A highly stretchable, transparent, and conductive polymer

Wang, Yue; Zhu, Chenxin; Pfattner, Raphael; Yan, Hongping; Jin, Lihua; Chen, Shucheng; Molina-Lopez, Francisco; Lissel, Franziska; Liu, Jia; Rabiah, Noelle I.; Chen, Zheng; Chung, Jong Won; Linder, Christian; Toney, Michael F.; Murmann, Boris; Bao, Zhenan

doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602076

A highly stretchable, transparent, and conductive polymer

Journal Article · Thu Mar 09 23:00:00 EST 2017 · Science Advances

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602076· OSTI ID:1390325

Wang, Yue ^[1]; Zhu, Chenxin ^[1]; ^[1]; Yan, Hongping ^[2]; Jin, Lihua ^[1]; Chen, Shucheng ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; Liu, Jia ^[1]; ^[1]; Chen, Zheng ^[1]; Chung, Jong Won ^[3]; Linder, Christian ^[1]; Toney, Michael F. ^[2]; Murmann, Boris ^[1]; Bao, Zhenan ^[1]

Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States); Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Gyeonggi-do (South Korea)

Previous breakthroughs in stretchable electronics stem from strain engineering and nanocomposite approaches. Routes toward intrinsically stretchable molecular materials remain scarce but, if successful, will enable simpler fabrication processes, such as direct printing and coating, mechanically robust devices, and more intimate contact with objects. We report a highly stretchable conducting polymer, realized with a range of enhancers that serve a dual function: (i) they change morphology and (ii) they act as conductivity-enhancing dopants in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The polymer films exhibit conductivities comparable to the best reported values for PEDOT:PSS, with over 3100 S/cm under 0% strain and over 4100 S/cm under 100% strain—among the highest for reported stretchable conductors. It is highly durable under cyclic loading, with the conductivity maintained at 3600 S/cm even after 1000 cycles to 100% strain. The conductivity remained above 100 S/cm under 600% strain, with a fracture strain of 800%, which is superior to even the best silver nanowire– or carbon nanotube–based stretchable conductor films. As a result, the combination of excellent electrical and mechanical properties allowed it to serve as interconnects for field-effect transistor arrays with a device density that is five times higher than typical lithographically patterned wavy interconnects.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1390325

Journal Information:: Science Advances, Journal Name: Science Advances Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 3; ISSN 2375-2548

