Unraveling the Complex Delithiation Mechanisms of Olivine-Type Cathode Materials, LiFe x Co 1–x PO 4

Strobridge, Fiona C.; Liu, Hao; Leskes, Michal; Borkiewicz, Olaf J.; Wiaderek, Kamila M.; Chupas, Peter J.; Chapman, Karena W.; Grey, Clare P.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00319

Title: Unraveling the Complex Delithiation Mechanisms of Olivine-Type Cathode Materials, LiFe _x Co _1–x PO ₄

Journal Article · Tue Jun 14 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Chemistry of Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00319· OSTI ID:1395856

Strobridge, Fiona C.; Liu, Hao; Leskes, Michal; Borkiewicz, Olaf J.; Wiaderek, Kamila M.; Chupas, Peter J.; Chapman, Karena W.; Grey, Clare P.

The delithiation mechanisms occurring within the olivine-type class of cathode materials for Li-ion batteries have received considerable attention owing to the good capacity retention at high rates for LiFePO4. A comprehensive mechanistic study of the (de)lithiation reactions that occur when the substituted olivine-type cathode materials LiFexCo1-xPO4 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.875, 0.95 and 1) are electrochemically cycled is reported here, using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. On the first charge, two intermediate phases are observed and identified: Li1-x(Fe3+)x(Co2+)1- xPO4 for 0 < x < 1 (i.e. after oxidation of Fe2+ => Fe3+) and Li2/3FexCo1-xPO4 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 (i.e. the Co-majority materials). For the Fe-rich materials, we study how nonequilibrium, single-phase mechanisms that occur discretely in single particles, as observed for LiFePO4 at high rates, is affected by Co substitution. In the Co-majority materials, a two-phase mechanism with a coherent interface is observed, as was seen in LiCoPO4, and we discuss how it is manifested in the XRD patterns. We then compare the nonequilibrium, single-phase mechanism with the bulk single-phase and the coherent interface two-phase mechanisms. Despite the apparent differences between these mechanisms, we discuss how they are related and interconverted as a function of Fe/Co substitution and the potential implications for the electrochemistry of this system.

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Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Northeastern Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science - Office of Basic Energy Sciences - Scientific User Facilities Division; USDOE Office of Science - Energy Frontier Research Center - NorthEast Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES)

DOE Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1395856

Journal Information:: Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 11; ISSN 0897-4756

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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