomagnetic disturbances and solar wind density on relativistic electrons at geostationary orbit: KP INDEX AND RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS Lyatsky, Wladislaw; Khazanov, George V. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 113, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013048	journal	August 2008
Solar wind and magnetospheric conditions leading to the abrupt loss of outer radiation belt electrons: LOSS OF ELECTRONS Onsager, T. G.; Green, J. C.; Reeves, G. D. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 112, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011708	journal	January 2007
Measuring Information Transfer Schreiber, Thomas Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.461	journal	July 2000
Using the NARMAX approach to model the evolution of energetic electrons fluxes at geostationary orbit: NARMAX MODELLING OF RADIATION BELT ELECTRON FLUXES Balikhin, M. A.; Boynton, R. J.; Walker, S. N. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048980	journal	September 2011
Substorm probabilities are best predicted from solar wind speed Newell, P. T.; Liou, K.; Gjerloev, J. W. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2016.04.019	journal	August 2016
Data based quest for solar wind-magnetosphere coupling function: COUPLING Balikhin, M. A.; Boynton, R. J.; Billings, S. A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045733	journal	December 2010
Acceleration of relativistic electrons via drift-resonant interaction with toroidal-mode Pc-5 ULF oscillations Elkington, Scot R.; Hudson, Mary K.; Chan, Anthony A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 26, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL003659	journal	November 1999
An information theory approach to the storm-substorm relationship: ON THE STORM-SUBSTORM RELATIONSHIP De Michelis, P.; Consolini, G.; Materassi, M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 116, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016535	journal	August 2011
A case study of transient event motion in the magnetosphere and in the ionosphere Korotova, G. I.; Sibeck, D. G. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 100, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/94JA02296	journal	January 1995
External versus internal triggering of substorms: An information-theoretical approach Johnson, Jay R.; Wing, Simon Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060928	journal	August 2014
Prediction of relativistic electron flux at geostationary orbit following storms: Multiple regression analysis Simms, Laura E.; Pilipenko, Viacheslav; Engebretson, Mark J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 119, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019955	journal	September 2014
Storm time evolution of the outer radiation belt: Transport and losses Ukhorskiy, A. Y.; Anderson, B. J.; Brandt, P. C. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011690	journal	January 2006
Electron acceleration in the Van Allen radiation belts by fast magnetosonic waves Horne, Richard B.; Thorne, Richard M.; Glauert, Sarah A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030267	journal	January 2007
Compressions and rarefactions in the solar wind: Vela 3 Gosling, J. T.; Hundhausen, A. J.; Pizzo, V. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 77, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA077i028p05442	journal	October 1972
Effect of solar wind density on relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit Lyatsky, Wladislaw; Khazanov, George V. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032524	journal	January 2008
Radiation Belt Storm Probes: A New Mission for Space Weather Forecasting Reeves, Geoffrey D. Space Weather, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007SW000341	journal	November 2007
Radiation belt electrons respond to multiple solar wind inputs: RADIATION BELT ELECTRONS RESPOND TO MULT Rigler, E. J.; Wiltberger, M.; Baker, D. N. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 112, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012181	journal	June 2007
Probing the linearity and nonlinearity in the transitions of the atmospheric circulation Tsonis, A. A. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-8-341-2001	journal	January 2001
Geotail observations of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the equatorial magnetotail boundary for parallel northward fields Fairfield, D. H.; Otto, A.; Mukai, T. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 105, Issue A9 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA000316	journal	September 2000
Solar, interplanetary, and magnetospheric parameters for the radiation belt energetic electron flux: REVIEW Vassiliadis, D.; Fung, S. F.; Klimas, A. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 110, Issue A4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010443	journal	April 2005
Solar cycle changes, geomagnetic variations, and energetic particle properties in the inner magnetosphere Baker, D. N.; Kanekal, S. G. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 70, Issue 2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.031	journal	February 2008
Solar wind control of Pc5 pulsation power at geosynchronous orbit: SOLAR WIND CONTROL OF Pc5 Takahashi, Kazue; Ukhorskiy, Aleksandr Y. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 112, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012483	journal	November 2007
Review of modeling of losses and sources of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt II: Local acceleration and loss Shprits, Yuri Y.; Subbotin, Dmitriy A.; Meredith, Nigel P. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 70, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2008.06.014	journal	November 2008
Quantitative prediction of radiation belt electrons at geostationary orbit based on solar wind measurements Li, Xinlin; Temerin, M.; Baker, D. N. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 28, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012681	journal	May 2001
Kelvin Helmholtz Instability in Planetary Magnetospheres Johnson, Jay R.; Wing, Simon; Delamere, Peter A. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 184, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0085-z	journal	September 2014
Direct observation of the latitudinal extent of a high-speed stream in the solar wind Schwenn, R.; Montgomery, M. D.; Rosenbauer, H. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 83, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA083iA03p01011	journal	January 1978
Wave-particle interactions with parallel whistler waves: Nonlinear and time-dependent effects revealed by particle-in-cell simulations Camporeale, Enrico; Zimbardo, Gaetano Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 22, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4929853	journal	September 2015
Solar wind driving of magnetospheric ULF waves: Field line resonances driven by dynamic pressure fluctuations: ULF PULSATIONS DRIVEN BY DYNAMIC PRESSURE Claudepierre, S. G.; Hudson, M. K.; Lotko, W. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 115, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015399	journal	November 2010
Outward radial diffusion driven by losses at magnetopause Shprits, Y. Y.; Thorne, R. M.; Friedel, R. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011657	journal	January 2006
A Solar Cycle Dependence of Nonlinearity in Magnetospheric Activity Johnson, Jay; Wing, Simon https://doi.org/10.2172/837854	report	March 2005