Publisher:: AAASCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Highly Elastic and >200% Reversibly Stretchable Down‐Conversion White Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Quantum Dot Gel Emitters Le, Thanh‐Hai; Choi, Yunseok; Kim, Semin Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201901972	journal	February 2020
PEDOT:PSS for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics: Modifications, Strategies, and Applications Fan, Xi; Nie, Wanyi; Tsai, Hsinhan Advanced Science, Vol. 6, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201900813	journal	July 2019
Toward Programmable Materials for Wearable Electronics: Electrical Welding Turns Sensors into Conductors Chellattoan, Ragesh; Lube, Vinicius; Lubineau, Gilles Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800273	journal	September 2018
Intrinsic and Extrinsically Limited Thermoelectric Transport within Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks Blackburn, Jeffrey L.; Kang, Stephen D.; Roos, Michael J. Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800910	journal	February 2019
Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrene sulfonate)/Polyethylene Oxide Electrodes with Improved Electrical and Electrochemical Properties for Soft Microactuators and Microsensors Rohtlaid, Kätlin; Nguyen, Giao T. M.; Soyer, Caroline Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800948	journal	March 2019
Tuning the Electromechanical Properties of PEDOT:PSS Films for Stretchable Transistors And Pressure Sensors Zhang, Shiming; Li, Yang; Tomasello, Gaia Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201900191	journal	April 2019
High‐Transconductance Stretchable Transistors Achieved by Controlled Gold Microcrack Morphology Matsuhisa, Naoji; Jiang, Ying; Liu, Zhiyuan Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201900347	journal	July 2019
The Role of Mineral Acid Doping of PEDOT:PSS and Its Application in Organic Photovoltaics Zhang, Lin; Yang, Ke; Chen, Rui Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201900648	journal	November 2019
Ink Development and Printing of Conducting Polymers for Intrinsically Stretchable Interconnects and Circuits Kraft, Ulrike; Molina‐Lopez, Francisco; Son, Donghee Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201900681	journal	November 2019
Deformable and Transparent Ionic and Electronic Conductors for Soft Energy Devices Park, Sangbaek; Parida, Kaushik; Lee, Pooi See Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701369	journal	September 2017
Jabuticaba-Inspired Hybrid Carbon Filler/Polymer Electrode for Use in Highly Stretchable Aqueous Li-Ion Batteries Song, Woo-Jin; Park, Jeonghwan; Kim, Dong Hyup Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702478	journal	January 2018
Skin‐Inspired Electronics and Its Applications in Advanced Intelligent Systems Li, Jie-an; Ma, Zhong; Wang, Hui-ting Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900063	journal	August 2019
Skin‐Inspired Electronics and Its Applications in Advanced Intelligent Systems Li, Jie-an; Ma, Zhong; Wang, Hui-ting Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201970060	journal	August 2019
Highly Flexible and Efficient All‐Polymer Solar Cells with High‐Viscosity Processing Polymer Additive toward Potential of Stretchable Devices Chen, Shanshan; Jung, Sungwoo; Cho, Hye Jin Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201807513	journal	September 2018
Highly Flexible and Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells with High-Viscosity Processing Polymer Additive toward Potential of Stretchable Devices Chen, Shanshan; Jung, Sungwoo; Cho, Hye Jin Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201807513	journal	September 2018
Transparent Wood Smart Windows: Polymer Electrochromic Devices Based on Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrene Sulfonate) Electrodes Lang, Augustus W.; Li, Yuanyuan; De Keersmaecker, Michel ChemSusChem, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201702026	journal	February 2018
3D printing of conjugated polymers Jordan, Robert S.; Wang, Yue Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 57, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24893	journal	August 2019
Stretchable and Energy-Efficient Heating Carbon Nanotube Fiber by Designing a Hierarchically Helical Structure Liu, Peng; Li, Yiming; Xu, Yifan Small, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201702926	journal	November 2017
Stretchable Transparent Conductive Films from Long Carbon Nanotube Metals Wang, Peng; Peng, Zhiwei; Li, Muxiao Small, Vol. 14, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802625	journal	August 2018
Buckled Structures: Fabrication and Applications in Wearable Electronics Hu, Xiaoyu; Dou, Yuanyuan; Li, Jingjing Small, Vol. 15, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201804805	journal	February 2019
Laser‐Assisted Strain Engineering of Thin Elastomer Films to Form Variable Wavy Substrates for Cell Culture Tomba, Caterina; Petithory, Tatiana; Pedron, Riccardo Small, Vol. 15, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201900162	journal	April 2019
Customization of Conductive Elastomer Based on PVA/PEI for Stretchable Sensors Wang, Chan; Hu, Kuan; Zhao, Chaochao Small, Vol. 16, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201904758	journal	January 2020
Effect of PEDOT:PSS content on structure and properties of PEDOT:PSS/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite fiber Wang, Xin-yue; Feng, Gu-yu; Li, Meng-juan Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 76, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-018-2459-y	journal	August 2018
