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Manipulating Adsorption–Insertion Mechanisms in Nanostructured Carbon Materials for High‐Efficiency Sodium Ion Storage

Journal Article · · Advanced Energy Materials
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [3];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [4];  [5];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [3]
  1. College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
  2. College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
  3. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
  4. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
  5. State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Science Wuhan 430071 China
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Hard carbon is one of the most promising anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries, but the low Coulombic efficiency is still a key barrier. In this paper, a series of nanostructured hard carbon materials with controlled architectures is synthesized. Using a combination of in situ X‐ray diffraction mapping, ex situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance, electrochemical techniques, and simulations, an “adsorption–intercalation” mechanism is established for Na ion storage. During the initial stages of Na insertion, Na ions adsorb on the defect sites of hard carbon with a wide adsorption energy distribution, producing a sloping voltage profile. In the second stage, Na ions intercalate into graphitic layers with suitable spacing to form NaC x compounds similar to the Li ion intercalation process in graphite, producing a flat low voltage plateau. The cation intercalation with a flat voltage plateau should be enhanced and the sloping region should be avoided. Guided by this knowledge, nonporous hard carbon material has been developed which has achieved high reversible capacity and Coulombic efficiency to fulfill practical application.

Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
OSTI ID:
1378810
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1422336
Journal Information:
Advanced Energy Materials, Journal Name: Advanced Energy Materials Journal Issue: 17 Vol. 7; ISSN 1614-6832
Publisher:
Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
Germany
Language:
English

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