Cited By (9)

Systematic Analysis of Machine Learning and Feature Selection Techniques for Prediction of the Kp Index Zhelavskaya, I. S.; Vasile, R.; Shprits, Y. Y. Space Weather, Vol. 17, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019sw002271	journal	October 2019
Solar Wind Streams of Different Types and High-Latitude Substorms Despirak, I. V.; Lyubchich, A. A.; Kleimenova, N. G. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Vol. 59, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016793219010055	journal	January 2019
Transfer entropy and cumulant-based cost as measures of nonlinear causal relationships in space plasmas: applications to D_st Johnson, Jay R.; Wing, Simon; Camporeale, Enrico Annales Geophysicae, Vol. 36, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-945-2018	journal	January 2018
Recent Advances in the Study of Upward Field-aligned Currents Generated Near the Earth's Magnetopause Boundary Wing, Simon; Johnson, Jay R.; Echim, Marius Electric Currents in Geospace and Beyond https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119324522.ch18	book	January 2018
Space Weather Effects in the Earth’s Radiation Belts Baker, D. N.; Erickson, P. J.; Fennell, J. F. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 214, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0452-7	journal	December 2017
Information Theoretic Approach to Discovering Causalities in the Solar Cycle Wing, Simon; Johnson, Jay R.; Vourlidas, Angelos The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8e7	journal	February 2018
Applications of Information Theory in Solar and Space Physics Wing, Simon; Johnson, Jay R. Entropy, Vol. 21, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/e21020140	journal	February 2019
Space Weather Effects in the Earth’s Radiation Belts Baker, D. N.; Erickson, P. J.; Fennell, J. F. The Scientific Foundation of Space Weather https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1588-9_11	book	January 2017
The Challenge of Machine Learning in Space Weather Nowcasting and Forecasting Camporeale, Enrico arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.05192	text	January 2019

Similar Records

Solar wind energy transfer through the magnetopause of an open magnetosphere

Journal Article · Mon Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 1982 · J. Geophys. Res.; (United States) · OSTI ID:1402657

Lee, L C; Roederer, J G

Microscale structure of the interplanetary medium and solar wind control of the time lags in the auroral zone geomagnetic response

Journal Article · Fri Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 1991 · Journal of Geophysical Research; (United States) · OSTI ID:1402657

Hruska, A; Wilson, M D

Wave mixing of magnetohydrodynamic waves

Journal Article · Tue Jun 01 00:00:00 EDT 1999 · AIP Conference Proceedings · OSTI ID:1402657

Webb, G M; Zakharian, A; Zank, G P

Related Subjects

58 GEOSCIENCES
Heliospheric and Magnetospheric Physics
radiation belt
solar wind drivers
information theory
nonlinear relationships
triangle distribution
mutual information

Title: Information theoretical approach to discovering solar wind drivers of the outer radiation belt

Citation Formats

References (73)

Cited By (9)

Similar Records

Related Subjects