Flexible, stable and indium-free perovskite solar cells using solution-processed transparent graphene electrodes Yao, Zhuo; Qu, Dianli; Guo, Yuxiang Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 54, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03696-1	journal	May 2019
Wet stable transparent flexible sensor: long-term resistance to ultrasonication shock Jin, Yunxia; Wang, Kaiqing; Xiao, Fei Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Vol. 30, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-02215-x	journal	September 2019
Conductive polymers for stretchable supercapacitors Wang, Yaqun; Ding, Yu; Guo, Xuelin Nano Research, Vol. 12, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2296-9	journal	January 2019
Deformable and Stretchable Electrodes for Soft Electronic Devices Kim, Yonghee; Kweon, O. Young; Won, Yousang Macromolecular Research, Vol. 27, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-019-7175-4	journal	July 2019
Semi-liquid metal and adhesion-selection enabled rolling and transfer (SMART) printing: A general method towards fast fabrication of flexible electronics Guo, Rui; Yao, Siyuan; Sun, Xuyang Science China Materials, Vol. 62, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-018-9400-2	journal	February 2019
Organic electrochemical transistors Rivnay, Jonathan; Inal, Sahika; Salleo, Alberto Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.86	journal	January 2018
Skin electronics from scalable fabrication of an intrinsically stretchable transistor array Wang, Sihong; Xu, Jie; Wang, Weichen Nature, Vol. 555, Issue 7694 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25494	journal	February 2018
Inkjet-printed stretchable and low voltage synaptic transistor array Molina-Lopez, F.; Gao, T. Z.; Kraft, U. Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10569-3	journal	June 2019
A highly transparent and ultra-stretchable conductor with stable conductivity during large deformation Lei, Zhouyue; Wu, Peiyi Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11364-w	journal	July 2019
A synergetic layered inorganic–organic hybrid film for conductive, flexible, and transparent electrodes Singh, Devendra; Tao, Ran; Lubineau, Gilles npj Flexible Electronics, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-019-0054-4	journal	May 2019
Soft and elastic hydrogel-based microelectronics for localized low-voltage neuromodulation Liu, Yuxin; Liu, Jia; Chen, Shucheng Nature Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-018-0335-6	journal	January 2019
Elastic and conductive hydrogel electrodes Green, Rylie Nature Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-018-0342-7	journal	January 2019
An autonomously electrically self-healing liquid metal–elastomer composite for robust soft-matter robotics and electronics Markvicka, Eric J.; Bartlett, Michael D.; Huang, Xiaonan Nature Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0084-7	journal	May 2018
An Improved Fabrication Technique for the 3-D Frequency Selective Surface based on Water Transfer Printing Technology Harnois, Maxime; Himdi, Mohamed; Yong, Wai Yan Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58657-5	journal	February 2020
Imperceptible electrooculography graphene sensor system for human–robot interface Ameri, Shideh Kabiri; Kim, Myungsoo; Kuang, Irene Agnes npj 2D Materials and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-018-0064-4	journal	July 2018
Untethered soft robotics Rich, Steven I.; Wood, Robert J.; Majidi, Carmel Nature Electronics, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0024-1	journal	February 2018
Stretchable temperature-sensing circuits with strain suppression based on carbon nanotube transistors Zhu, Chenxin; Chortos, Alex; Wang, Yue Nature Electronics, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0041-0	journal	March 2018
Highly stretchable polymer conductors based on as-prepared PEDOT:PSA/ n -PAA hydrogels Ma, Xiangyan; Cai, Wanping; Zhang, Sai New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 42, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nj03103c	journal	January 2018
Enhanced electrical conductivity and piezoresistive sensing in multi-wall carbon nanotubes/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposites via the construction of a self-segregated structure Wang, Ming; Zhang, Kai; Dai, Xin-Xin Nanoscale, Vol. 9, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr02322g	journal	January 2017
Highly sensitive, durable and stretchable plastic strain sensors using sandwich structures of PEDOT:PSS and an elastomer Fan, Xi; Wang, Naixiang; Wang, Jinzhao Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7qm00497d	journal	January 2018
Multiresponsive actuators based on modified electrospun films Han, Libiao; Xu, Jiang; Wang, Shuai RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra13384g	journal	January 2018
The contraction of PEDOT films formed on a macromolecular liquid-like surface Ouyang, Liangqi; Jafari, Mohammad J.; Cai, Wanzhu Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc04661h	journal	January 2018
One-dimensional conjugated polymer nanomaterials for flexible and stretchable electronics Lee, Yeongjun; Zhou, Huanyu; Lee, Tae-Woo Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc05927b	journal	January 2018
Highly transparent and flexible circuits through patterning silver nanowires into microfluidic channels Sun, Jing; Zhou, Wenhui; Yang, Haibo Chemical Communications, Vol. 54, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cc01438h	journal	January 2018
Hydrogel bioelectronics Yuk, Hyunwoo; Lu, Baoyang; Zhao, Xuanhe Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00595h	journal	January 2019
High-performance stretchable conductive nanocomposites: materials, processes, and device applications Choi, Suji; Han, Sang Ihn; Kim, Dokyoon Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00706c	journal	January 2019
Materials and structural designs of stretchable conductors Matsuhisa, Naoji; Chen, Xiaodong; Bao, Zhenan Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00814k	journal	January 2019
Morphological/nanostructural control toward intrinsically stretchable organic electronics Ma, Rujun; Chou, Shu-Yu; Xie, Yu Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00834e	journal	January 2019
Reliable interfaces for EGaIn multi-layer stretchable circuits and microelectronics Green Marques, Daniel; Alhais Lopes, Pedro; T. de Almeida, Anibal Lab on a Chip, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8lc01093e	journal	January 2019
Design of solvent-free functional fluids via molecular nanoarchitectonics approaches Shinohara, Akira; Pan, Chengjun; Wang, Lei Molecular Systems Design & Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8me00092a	journal	January 2019
Engineering two-dimensional layered nanomaterials for wearable biomedical sensors and power devices Cao, Xianyi; Halder, Arnab; Tang, Yingying Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8qm00356d	journal	January 2018
High-efficiency robust organic solar cells using transfer-printed PEDOT:PSS electrodes through interface bonding engineering Fan, Xi; Song, Wei; Lei, Tao Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8qm00614h	journal	January 2019
Effect of molecular weight distribution of PSSA on electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS Kim, Jooyoung; Park, Chanil; Im, Soeun RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra09919g	journal	January 2019
Processing and characterization of silver-filled conductive polysulfide sealants for aerospace applications Song, Bo; Li, Jiaxiong; Wu, Fan Soft Matter, Vol. 14, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8sm02004c	journal	January 2018
Phosphorylated graphene monoliths with high mixed proton/electron conductivity Cao, Li; Wu, Hong; Mu, Zehua Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02500b	journal	January 2018
Influence of perfluorinated ionomer in PEDOT:PSS on the rectification and degradation of organic photovoltaic cells Howells, Calvyn T.; Saylan, Sueda; Kim, Haeri Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta04098b	journal	January 2018
Wearable and flexible sensors for user-interactive health-monitoring devices Ha, Minjeong; Lim, Seongdong; Ko, Hyunhyub Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 6, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tb01063c	journal	January 2018
Advanced electronic skin devices for healthcare applications Ma, Zhong; Li, Sheng; Wang, Huiting Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tb02862a	journal	January 2019
Flexible transparent conducting electrodes based on metal meshes for organic optoelectronic device applications: a review Lee, Hock Beng; Jin, Won-Yong; Ovhal, Manoj Mayaji Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc04423f	journal	January 2019
Organic semiconductors for biological sensing Borges-González, Jorge; Kousseff, Christina J.; Nielsen, Christian B. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05900d	journal	January 2019
Generating semi-metallic conductivity in polymers by laser-driven nanostructural reorganization Yun, Changhun; Han, Joo Won; Kim, Soyeon Materials Horizons, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9mh00959k	journal	January 2019
Spatially modulated stiffness on hydrogels for soft and stretchable integrated electronics Liu, Hao; Li, Moxiao; Liu, Shaobao Materials Horizons, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9mh01211g	journal	January 2020
Nanostructured electrically conductive hydrogels obtained via ultrafast laser processing and self-assembly Tao, Yufeng; Wei, Chengyiran; Liu, Jingwei Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01230c	journal	January 2019
Photo-patternable, stretchable and electrically conductive graft copolymers of poly(3-hexylthiophene) Wang, Min; Kee, Seyoung; Baek, Paul Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 10, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9py01428d	journal	January 2019
Fast and scalable wet-spinning of highly conductive PEDOT:PSS fibers enables versatile applications Zhang, Jizhen; Seyedin, Shayan; Qin, Si Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00022d	journal	January 2019
Critical work of adhesion for economical patterning of silver nanowire-based transparent electrodes Ko, Dongwook; Gu, Bongjun; Kang, Seok Ju Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01498e	journal	January 2019
Scalable nanomanufacturing of inkjet-printed wearable energy storage devices Huang, Tao-Tse; Wu, Wenzhuo Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta05239a	journal	January 2019
Large-scale synthesis of size- and thickness-tunable conducting polymer nanosheets via a salt-templated method Huang, Liang; Guo, Zhengfeng; Liu, Kaisi Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08617j	journal	January 2019
Conjugated polymers and composites for stretchable organic electronics Wang, Min; Baek, Paul; Akbarinejad, Alireza Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc00709a	journal	January 2019
A photolithographic stretchable transparent electrode for an all-solution-processed fully transparent conformal organic transistor array Cui, Nan; Tang, Qingxin; Ren, Hang Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01182j	journal	January 2019
Assembling polymeric silver nanowires for transparent conductive cellulose nanopaper Su, Yongxiang; Yuan, Shuai; Cao, Shaomei Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc03913a	journal	January 2019
Digitally printed stretchable electronics: a review Fernandes, Daniel Félix; Majidi, Carmel; Tavakoli, Mahmoud Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04246f	journal	January 2019
Electrospinning-induced elastomeric properties of conjugated polymers for extremely stretchable nanofibers and rubbery optoelectronics Chen, Jung-Yao; Hsieh, Hui-Ching; Chiu, Yu-Cheng Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc05075b	journal	January 2020
Triple cation perovskite doped with the small molecule F4TCNQ for highly efficient stable photodetectors Khan, Abbas Ahmad; Azam, Muhammad; Eric, Deborah Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc05927j	journal	January 2020
All-organic flexible fabric antenna for wearable electronics Li, Zongze; Sinha, Sneh K.; Treich, Gregory M. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00691b	journal	January 2020
Soft conductive micropillar electrode arrays for biologically relevant electrophysiological recording Liu, Yuxin; McGuire, Allister F.; Lou, Hsin-Ya Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810827115	journal	October 2018
Highly stretchable and conductive fibers enabled by liquid metal dip-coating Zhang, Qiang; Roach, Devin J.; Geng, Luchao Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 27, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aaaba3	journal	February 2018
Screen-printed soft triboelectric nanogenerator with porous PDMS and stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode Wan, Haochuan; Cao, Yunqi; Lo, Li-Wei Journal of Semiconductors, Vol. 40, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/112601	journal	November 2019
A guide towards long-term functional electrodes interfacing neuronal tissue Renz, Aline F.; Reichmuth, Andreas M.; Stauffer, Flurin Journal of Neural Engineering, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aae0c2	journal	October 2018
Stretchability of PMMA-supported CVD graphene and of its electrical contacts Jang, Hongwoo; Dai, Zhaohe; Ha, Kyoung-Ho 2D Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab4c0f	journal	October 2019
Facile fabrication of large-scale silver nanowire-PEDOT:PSS composite flexible transparent electrodes for flexible touch panels Yang, Hui; Bai, Shengchi; Chen, Tianrui Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab20d5	journal	May 2019
Mechanically and electrically robust stretchable e-textiles by controlling the permeation depth of silver-based conductive Inks Qiu, Shide; La, Thanh-Giang; Zheng, Lelin Flexible and Printed Electronics, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ab2797	journal	June 2019
Highly stretchable PEDOT:PSS organic electrochemical transistors achieved via polyethylene glycol addition Li, Yang; Zhang, Shiming; Li, Xinda Flexible and Printed Electronics, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ab5202	journal	November 2019
A square tubular conducting polymer actuator for smart catheter application Zhao, Lei; Yang, Ying; Hu, Yimin Multifunctional Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab47f1	journal	October 2019
Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Polyethylene Molecular Crystals from First-Principles Including Nuclear Quantum Effects Shulumba, Nina; Hellman, Olle; Minnich, Austin J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.119.185901	journal	October 2017
MXenes stretch hydrogel sensor performance to new limits Zhang, Yi-Zhou; Lee, Kang Hyuck; Anjum, Dalaver H. Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat0098	journal	June 2018
Nonthrombogenic, stretchable, active multielectrode array for electroanatomical mapping Lee, Wonryung; Kobayashi, Shingo; Nagase, Masase Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2426	journal	October 2018
Stretchable and Hydrophobic Electrochromic Devices Using Wrinkled Graphene and PEDOT:PSS Nemani, Srinivasa Kartik; Chen, Dayong; Mohamed, Marwan H. Journal of Nanomaterials, Vol. 2018 https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3230293	journal	January 2018
Design and applications of stretchable and self-healable conductors for soft electronics Zhao, Yue; Kim, Aeree; Wan, Guanxiang Nano Convergence, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-019-0195-0	journal	August 2019
High resistive state retention in room temperature solution processed biocompatible memory devices for health monitoring applications Mishra, Akshita; Saha, Soumen; Devi, Henam Sylvia MRS Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.161	journal	January 2019
Organic Electrochemical Transistors Malliaras, George; Rivnay, J.; Inal, S. Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.21503	text	January 2018
Over-Stretching Tolerant Conductors on Rubber Films by Inkjet-Printing Silver Nanoparticles for Wearables Albrecht, Andreas; Bobinger, Marco; Salmerón, José Polymers, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121413	journal	December 2018

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